UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DEMOCRACY FORWARD FOUNDATION,
Plaintiff, v. Civil No. 18-635 (JDB) CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Democracy Forward Foundation brought this action pursuant to the Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, against defendant Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services (“CMS”) seeking records relating to CMS’s Affordable Care Act enrollment outreach.
Now before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. At issue is whether
CMS properly withheld certain records from disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5. For the
reasons explained below, except as to one subset of documents, the current record is not sufficient
to warrant summary judgment for either side. As a result, CMS’s motion for summary judgment
will be granted in part and denied in part without prejudice, and Democracy Forward’s cross-
motion for summary judgment will be denied without prejudice. The Court will require CMS to
supplement its withholding justifications before submitting any future summary judgment motion.
Background
In February 2018, Democracy Forward submitted a FOIA request to CMS seeking records
“concerning CMS’s decisionmaking as it relates to the agency’s Affordable Care Act outreach
efforts.” Compl. [ECF No. 1] ¶ 6. Specifically, Democracy Forward sought “[a]ll correspondence
and communications, including attachments,” between certain senior CMS employees, as well as
1 between those CMS employees and persons employed by the consulting firms Weber Shandwick
and Powell Tate. Id. When CMS failed to respond, Democracy Forward filed this FOIA suit on
March 20, 2018, to enforce its request. See id. ¶ 10.
Thereafter, on August 10, 2018, CMS released the first of two tranches of documents,
consisting of “2,278 pages of which 975 pages were released in full, 998 pages were withheld in
full and 405 pages were withheld in part.” Decl. of Hugh Gilmore (“Gilmore Decl.”) [ECF No.
18-2] ¶ 10. The second tranche was released on January 2, 2019, consisting of “762 pages, of
which 70 pages were released in full, 518 pages were withheld in full and 174 pages were withheld
in part.” Id.
Both parties have since cross-moved for summary judgment. See Def.’s Mot. for Summ.
J. [ECF No. 18]; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF No. 25]. As has become clear from the
subsequent briefing, Democracy Forward challenges only a small subset of CMS’s withholdings
under FOIA Exemption 5. See Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. & in
Supp. of Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) [ECF No. 24] at 4 n.2.
Legal Standard
“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”
Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009). Summary judgment
is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence demonstrate “that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
It is the agency’s burden to prove that it has complied with its obligations under FOIA.
See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 n.3 (1989). To determine whether
an agency has carried its burden, the district court may rely on agency affidavits, declarations, or
Vaughn indexes that demonstrate the adequacy of the search for responsive records and the
2 applicability of any claimed exemptions. See Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1116 (D.C. Cir.
2007); Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). When weighing these
documents and other evidence in the record, the Court will review de novo the agency’s
determination that information requested through FOIA is subject to one of that statute’s
exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). And “[a]t all times courts must bear in mind that FOIA
mandates a ‘strong presumption in favor of disclosure.’” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Norton,
309 F.3d 26, 32 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 173 (1991)).
Discussion
Democracy Forward challenges CMS’s withholding of three documents or sets of
documents: (1) a “Final Report” on the Healthcare.gov 2016–2017 Open Enrollment Campaign,
prepared by Weber Shandwick, Index of Contested Holdings (“Vaughn Index”) [ECF No. 18-3]
at 23 (Bates 2067-2191); (2) several attachments to a July 11, 2017 meeting invite to discuss Open
Enrollment, Suppl. Index of Contested Holdings (“Suppl. Vaughn Index”) [ECF No. 18-4] at 6
(Bates 2366-2431); and (3) communications between CMS officials and employees of Nahigian
Strategies, a public relations firm, Suppl. Vaughn Index at 3, 6–12, 17–18; see Pl.’s Mem. at 2
(listing relevant Bates numbers).
CMS seeks to withhold each of these three document categories under FOIA Exemption 5.
See Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”) [ECF No. 18] at 6–7. Exemption
5 applies to “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would not be available by
law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). “Courts
have construed this exemption to encompass the protections traditionally afforded certain
documents pursuant to evidentiary privileges in the civil discovery context, including materials
which would be protected under the attorney-client privilege, the attorney work-product privilege,
3 or the executive deliberative process privilege.” Rockwell Int’l Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 235
F.3d 598, 601 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting Formaldehyde Inst. v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs.,
889 F.2d 1118, 1121 (D.C. Cir. 1989)).
Here, CMS invokes the deliberative process privilege. See Def.’s Mem. at 6–9. In the
FOIA context, the deliberative process privilege applies to inter- or intra-agency documents that
are both (1) predecisional and (2) deliberative. See Baker & Hostetler LLP v. U.S. Dep’t of
Commerce, 473 F.3d 312, 321 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A communication is pre-decisional if it “occurred
before any final agency decision on the relevant matter.” Nat’l Sec. Archive v. CIA, 752 F.3d 460,
463 (D.C. Cir. 2014). And a communication is deliberative if it “is intended to facilitate or assist
development of the agency’s final position on the relevant issue.” Id.
The D.C. Circuit has extended the deliberative process privilege to documents prepared for
an agency by outside consultants, in what it calls the “consultant corollary.” See Nat’l Inst. of
Military Justice v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 512 F.3d 677, 685–86 (D.C. Cir. 2008); see also Dep’t
of the Interior and Bureau of Indian Affairs v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1,
10 (2001) (noting that some circuits have adopted the consultant corollary because documents
prepared by consultants “play[] essentially the same part in an agency’s process of deliberation as
documents prepared by agency personnel”). For the consultant corollary to apply, “the outside
consultant cannot ‘represent an interest of its own, or the interest of any other client.’” Ctr. for
Pub. Integrity v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 393 F. Supp. 3d 86, 92 (D.D.C. 2019) (quoting Klamath,
532 U.S. at 11). Instead, the consultant’s “only obligations [must be] to truth and its sense of what
good judgment calls for, and in those respects the consultant functions just as an employee would
be expected to do.” Klamath, 532 U.S. at 11.
1. The Final Report
4 The Court concludes that CMS has shown that the Final Report generally falls within the
ambit of Exemption 5 but has failed to show that its segregability analysis was adequate. CMS
supports its withholding of the Report with declarations from Hugh Gilmore, Director of the FOIA
Group at CMS’s Office of Strategic Operations and Regulatory Affairs. Gilmore states that the
Final Report is “guidance reflecting the deliberation of [Weber Shandwick] to assist CMS in its
decisionmaking relating to enrollment research, analytics analysis, audience targets, and content
of messages.” Suppl. Decl. of Hugh Gilmore (“Suppl. Gilmore Decl.”) [ECF No. 26-2] ¶ 8. As
such, Gilmore asserts that CMS properly withheld the Report because it “reflect[s] information
developed by a consultant for purposes of providing advice to assist CMS on media strategies
regarding enrollment for the health insurance marketplace.” Id. ¶ 9.
As a preliminary point, although Democracy Forward does not challenge the withholding
of the Final Report on this ground, the Court determines that the consultant corollary applies here.
The Gilmore declaration states that Weber Shandwick was in a “consultant relationship with CMS
for the purpose of advising on the [CMS] Office of Communications activities.” Gilmore Decl.
¶ 13; see Suppl. Gilmore Decl. ¶ 9–10 (noting that Weber Shandwick was “retained to provide
advice to the agency” and “assist CMS in its decisionmaking”). The fact that CMS solicited advice
from Weber Shandwick weighs in favor of application of the corollary, and nothing in the
declarations suggests that Weber Shandwick had any interest other than CMS’s in mind when
providing that advice. Cf. Ctr. for Pub. Integrity, 393 F. Supp. 3d at 92–93 (concluding that there
was not enough information to decide whether contractor represented interests of the agency or its
own interests where declarations suggested that “contractors may have had at least some interest
in the Department’s decisions”).
5 Next, the declarations are sufficient to support CMS’s assertions that the Final Report is
both predecisional and deliberative. The Gilmore declarations make clear that the Final Report,
temporally, preceded CMS’s “decisions” as to enrollment research, audience targets, and so forth.
According to the declarations, the purpose of the Report was to provide advice on any future
decisions on those topics. See Gilmore Decl. ¶ 16 (stating that the Report “assist[ed] CMS in
making a final determination how to proceed”); cf. Abtew v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 808
F.3d 895, 898 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (concluding that document was predecisional because it “was
merely a recommendation to a supervisor,” and the supervisor, not the author of the document,
“made the final decision”). Hence, the Report was predecisional. Similarly, it was deliberative
because it was “written as part of the process by which” CMS could make final decisions. Id.
Democracy Forward presents three arguments against CMS’s assertion that Exemption 5
protects the Final Report. The first two are unavailing, but the Court agrees with the third. First,
Democracy Forward argues that CMS has failed to identify a specific “decision” to which the Final
Report contributed. Pl.’s Mem. at 5. However, this contention misunderstands the purpose of the
privilege. As the D.C. Circuit has stated:
Any requirement of a specific decision after the creation of the document would defeat the purpose of the exemption. At the time of writing the author could not know whether the decisionmaking process would lead to a clear decision, establishing the privilege, or fizzle, defeating it. Hedging his bets, he would be drawn into precisely the caution, or the Aesopian language, that the exemption seeks to render unnecessary. . . . Thus it is no surprise that the Supreme Court [has] noted that the exemption aimed at protecting the decisional process, that many processes might not “ripen into agency decisions,” and that the exemption does not “turn[] on the ability of an agency to identify a specific decision in connection with which a memorandum is prepared.” Access Reports v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 926 F.2d 1192, 1196 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting NLRB v.
Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 151 n.18 (1975)). Here, CMS has identified the relevant
decisionmaking process—“media strategies regarding enrollment for the health insurance
6 marketplace,” Suppl. Gilmore Decl. ¶ 9—and the role that the Final Report played in that
process—an advisory one, id. (noting Report was “developed . . . for the purpose of providing
advice”). That is sufficient. See Gold Anti-Trust Action Comm., Inc. v. Bd. of Governors, 762 F.
Supp. 2d 123, 135–36 (D.D.C. 2011) (“[E]ven if an internal discussion does not lead to the
adoption of a specific government policy, its protection under Exemption 5 is not foreclosed as
long as the document was generated as part of a definable decision-making process.”); cf. Judicial
Watch v. U.S. Postal Serv., 297 F. Supp. 2d 252, 266 (D.D.C. 2004) (concluding that merely
identifying a document as a “draft press release” is not sufficient to allow the court to determine
whether it is predecisional and deliberative).
Second, Democracy Forward argues that the Final Report is postdecisional, not
predecisional, based mainly on the fact that the Report is labeled “Final.” Pl.’s Mem. at 8–9. But,
as CMS points out, the fact that the Report is final from the consultant’s perspective says nothing
about whether a decision has been made by CMS. Reply Mem. in Support of Def.’s Mot. for
Summ. J. & in Opp. to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. (“Def.’s Reply Mem.”) [ECF No. 26] at 3.
Third, Democracy Forward argues that CMS has failed to establish that it conducted an
adequate segregability analysis. Reply in Support of Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summary Judgment
(“Pl.’s Reply Mem.”) [ECF No. 28] at 5. The Court agrees. FOIA requires agencies to “take
reasonable steps necessary to segregate and release nonexempt information.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(8)(A)(ii)(II). For instance, even where the deliberative process privilege applies broadly
to a document, as here, the privilege does not generally “protect factual material,” though that
material “may sometimes be withheld if its disclosure would expose the deliberative process.”
Gosen v. USCIS, 118 F. Supp. 3d 232, 243 (D.D.C. 2015) (citing Nat’l Sec. Archive, 752 F.3d at
465); see Mapother v. Dep’t of Justice, 3 F.3d 1533, 1539–40 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (suggesting that
7 factual material “assembled through an exercise of judgment” may be protected, where a mere
factual “inventory, presented in chronological order” would not be). Or a recommendation to an
agency “may not fall under the deliberative-process privilege if it is later ‘adopted . . . as the agency
position on an issue or is used by the agency in its dealings with the public.’” Gosen, 118 F. Supp.
3d at 244 (quoting Coastal States Gas Corp v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir.
1980)).
Here, CMS has done too little to demonstrate to the Court that it has adequately analyzed
the Final Report for segregable information. The Vaughn index says not a word about
segregability, and the Gilmore declarations “do[] not improve things.” STS Energy Partners LP
v. FERC, 82 F. Supp. 3d 323, 331 (D.D.C. 2015). The first declaration merely states that the Final
Report was advisory, and that “[t]o the extent these reports reflected factual information, such
information was inextricably intertwined with the deliberative nature of the report and could not
be reasonably segregated.” Gilmore Decl. ¶ 16. The second declaration adds almost no
meaningful information to the first: it says only that CMS concluded that the Final Report’s “data
analytics and analysis . . . could be misinterpreted” if disclosed, and that “disclosure of the data
analytics would identify the type [of] data . . . considered significant to CMS’s decisionmaking
process.” Suppl. Gilmore Decl. ¶ 10. These statements “are wholly conclusory . . . , and
conclusions, without more, will not cut it under FOIA.” STS Energy Partners LP, 82 F. Supp. 3d
at 337. The document’s title, “Healthcare.gov 2016–2017 Open Enrollment Campaign Final
Report,” Vaughn Index at 23, as well as its length—over 120 pages—suggest to the Court that a
close examination of the Report may reveal at least some factual information that would not
provide any “meaningful insight into [CMS’s] judgment or the deliberative process,” Gosen, 118
F. Supp. 3d at 244, or some recommendations that the agency later adopted, id. But the Court has
8 no way to evaluate, based on the current record, whether any portions of the Final Report fall into
these or other non-exempt categories.
Therefore, the Court will require CMS to re-assess the Final Report and either disclose all
reasonably segregable portions of non-exempt material or provide the Court with more specific
information justifying its withholding of the entire Report.
2. The July 11, 2017 Meeting Attachments
For much the same reasons as stated above, the Court concludes that Exemption 5 applies
generally to the July 11, 2017 meeting attachments. The attachments are Microsoft PowerPoint
slides that were developed by Weber Shandwick (to which the consultant corollary is again
applicable) from the Final Report to “inform the CMS leadership about the outreach lessons for
open enrollment to inform future decisionmaking by the agency as well as setting forth goals and
milestones for proposed agency action well into November and December [of 2017].” Suppl.
Gilmore Decl. ¶ 11. The attachments were thus predecisional, because they preceded any ultimate
outreach decision, and deliberative, because they “assist[ed] development of the agency’s final
position on the relevant issue.” Nat’l Sec. Archive, 752 F.3d at 463. But, as with the Final Report,
the Court determines that CMS has not met its burden with respect to its segregability obligations.
The Vaughn indexes as to the attachments are again silent on segregability, and the declarations
contain nothing more than conclusory assertions that no portions of the attachments are reasonably
segregable, see Suppl. Gilmore Decl. ¶ 11 (stating that a release of any information from the
meeting attachments “would result in a chilling effect for candor and frank information in
presentations to CMS leadership”). These sorts of bare assertions will not do where it is the
agency’s burden to show that it has complied with its FOIA obligations. See Tax Analysts, 492
U.S. at 142 n.3.
9 Thus, the Court will require CMS to re-assess the July 11, 2017 meeting attachments and
either disclose all reasonably segregable portions of non-exempt material or provide the Court with
more specific information justifying its withholding of the attachments in their entirety.
3. The Nahigian Communications
Finally, Democracy Forward argues that CMS has failed to show that the consultant
corollary applies to the firm Nahigian Strategies, and thus certain communications between CMS
and Nahigian were improperly withheld. Pl.’s Reply Mem. at 7. Democracy Forward contends,
first, that CMS has failed to establish that Nahigian “had no individual interests to promote in their
submissions” to CMS. Id. (quoting Nat’l Inst. of Military Justice, 512 F.3d at 683). But as the
Court has already noted, where an agency has solicited the advice of firms such as Nahigian, and
nothing in the agency’s declarations or put forward by the plaintiff suggests that the firm served
any interest other than the agency’s, the consultant corollary is generally applicable. As a result,
Gilmore’s statement that “Nahigian Strategies was a sub-contractor” whose “purpose” was to
“assist[] the CMS Office of Communications” with “provid[ing] administrative guidance in
relations with CMS leadership,” Suppl. Gilmore Decl. ¶ 6, is sufficient to merit application of the
corollary.
Democracy Forward next contends that the challenged communications here were not
between just CMS and Nahigian, but also included another participant, “Brett O’Donnell,” whose
email address is “brett@odacommunications.com.” Pl.’s Reply Mem. at 8. Hence, Democracy
Forward argues, because CMS has never explained who Brett O’Donnell is, it has failed to
establish that the consultant corollary applies to these communications. The Court agrees and
concludes that, based on the information before it, it cannot determine whether CMS has satisfied
the threshold requirement for asserting the deliberative process privilege over these
10 communications—namely, that the consultant corollary applies to Brett O’Donnell. For this
reason, the Court will deny CMS’s motion for summary judgment as to items that include Brett
O’Donnell and allow CMS to include in any future motion another declaration addressing this
issue. Cf. Ctr. for Pub. Integrity, 393 F. Supp. 3d at 93 (denying government’s motion for summary
judgment and allowing it to file a renewed motion where the court lacked sufficient information
to determine applicability of consultant corollary). Likewise, because Democracy Forward has
not demonstrated that Brett O’Donnell was not a consultant, the Court will deny Democracy
Forward’s cross-motion for summary judgment as to those items but allow it to include additional
details in support of its claims in any future motion.
Because Democracy Forward has not challenged CMS’s segregability analysis with respect
to the Nahigian communications, the Court will grant CMS’s motion for summary judgment as to
those items that do not include Brett O’Donnell.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part without prejudice
CMS’s motion for summary judgment and will deny Democracy Forward’s cross-motion for
summary judgment without prejudice. Moreover, the Court will require CMS to provide
additional, more specific information to justify its withholding of the entire Final Report and all
the July 11, 2017 meeting attachments and to explain the status of Brett O’Donnell. A separate
order will be issued on this date.
/s/ JOHN D. BATES United States District Judge Dated: November 27, 2019