The opinion of the court was delivered by
Greene, J.:
This action originated in a proceeding to condemn the plaintiff’s lands. From the award of the commissioners he appealed to the district court, where he recovered a judgment for an amount which he claims was grossly inadequate, the result, as he now contends, of errors committed by that court in excluding testimony, in admitting incompetent testimony prejudicial to his rights, in giving misleading and erroneous instructions, and in submitting special questions to the jury upon a wrong theory adopted by the court as to the methods of proving the value of his land. The land condemned was a [55]*55quarter-section of unimproved prairie land, except about fifteen or twenty acres which were, or had been, in cultivation. The condemnation was for a perpetual easement in the entire tract for a reservoir site. It is a part of a large body of land condemned by the Lake Koen Navigation, Reservoir and Irrigation' Company, which it was intended to submerge. There was no evidence that plaintiff’s land had, or is ever likely to have, any value other than its surface value. In such cases the basis of the owner’s damages is the value of the land condemned. (K. C. W. & N. W. Rld. Co. v. Fisher, 49 Kan. 17, 30 Pac. 111; Cohen v. St. L. Ft. S. & W. Rld. Co., 34 Kan. 158, 8 Pac. 138, 55 Am. Rep. 242; C. K. & W. Rld. Co. v. Parsons, 51 Kan. 408, 32 Pac. 1083; Hollingsworth et al. v. The Des Moines & St. Louis R’y Co., 63 Iowa, 443, 19 N. W. 325; L. R. Junction Ry. v. Woodruff, 49 Ark. 381, 5 S. W. 792, 4 Am. St. Rep. 51; Spring Valley W. W. v. Drinkhouse, 92 Cal. 528, 28 Pac. 681; Railway v. Combs, 51 Ark. 324, 11 S. W. 418; Cooley’s Const. Lim., 7th ed., 819; Giesy v. C. W. & Z. Railroad Co., 4 Ohio St. 308; Robb v. Maysville & Mt. Sterling Turnpike Road Company, 60 Ky. 117.)
Where an entire tract of land is appropriated, and there is no evidence that it has any value other than its surface value, the fee, which remains in the owner, has no value that can be estimated; consequently, such item should not be considered in determining the amount of damage sustained by the owner. The basis of his damages is the same as if the proceedings had devested him of the fee. (Cummins v. The Des Moines & St. Louis R’y Co., 63 Iowa, 397, 19 N. W. 268; Clayton v. The Chicago, Iowa & Dakota R’y Co., 67 Iowa, 238, 25 N. W. 150.)
With this understanding of the law controlling condemnation proceedings where the condemnation is for a perpetual easement and of an entire tract of land, with no value but its surface value, we will consider the assignments of error. The plaintiff, in attempting [56]*56to prove the market value of the land at the time it was condemned, caused several witnesses to testify to that value, without any objections from the defendant as to their qualifications. Afterward, however, upon the motion of the defendant, the court withdrew all the testimony given by these witnesses, upon the ground that they had not shown themselves competent to speak on the question of market value. This is assigned as error. An examination of the testimony of these witnesses satisfies us that none of them qualified to testify to the market value.
The second assignment is the admissibility of the evidence of M. B. Fitts as to what was a fair and reasonable value per acre of the land at the date of its condemnation. This witness qualified himself to give his opinion. Perhaps it should not have been given great weight by the jury because of his slight acquaintance with the land, but there was no error in permitting him to'give his opinion.
' Error is also predicated on the giving of the eighth instruction, which reads:
“The jury are further instructed that the sale of a piece of real estate for a certain sum and at a certain time does not necessarily establish or prove that the value of the real estate was the price paid for it in such sale. Circumstances might be such that the owner desired to sell the same and was willing to take less than its real yalue, and on the other hand the purchaser might for certain reasons be willing to pay more than the real value of the property, but I instruct you that there is no legal presumption, in the absence of any proof, that an owner of real estate, when he makes a sale of the same, sells it for less than it is reasonably worth, nor is there a presumption that the purchaser of real estate in making his purchase is giving more than it is reasonably worth; and the fact, if it is a fact, that the real estate in question was sold for a given price at a given time, is a circumstance which the jury may very properly consider in determining what the value of the real estate was at such time, if you can determine it from the evidence in the case.”
[57]*57The defendant introduced testimony at the trial that two years prior to the condemnation the plaintiff had purchased the land for $480. It also offered testimony tending to show that this particular land had increased in value $75 between the date of such purchase and the condemnation. The instruction was given upon the theory that the jury might accept the purchase-price as a basis of estimating the value of the land, and that this amount, plus the increase, would be a proper method of determining its present value. If such a method of proving value can ever be adopted in any case, which is doubtful, it was error to adopt it in this case. A number of witnesses offered by both parties qualified under the well-established rules of evidence to testify to the value of the land at ' the time of its appropriation, and gave their opinions. There was no lack of competent evidence on this question on either side. There was no occasion, therefore, for the court to introduce a new and unprecedented method of ascertaining values. The vice of this instruction is made more apparent upon an examination of the special questions submitted to the jury, and their answers thereto, as follow:
“Ques. How much did the plaintiff pay for the land when he bought it, on thé 30th day of March, 1898? Ans. $480.
. “Q. How much do you find the value of the land in controversy to have been on the 4th day of June, 1900 ? A. $555.
“Q. What do you allow the plaintiff per acre for his land? A. $3.46% per acre.
“Q. How much did the land in controversy increase in value from March 30, 1898, to June 4, 1900? If you find that there was a material increase in the value between these periods, then state what caused the increase in value. A. $75.
“Q. What crops were produced upon the land during the year 1900? A. Hay crop.
“Q. What do you find the market value of the land in question to have been on June 4, 1900 ? A. $555.”
From these questions and answers it is apparent [58]*58that the jury accepted the method indicated by the instruction, and reached their,conclusion of value from the purchase-price, plus the, increase between the date of the alleged purchase and the condemnation, and they accepted the purchase-price as this basis in the absence of any evidence that it was the fair and reasonable value of the land at the time.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Greene, J.:
This action originated in a proceeding to condemn the plaintiff’s lands. From the award of the commissioners he appealed to the district court, where he recovered a judgment for an amount which he claims was grossly inadequate, the result, as he now contends, of errors committed by that court in excluding testimony, in admitting incompetent testimony prejudicial to his rights, in giving misleading and erroneous instructions, and in submitting special questions to the jury upon a wrong theory adopted by the court as to the methods of proving the value of his land. The land condemned was a [55]*55quarter-section of unimproved prairie land, except about fifteen or twenty acres which were, or had been, in cultivation. The condemnation was for a perpetual easement in the entire tract for a reservoir site. It is a part of a large body of land condemned by the Lake Koen Navigation, Reservoir and Irrigation' Company, which it was intended to submerge. There was no evidence that plaintiff’s land had, or is ever likely to have, any value other than its surface value. In such cases the basis of the owner’s damages is the value of the land condemned. (K. C. W. & N. W. Rld. Co. v. Fisher, 49 Kan. 17, 30 Pac. 111; Cohen v. St. L. Ft. S. & W. Rld. Co., 34 Kan. 158, 8 Pac. 138, 55 Am. Rep. 242; C. K. & W. Rld. Co. v. Parsons, 51 Kan. 408, 32 Pac. 1083; Hollingsworth et al. v. The Des Moines & St. Louis R’y Co., 63 Iowa, 443, 19 N. W. 325; L. R. Junction Ry. v. Woodruff, 49 Ark. 381, 5 S. W. 792, 4 Am. St. Rep. 51; Spring Valley W. W. v. Drinkhouse, 92 Cal. 528, 28 Pac. 681; Railway v. Combs, 51 Ark. 324, 11 S. W. 418; Cooley’s Const. Lim., 7th ed., 819; Giesy v. C. W. & Z. Railroad Co., 4 Ohio St. 308; Robb v. Maysville & Mt. Sterling Turnpike Road Company, 60 Ky. 117.)
Where an entire tract of land is appropriated, and there is no evidence that it has any value other than its surface value, the fee, which remains in the owner, has no value that can be estimated; consequently, such item should not be considered in determining the amount of damage sustained by the owner. The basis of his damages is the same as if the proceedings had devested him of the fee. (Cummins v. The Des Moines & St. Louis R’y Co., 63 Iowa, 397, 19 N. W. 268; Clayton v. The Chicago, Iowa & Dakota R’y Co., 67 Iowa, 238, 25 N. W. 150.)
With this understanding of the law controlling condemnation proceedings where the condemnation is for a perpetual easement and of an entire tract of land, with no value but its surface value, we will consider the assignments of error. The plaintiff, in attempting [56]*56to prove the market value of the land at the time it was condemned, caused several witnesses to testify to that value, without any objections from the defendant as to their qualifications. Afterward, however, upon the motion of the defendant, the court withdrew all the testimony given by these witnesses, upon the ground that they had not shown themselves competent to speak on the question of market value. This is assigned as error. An examination of the testimony of these witnesses satisfies us that none of them qualified to testify to the market value.
The second assignment is the admissibility of the evidence of M. B. Fitts as to what was a fair and reasonable value per acre of the land at the date of its condemnation. This witness qualified himself to give his opinion. Perhaps it should not have been given great weight by the jury because of his slight acquaintance with the land, but there was no error in permitting him to'give his opinion.
' Error is also predicated on the giving of the eighth instruction, which reads:
“The jury are further instructed that the sale of a piece of real estate for a certain sum and at a certain time does not necessarily establish or prove that the value of the real estate was the price paid for it in such sale. Circumstances might be such that the owner desired to sell the same and was willing to take less than its real yalue, and on the other hand the purchaser might for certain reasons be willing to pay more than the real value of the property, but I instruct you that there is no legal presumption, in the absence of any proof, that an owner of real estate, when he makes a sale of the same, sells it for less than it is reasonably worth, nor is there a presumption that the purchaser of real estate in making his purchase is giving more than it is reasonably worth; and the fact, if it is a fact, that the real estate in question was sold for a given price at a given time, is a circumstance which the jury may very properly consider in determining what the value of the real estate was at such time, if you can determine it from the evidence in the case.”
[57]*57The defendant introduced testimony at the trial that two years prior to the condemnation the plaintiff had purchased the land for $480. It also offered testimony tending to show that this particular land had increased in value $75 between the date of such purchase and the condemnation. The instruction was given upon the theory that the jury might accept the purchase-price as a basis of estimating the value of the land, and that this amount, plus the increase, would be a proper method of determining its present value. If such a method of proving value can ever be adopted in any case, which is doubtful, it was error to adopt it in this case. A number of witnesses offered by both parties qualified under the well-established rules of evidence to testify to the value of the land at ' the time of its appropriation, and gave their opinions. There was no lack of competent evidence on this question on either side. There was no occasion, therefore, for the court to introduce a new and unprecedented method of ascertaining values. The vice of this instruction is made more apparent upon an examination of the special questions submitted to the jury, and their answers thereto, as follow:
“Ques. How much did the plaintiff pay for the land when he bought it, on thé 30th day of March, 1898? Ans. $480.
. “Q. How much do you find the value of the land in controversy to have been on the 4th day of June, 1900 ? A. $555.
“Q. What do you allow the plaintiff per acre for his land? A. $3.46% per acre.
“Q. How much did the land in controversy increase in value from March 30, 1898, to June 4, 1900? If you find that there was a material increase in the value between these periods, then state what caused the increase in value. A. $75.
“Q. What crops were produced upon the land during the year 1900? A. Hay crop.
“Q. What do you find the market value of the land in question to have been on June 4, 1900 ? A. $555.”
From these questions and answers it is apparent [58]*58that the jury accepted the method indicated by the instruction, and reached their,conclusion of value from the purchase-price, plus the, increase between the date of the alleged purchase and the condemnation, and they accepted the purchase-price as this basis in the absence of any evidence that it was the fair and reasonable value of the land at the time. In this they followed the instruction “that there is no legal presumption, in the absence of any proof, that an owner of real estate, when he makes a sale of the same, , sells it for less than it is reasonably worth, nor is there a presumption that the purchaser of real estate in making his purchase is giving more than it is reasonably worth; and the fact, if it is a fact, that the real estate in question was sold for a given price at a given time is a circumstance which the jury may very properly consider in determining what the value of the real estate was at such time.”
Following this instruction, and in answer to the special questions submitted for that purpose, the- jury found that plaintiff paid $480 for the land two years before the condemnation, that it had increased $75 in value, and that the sum of these was the value of the land when condemned. The price paid for the land two years prior to the condemnation was not a proper basis upon which to determine the present value of the land. Such a method introduced two collateral issues: (1) Was the price paid the fair and reasonable value of the land at the time? This was a question of fact, and could not be established by legal presumptions. (2) What was! its increase or decrease in value for the period intervening between the purchase and the condemnation? Either of these questions was as difficult of proof as the present value of the land. We conclude, therefore, that the court erred in giving this instruction, and also in submitting the special questions quoted to the jury.
The remaining assignment of error that we find it [59]*59necessary to comment upon is in giving the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that the defendant corporation does not by its proceedings appropriating the plaintiff’s land, or by the award in this case, acquire the fee or the absolute title to the lands appropriated. What it does acquire is the right to use and occupy the land for the purposes for which it was appropriated, and the owner of the land has at all times the right to possess and use the land for any purpose not inconsistent with the purpose for which it was appropriated; and in case of the abandonment of the use of the land by the defendant for the purposes for which it was appropriated the entire possession and title to said land revert to the plaintiff.”
This instruction is a correct statement of the law, but it has no application to any fact submitted to the jury, or to any fact that could have .been properly submitted to them in this case, and had a tendency to confuse them in arriving at a correct verdict. The only question of fact for their consideration was the value of the land condemned, and this should have been determined the same as if the fee had passed. This simple question should have been submitted without reference to where the fee lodged. A jury understand that every instruction given is intended to assist them in deciding some question of fact submitted for their determination. It is common knowledge that a fee in real estate is a thing of value, and, when the court instructed the jury that the company by its condemnation proceeding only acquired an easement in the land and that the plaintiff still retained the fee, naturally they must have attached value to the fee, and by intelligent reasoning and an innate desire to do justice must have concluded that plaintiff ought not to recover for a thing of value which he retained.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.
Mason, Smith, Porter, Graves, JJ., concurring.