Mr. Justice Scott
delivered the opinion of the court:
This is a proceeding to review a judgment of the district court of the city and County of Denver, awarding the defendant in error, $7,500.00 as damages in a case of personal injury.
The plaintiff below, at the time of the accident, was a child a few days under five years of age. He was struck and severely injured by one of the defendant com[486]*486pany’s cars, causing the amputation of one foot, and other severe injuries. The accident occurred on Cherokee street in the city of Denver, where the defendant company has two tracks, out-going and incoming. This street runs north and south, and the boy was injured by a north bound car; Cherokee street is intersected by the following streets, named in their order from south to north: Cedar, Bayaud, Archer, Ellsworth, Irvington Place and First Avenue.
The accident occurred between Irvington Place and First Avenue. The plaintiff’s parents lived in a terrace-situated on the northwest corner of the intersection of Cherokee street and Irvington Place. There was a passage-way at the rear or north end of the house. The little boy and a playmate had purchased toy kites, and the plaintiff had called to his mother to come out and see him fly his kite. She went out with him into the passageway and toward the street, and just prior to the accident was on or near the sidewalk next to their home, which was on the west side of Cherokee street. The boy started into the street going in a southeasterly direction toward the car tracks, looking backward at the kite that he was attempting to fly. The north bound car came along and struck him causing injuries. The acts of negligence relied on are: the failure to sound a gong or bell, or to otherwise give warning; that no brakes were applied, and no attempt made to stop the car until after it struck the boy; and, that by the exercise of due diligence the motorman could have seen the danger to the boy in time to have avoided the accident. The testimony justifies the conclusion that the boy started backward into the street, not directly toward the tracks, but in a diagonal direction leading toward the tracks, and facing or looking back at the kite which was attached to a short string about three feet long and which he held in his hands.
As to the rate of speed at which the boy was proceeding, how long he stopped on the sidewalk, or if he did so at all, there is a conflict of evidence, and this was submitted to the jury under proper instructions. It is not [487]*487within the province of this court, in the absence of palpable wrong, to disturb the finding of the jury. .
The distance from the house line to the inner rail upon which the car was running was about forty feet. In the diagonal direction in which he proceeded, this distance would be greater. After striking the plaintiff, the car proceeded about one hundred and twenty feet before it was stopped. It appears that the car had not stopped for any purpose, for a distance of about three blocks, and did not stop at Irvington Place, the last street crossing, before the accident. This statement of fact is not given as evidence of or constituting negligence, but as showing one of the surrounding circumstances. The tracks at that point are upon substantially level ground with a clear view along the street for three or four blocks distant from the point where the accident occurred. The evidence shows the ear to have been running at normal speed, estimated by defendant’s witnesses, at from twelve to fifteen miles per hour. ,
The testimony is very conflicting. The contention of defendant below, was that the boy darted suddenly from a position of safety on the sidewalk out into the street, and run into the side of the car.- That of the plaintiff, that at the time of the accident he was in a position of danger, which by the exercise of due care, could have been seen by the motorman in time to have prevented the injury, and that the boy was in front of the car when he was struck.
At the close of plaintiff’s testimony the defendant moved for a directed verdict, and again for a non-suit, and at the close of all the testimony the defendant again moved for a directed verdict, all of which motions were denied by the court, and these rulings, among others, are assigned as error in the .case.
The testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses shows that the boy was struck by the fender of the car while he was at a point between the rails of the track upon which the car was running. The testimony of the defendant’s witnesses tends to show that he ran directly into the car at [488]*488the side of it, and at a point where the number of the car was placed, being on the side of the front part of the car, which was enclosed. The rear portion of the car was open and furnished with cross seats, while the front part of the car was enclosed and with seats running along the side. There is testimony to show that the lower part of the figures constituting the number on the car, between which it is testified the boy struck the car, is very much higher from the ground than the height of the plaintiff, and this together with the character of the injuries sustained, may well have caused the jury to doubt testimony to the effect that the child run into the side of the car. -
The mother of the boy, and other witnesses, testified that the car did not stop at Irvington Place, and that no gong or bell was rung, nor brakes applied, nor other warning of its approach. Mrs. Brown, the mother, testified that she was looking at the child as he was trying to fly his kite and supposed that when he left the curbing he intended to go down the street, that she did not hear the car, and that there was no warning whatsoever of its approach. Also, that there was sufficient time for the motorman, after he could have seen the danger, to have stopped the car and prevented the injuries.
There was also the testimony of witness Maher, who says that he was a passenger on the car and boarded it at a point three or four blocks from the accident; that during that time and shortly prior to reaching- Irvington Place, somebody in the car called to the motorman, who opened the door between the car proper and the vestibule, and with his face turned to the inner part of the car, engaged in a conversation with a passenger; but that the witness was reading a paper or magazine and could not say that the motorman was so engaged either at the time of the accident or at the time of crossing Irvington Place.
This testimony was denied by the motorman and is not corroborated by any other witness, although there [489]*489were but two other persons in the particular compartment of the car.
There is an assignment of error as to other testimony of this witness, to the effect that he had for a long time passed over this street on the car' each day going to and from his work; and that it was customary for children to be playing in and about the street at the place where the accident occurred.
It appears from the evidence also, that there were some vacant lots just across Cherokee street from plaintiff’s home, and on the corner, commonly used by children as a play ground, and where some were playing at the time of the accident.
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Mr. Justice Scott
delivered the opinion of the court:
This is a proceeding to review a judgment of the district court of the city and County of Denver, awarding the defendant in error, $7,500.00 as damages in a case of personal injury.
The plaintiff below, at the time of the accident, was a child a few days under five years of age. He was struck and severely injured by one of the defendant com[486]*486pany’s cars, causing the amputation of one foot, and other severe injuries. The accident occurred on Cherokee street in the city of Denver, where the defendant company has two tracks, out-going and incoming. This street runs north and south, and the boy was injured by a north bound car; Cherokee street is intersected by the following streets, named in their order from south to north: Cedar, Bayaud, Archer, Ellsworth, Irvington Place and First Avenue.
The accident occurred between Irvington Place and First Avenue. The plaintiff’s parents lived in a terrace-situated on the northwest corner of the intersection of Cherokee street and Irvington Place. There was a passage-way at the rear or north end of the house. The little boy and a playmate had purchased toy kites, and the plaintiff had called to his mother to come out and see him fly his kite. She went out with him into the passageway and toward the street, and just prior to the accident was on or near the sidewalk next to their home, which was on the west side of Cherokee street. The boy started into the street going in a southeasterly direction toward the car tracks, looking backward at the kite that he was attempting to fly. The north bound car came along and struck him causing injuries. The acts of negligence relied on are: the failure to sound a gong or bell, or to otherwise give warning; that no brakes were applied, and no attempt made to stop the car until after it struck the boy; and, that by the exercise of due diligence the motorman could have seen the danger to the boy in time to have avoided the accident. The testimony justifies the conclusion that the boy started backward into the street, not directly toward the tracks, but in a diagonal direction leading toward the tracks, and facing or looking back at the kite which was attached to a short string about three feet long and which he held in his hands.
As to the rate of speed at which the boy was proceeding, how long he stopped on the sidewalk, or if he did so at all, there is a conflict of evidence, and this was submitted to the jury under proper instructions. It is not [487]*487within the province of this court, in the absence of palpable wrong, to disturb the finding of the jury. .
The distance from the house line to the inner rail upon which the car was running was about forty feet. In the diagonal direction in which he proceeded, this distance would be greater. After striking the plaintiff, the car proceeded about one hundred and twenty feet before it was stopped. It appears that the car had not stopped for any purpose, for a distance of about three blocks, and did not stop at Irvington Place, the last street crossing, before the accident. This statement of fact is not given as evidence of or constituting negligence, but as showing one of the surrounding circumstances. The tracks at that point are upon substantially level ground with a clear view along the street for three or four blocks distant from the point where the accident occurred. The evidence shows the ear to have been running at normal speed, estimated by defendant’s witnesses, at from twelve to fifteen miles per hour. ,
The testimony is very conflicting. The contention of defendant below, was that the boy darted suddenly from a position of safety on the sidewalk out into the street, and run into the side of the car.- That of the plaintiff, that at the time of the accident he was in a position of danger, which by the exercise of due care, could have been seen by the motorman in time to have prevented the injury, and that the boy was in front of the car when he was struck.
At the close of plaintiff’s testimony the defendant moved for a directed verdict, and again for a non-suit, and at the close of all the testimony the defendant again moved for a directed verdict, all of which motions were denied by the court, and these rulings, among others, are assigned as error in the .case.
The testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses shows that the boy was struck by the fender of the car while he was at a point between the rails of the track upon which the car was running. The testimony of the defendant’s witnesses tends to show that he ran directly into the car at [488]*488the side of it, and at a point where the number of the car was placed, being on the side of the front part of the car, which was enclosed. The rear portion of the car was open and furnished with cross seats, while the front part of the car was enclosed and with seats running along the side. There is testimony to show that the lower part of the figures constituting the number on the car, between which it is testified the boy struck the car, is very much higher from the ground than the height of the plaintiff, and this together with the character of the injuries sustained, may well have caused the jury to doubt testimony to the effect that the child run into the side of the car. -
The mother of the boy, and other witnesses, testified that the car did not stop at Irvington Place, and that no gong or bell was rung, nor brakes applied, nor other warning of its approach. Mrs. Brown, the mother, testified that she was looking at the child as he was trying to fly his kite and supposed that when he left the curbing he intended to go down the street, that she did not hear the car, and that there was no warning whatsoever of its approach. Also, that there was sufficient time for the motorman, after he could have seen the danger, to have stopped the car and prevented the injuries.
There was also the testimony of witness Maher, who says that he was a passenger on the car and boarded it at a point three or four blocks from the accident; that during that time and shortly prior to reaching- Irvington Place, somebody in the car called to the motorman, who opened the door between the car proper and the vestibule, and with his face turned to the inner part of the car, engaged in a conversation with a passenger; but that the witness was reading a paper or magazine and could not say that the motorman was so engaged either at the time of the accident or at the time of crossing Irvington Place.
This testimony was denied by the motorman and is not corroborated by any other witness, although there [489]*489were but two other persons in the particular compartment of the car.
There is an assignment of error as to other testimony of this witness, to the effect that he had for a long time passed over this street on the car' each day going to and from his work; and that it was customary for children to be playing in and about the street at the place where the accident occurred.
It appears from the evidence also, that there were some vacant lots just across Cherokee street from plaintiff’s home, and on the corner, commonly used by children as a play ground, and where some were playing at the time of the accident. It is urged by the plaintiff in error that this evidence establishes the existence of conditions at other times, disconnected from the time of this accident, and for the purpose of establishing what care the motorman should have exercised under the particular circumstances shown to have existed at the time this accident occurred, and had for its object and purpose the fixing of a standard of care and caution not in accordance with the conditions confronting the motorman on the occasion in question, but upon other occasions. This contention cannot be sustained, for there was no other particular occasion suggested in the testimony, and no other fact than that the street had been used by children in crossing and for play at other times'. In fact the testimony amounts to but little if anything more" than a commonly known fact, derived from experience, and of which courts take judicial knowledge, that in populous portions of the city, street car tracks may be and are likely to be, obstructed by children using the street for play and otheiwise. There is no testimony in the case that indicates that at the time of the accident, or at any other time there were other children in a position'of danger save and except in the case of the plaintiff. So that the jury cannot have been mislead into drawing any inference to the effect that there was at some other time any particular or specially dangerous occurrence. It is en[490]*490tirely competent in such a case to show that the accident occurred in a thicldy populated portion of the city. And it is but a natural and lawful inference, to be drawn therefrom, that children are likely to play in the residence streets where the city is so thickly populated, so that the testimony in this case amounts to no more than what the jury might have justly inferred.
The court very properly instructed the jury as to the law in this regard as tending to define ordinary care under such circumstances, as follows:
“That in the operation of such cars it is the duty of the defendant company to recognize that children may from time to time be occupying and using the said street's. That the degree of care which must be then exercised by the defendant is that which is commensurate with the circumstances of such use, as the same would be taken into consideration by a reasonably prudent person engaged in the operation of such cars. That in populous portions of the city it is the duty of the company to exercise added care and watchfulness, lest the track should be obstructed by children using the street either for play or otherwise, and that in general the degree of care which the company must exercise, under all of the circumstances, may be defined to be that degree of care which would be used by an ordinarily prudent person to prevent the happening of injury.”
The case does not come within the rule announced in Denver City Tramway Co. v. Cowan, 51 Colo. 259, 116 Pac. 136, for that had to do with testimony as to another and different accident, and in another and different place, and involves an entirely different principle of the law. Examples illustrating the general rule of law as to negligence in cases similar to the one at bar, are given by Mr. Nellis in his work on Street Railways, as follows:
“Where a motorman sees or ought to have seen, that a child less than six years of age is in such a situation or so acting as to expose him to danger from an advanc[491]*491ing car, of which he is unaware, such motorman should get the ear so fully under control as to avoid injury, and give warning and take such other measures as would prevent injury. A motorman cannot assume that a child seven years old, hurrying toward the track, and looking in the opposite direction, will not go on the track in front of the car. The courts have held that * * * where a child two years old was walking on a street car track toward a car approaching on an adjoining track, and crossed over onto such, track about two lengths in front of the car, and was run down, there being nothing to obstruct the view of the motorman, a finding that he was negligent was justified; that where an electric car, which ran over and killed a boy six years old, was running near a schoolhouse, where children were on the street, at a rate of 25 miles an hour, without notice, by gong or otherwise, a verdict for the plaintiff was sustained by the evidence; that where defendant’s street car was running slowly, and plaintiff, a child four years of age, walking from the direction the car was coming, went obliquely on the track about twelve feet ahead of the car, and, although persons shouted to the motorman, he either looked toward them or was talking to another employe, and the child was struck and injured, the motorman was guilty of negligence. And the motorman of an electric car is not, as a matter of law, free from negligence in running over a child 2% years old, who, after crossing the track a few feet in front of the car, suddenly turned back on the track, where the car was going slowly and was distant 50 or 100 feet when the child left the sidewalk; nor in running over and killing such a child, who is on the track in the middle of a block where just before the accident his face had been turned away from the track while talking to a passenger, and no signal of the approach of the car was given. Nor is the motorman of an electric car free from negligence, as a matter of law, in running a car at the rate of 10 miles an hour through a street crowded with children on which his view in front was un[492]*492obstructed, with his eyes fixed on one child only; nor in failing to see a child less than 2% years old until she was in front of and almost under the car, when a passenger saw her start across the street before the oar started."
Another assignment of error is the admission of certain testimony on rebuttal of a witness named Fuller. A witness for the defendant, Mrs. Towns, testified in substance that she saw the boy come from between the two terraces and start to run with the kite, looking back, and strike the side of the car right at the number; and that she saw him fall along the side of the car. This would indicate that the boy ran suddenly out, and into the car, and in that respect is in conflict with the testimony of the plaintiff’s witnesses, and tends to support the theory of the defendant as to the proximate cause of the accident.
Upon cross examination the witness was asked as to the substance of her statements alleged to have been made in a conversation with Fuller, had in his grocery store on the day following the accident, and which statement she denied making.
On rebuttal Fuller testified as to this conversation and said: “I talked with Mrs. Towns the next morning after the accident, and she said the tramway company did not give him any show. They did not ring their gong nor give him a chance to get away. The tramway was to blame.”
It is argued that this statement by Mrs. Towns to Fuller, was a mere expression of opinion and does not conflict with any statement of fact in her direct testimony, and that the admission of Fuller’s testimony as to the statement, was highly prejudicial to the defendant.
This question was determined adversely to the contention of the defendant by this court in the case of Denver City Tramway Co. v. Lomovt, 53 Colo. 292, 126 Pac. 276. In that case a witness testified for the defendant [493]*493and was asked if he did not say at the time of the accident, that the motorman ought to be lynched, which alleged statement he denied. Upon rebuttal two witnesses were permitted to testify that he did make such a statement.
Mr. Justice Hill, after an extensive review of the authorities, said:
“Applying the general principles announced in the books heretofore cited, to the facts here, we think this alleged statement of the witness Murray was of such a character that the jury might rightfully draw the inference that it was equivalent to a declaration that the motorman was negligent in the operation of his car, and was therefore inconsistent with his testimony at the trial, and under the circumstances of this ease was proper as an inconsistent statement as affecting the credibility of his evidence. ’ ’
Complaint is made as to error in instructions given and refused, but we find no error in this respect. An examination of all the instructions discloses that they are very complete, and appear to have been considered by the court with unusual care as applied to the facts in the ease, and with due regard to the contentions of both plaintiff and defendant.
The plaintiff in error also assigns as error the refusal of the court to accept the doctrine of imputed negligence and in giving the following instruction:
“No. 2. The jury is instructed that you will entirely disregard the defenses sought to be interposed by the defendant of the negligence of plaintiff’s parents, or either of them, at the time when, and the place where, the injury occurred.”
We cannot sustain the doctrine that the negligence of the parents of a child of tender years, shall be imputed to the child, first announced by the New York courts, and since followed by courts in some jurisdictions. That doctrine seems not only unsound, but absurd and inhuman.
[494]*494In 29 Cyc. 553, it is said in the.text: “According to the great weight of authority, in an action brought for the benefit of a child who has sustained injuries through the negligence of another, negligence on the part of the parents, or those standing in loco parentis will not be imputed to the child nor bar a recovery by him. The rule announced in Hartfield v. Roper, has received severe condemnation in many of the courts repudiating it as authority, and is very generally regarded as unsound by text-writers. In his work on negligence Judge Thompson says: ‘That it should be adhered to in any enlightened jurisdiction with respect to children is a reproach to the judges who uphold it. An adult person, when he commits his person to the custody of another, does so at least voluntarily; an infant does not select his custodian — it is selected for him by the laws of nature, or by circumstances beyond his control. Certainly, there is no reason why the ordinary principle that where one is injured by the concurring negligence of two persons, he has an action against either or both, should not apply in the case of an injury to a child, unless the imputation is to be put upon the Jaw of denying to feeble and helpless infancy the same measure of protection which it accords to adults. Such a conception is cruel, heartless, and wicked. It can only hold in jurisdictions where property is placed above humanity.’ ”
It is clear that the real contention in this case is as to the weight and sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict. But when a case has been properly submitted to the jury, this matter is wholly within its province, and is one with which appellate courts can ordinarily have nothing to do. The jury is a constitutionally organized body, with powers none the less positive and absolute in character, because they are limited in scope. The jury is as much an integral part of our system of jurisprudence as are the courts. It has its separate province, duties, and prerogatives. These have been well defined and well understood since the adoption of [495]*495the jury system. For courts to trespass upon, assume or usurp the prerogatives of the jury, is to that extent, to invade the constitutional guaranty of the right of trial by jury. Doubtless many mistakes and errors of judgment have occurred upon the part of juries. But it can be said that courts are not guiltless in that respect. Perhaps the members of this court, sitting as jurors, may have reached a different conclusion in this case, but that would have been in the exercise of their judgment as jurors. Courts may not lightly set aside the united judgment of men constituting a jury, and are not justified in doing so, except in case of palpable wrong. Neither must we overlook the fact that the learned trial judge in this case, four' times passed upon the question of the sufficiency of evidence in the case, required to authorize its submission to the jury for determination. And this was done with the apparent very clear understanding of the universal rule of this court in that regard, for in passing upon the question the court declared:
“As a matter of fact, I think there is sufficient evidence to go to the jury. If it was clear to me that there was no evidence at all, I should not hesitate to perform the duty that devolves upon me, but when I think there is evidence, as there is in this case, I shall overrule the motion.”
We have carefully read all the testimony in the case and are clearly of the opinion that the court was fully justified in this conclusion.
By the constitution, trial courts are in general made the one forum of litigants subject to review only, by appellate courts as to errors occurring. The constitution especially confers original jurisdiction upon district courts to try all cases, both at law and in equity, whatever may be the magnitude. This court must appreciate the power, dignity and responsibility of trial courts, so contemplated by the fundamental law, and are bound to pay due respect to the judgment of such courts, particularly as_ applied to a matter of review of the evidence presented [496]*496to the jury, and in the hearing of the court. Finding no substantial error occurring upon the trial, the judgment is affirmed.
Mussbr, C. J., and G-arrigubs, J., concur.