JAMES C. HILL, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff, a black female, brought suit under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, alleging that the defendant clinic denied her employment on the basis of race. The district court granted plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment to the extent that plaintiff had established the necessary elements of a prima facie case of employment discrimination set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Following a non-jury trial, however, the judge concluded that the defendant had established a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for refusing to hire plaintiff and that plaintiff had failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the articulated reason was a pretext for discrimination. Accordingly, the district court entered judgment for defendant. We now reverse.
I. Facts
Early in January 1978, Mrs. Robbins submitted an application for employment to the White-Wilson Medical Clinic, a privately owned medical clinic located in Fort Walton Beach, Florida that provides out-patient services to residents of northwest Florida and southern Alabama. Prior to the filing of Mrs. Robbins’ E.E.O.C. charge, the only black employees at the clinic worked in the janitorial and housekeeping positions. At the time Mrs. Robbins applied for a position at the clinic there were no positions open; however, a job as record room clerk came open at the end of the month. Fourteen applicants, including Mrs. Robbins, were selected by Marilyn Pollard, the record room supervisor, for personal interviews. On February 3, 1978 Mrs. Robbins was personally interviewed for the record room clerk position by Mrs. Pollard. At trial Mrs. Pollard testified that when Mrs. Robbins appeared for the interview she was surprised to learn that she was black because in five years of interviewing she had never interviewed a black applicant. At the conclusion of the interview Mrs. Robbins was advised that there were other applicants to interview and that she would be called later and told whether she had been selected. When she received no word for several days, Mrs. Robbins telephoned the clinic. Mrs. Pollard told her that another applicant had been selected and stated that Mrs. Robbins had not been chosen because of her age. Shortly afterward, Mrs. Robbins called the clinic administrator who denied that the clinic had discriminated against her because of her age (which was thirty-seven). Mrs. Robbins then spoke with Mrs. Pollard again and accused her of discrimination. At this point Mrs. Pollard informed Mrs. Robbins that she had not been selected because of her personality. After this second telephone conversation, Mrs. Pollard made a notation on the margin of Mrs. Robbins’ application: “Has a bad attitude — -has called and asked many questions. She is a black girl. Could cause trouble. I don’t need this one.”
Mrs. Robbins filed a timely charge of discrimination against the clinic with the E.E.O.C. The E.E.O.C. failed to conclude its investigation within 180 days of filing; authorization was requested and received to file a civil suit in federal court. The instant action was filed on February 7, 1979.
II. Standard of Review
The parties dispute the standard under which this court must review the trial court’s finding of no discrimination, with defendant urging application of the clearly erroneous standard and plaintiff arguing for the exercise of independent review. Because a finding of discrimination vel non is an ultimate fact, we must make an independent determination of the allegations of discrimination. Joshi v. Florida State Uni[1066]*1066versity, 646 F.2d 981, 986 (5th Cir. 1981); Thompson v. Leland Police Department, 633 F.2d 1111, 1112 (5th Cir. 1980). As we do so, however, we are bound by the trial court’s credibility determinations and findings of subsidiary facts which are not themselves clearly erroneous, examining only whether there are sufficient subsidiary facts to support the district court’s conclusion on the ultimate fact. Joshi v. Florida State University, 646 F.2d 981, 986 (5th Cir. 1981); Phillips v. Joint Legislative Committee on Performance and Expenditure Review of the State of Mississippi, 637 F.2d 1014 (5th Cir. 1981); Thompson v. Leland Police Department, 633 F.2d 1111, 1112 (5th Cir. 1980); East v. Romine, 518 F.2d 332, 338-39 (5th Cir. 1975); Causey v. Ford Motor Co., 516 F.2d 416, 420-21 (5th Cir. 1975).
III. Burdens of Plaintiff and Defendant
The trial court having determined that defendant had met its burden of showing a nondiscriminatory reason and that plaintiff had not met her burden of proving pretext, we turn to the Supreme Court’s pronouncements on the parties’ respective burdens in a Title VII discriminatory treatment case. In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), the Supreme Court established that initially the plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination.1 Upon the plaintiff’s success in proving a prima facie case, the defendant assumes the burden of articulating “some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection.” Id. at 802, 93 S.Ct. at 1824. If the defendant carries this burden, the plaintiff then has the opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the reasons offered are in fact a pretext for discrimination. Id. at 804, 93 S.Ct. at 1825.
Recently the Supreme Court expanded on the nature of the burden that shifts to the defendant once the plaintiff has made a prima facie case. The decision in Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981), altered the law in this circuit by placing on the defendant only a burden of producing a nondiscriminatory justification, not a burden of persuasion by a preponderance of the evidence, as this court had required. See Ray v. Freeman, 626 F.2d 439, 443 (5th Cir. 1980).
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JAMES C. HILL, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff, a black female, brought suit under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, alleging that the defendant clinic denied her employment on the basis of race. The district court granted plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment to the extent that plaintiff had established the necessary elements of a prima facie case of employment discrimination set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Following a non-jury trial, however, the judge concluded that the defendant had established a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for refusing to hire plaintiff and that plaintiff had failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the articulated reason was a pretext for discrimination. Accordingly, the district court entered judgment for defendant. We now reverse.
I. Facts
Early in January 1978, Mrs. Robbins submitted an application for employment to the White-Wilson Medical Clinic, a privately owned medical clinic located in Fort Walton Beach, Florida that provides out-patient services to residents of northwest Florida and southern Alabama. Prior to the filing of Mrs. Robbins’ E.E.O.C. charge, the only black employees at the clinic worked in the janitorial and housekeeping positions. At the time Mrs. Robbins applied for a position at the clinic there were no positions open; however, a job as record room clerk came open at the end of the month. Fourteen applicants, including Mrs. Robbins, were selected by Marilyn Pollard, the record room supervisor, for personal interviews. On February 3, 1978 Mrs. Robbins was personally interviewed for the record room clerk position by Mrs. Pollard. At trial Mrs. Pollard testified that when Mrs. Robbins appeared for the interview she was surprised to learn that she was black because in five years of interviewing she had never interviewed a black applicant. At the conclusion of the interview Mrs. Robbins was advised that there were other applicants to interview and that she would be called later and told whether she had been selected. When she received no word for several days, Mrs. Robbins telephoned the clinic. Mrs. Pollard told her that another applicant had been selected and stated that Mrs. Robbins had not been chosen because of her age. Shortly afterward, Mrs. Robbins called the clinic administrator who denied that the clinic had discriminated against her because of her age (which was thirty-seven). Mrs. Robbins then spoke with Mrs. Pollard again and accused her of discrimination. At this point Mrs. Pollard informed Mrs. Robbins that she had not been selected because of her personality. After this second telephone conversation, Mrs. Pollard made a notation on the margin of Mrs. Robbins’ application: “Has a bad attitude — -has called and asked many questions. She is a black girl. Could cause trouble. I don’t need this one.”
Mrs. Robbins filed a timely charge of discrimination against the clinic with the E.E.O.C. The E.E.O.C. failed to conclude its investigation within 180 days of filing; authorization was requested and received to file a civil suit in federal court. The instant action was filed on February 7, 1979.
II. Standard of Review
The parties dispute the standard under which this court must review the trial court’s finding of no discrimination, with defendant urging application of the clearly erroneous standard and plaintiff arguing for the exercise of independent review. Because a finding of discrimination vel non is an ultimate fact, we must make an independent determination of the allegations of discrimination. Joshi v. Florida State Uni[1066]*1066versity, 646 F.2d 981, 986 (5th Cir. 1981); Thompson v. Leland Police Department, 633 F.2d 1111, 1112 (5th Cir. 1980). As we do so, however, we are bound by the trial court’s credibility determinations and findings of subsidiary facts which are not themselves clearly erroneous, examining only whether there are sufficient subsidiary facts to support the district court’s conclusion on the ultimate fact. Joshi v. Florida State University, 646 F.2d 981, 986 (5th Cir. 1981); Phillips v. Joint Legislative Committee on Performance and Expenditure Review of the State of Mississippi, 637 F.2d 1014 (5th Cir. 1981); Thompson v. Leland Police Department, 633 F.2d 1111, 1112 (5th Cir. 1980); East v. Romine, 518 F.2d 332, 338-39 (5th Cir. 1975); Causey v. Ford Motor Co., 516 F.2d 416, 420-21 (5th Cir. 1975).
III. Burdens of Plaintiff and Defendant
The trial court having determined that defendant had met its burden of showing a nondiscriminatory reason and that plaintiff had not met her burden of proving pretext, we turn to the Supreme Court’s pronouncements on the parties’ respective burdens in a Title VII discriminatory treatment case. In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), the Supreme Court established that initially the plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination.1 Upon the plaintiff’s success in proving a prima facie case, the defendant assumes the burden of articulating “some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection.” Id. at 802, 93 S.Ct. at 1824. If the defendant carries this burden, the plaintiff then has the opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the reasons offered are in fact a pretext for discrimination. Id. at 804, 93 S.Ct. at 1825.
Recently the Supreme Court expanded on the nature of the burden that shifts to the defendant once the plaintiff has made a prima facie case. The decision in Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981), altered the law in this circuit by placing on the defendant only a burden of producing a nondiscriminatory justification, not a burden of persuasion by a preponderance of the evidence, as this court had required. See Ray v. Freeman, 626 F.2d 439, 443 (5th Cir. 1980).
The burden that shifts to the defendant, therefore, is to rebut the presumption of discrimination by producing evidence that the plaintiff was rejected, or someone else was preferred, for a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason. The defendant need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons. ... It is sufficient if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff. To accomplish this, the defendant must clearly set forth, through the introduction of admissible evidence, the reasons for the plaintiff’s rejection. The explanation provided must be legally sufficient to justify a judgment for the defendant.
450 U.S. at 254, 101 S.Ct. at 1094 (footnotes omitted) (citation omitted). While lessening the burden to one of production, however, the Court also made clear that the sufficiency of the defendant’s explanation must be evaluated by the extent to which it affords the plaintiff, through the clarity and specificity of the proffered reasons, a full and fair opportunity to demonstrate pretext. Id. at 256-57, 101 S.Ct. at 1095-96.2
[1067]*1067At trial the defendant attempted to show that two job qualifications were relevant to the position of record room clerk: minimal typing skills and a personality well suited to cooperative work relations with co-workers in a small working environment. As to the first, neither plaintiff nor defendant disputes that both Mrs. Robbins and the applicant chosen possessed clerical skills exceeding the level required for the job. It is the second qualification — a pleasant personality — which defendant offered as its legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for Mrs. Robbins’ rejection. For the purposes of this case, we will assume the legitimacy of this factor as a job qualification. Before determining its legal sufficiency as a rebuttal to a prima facie case of discrimination, however, we must note the subjective nature not only of this qualification but also of the job selection process in this case.
The evidence shows, and the district court found, that the entire evaluation process was restricted to the job interview. Although the record room supervisor only made recommendations to the clinic’s administrator on the basis of the supervisor’s interviews of the applicants, the recommendations were routinely followed. No guidelines had been established for the interviews, nor had the administrator ever sat in on a full interview. Because of the interviewer’s dominant influence in the selection process, therefore, the interviewer’s impression of the applicant was crucial.
We have frequently noted the dangers involved in this sort of evaluation. “[S]ubjective selection processes involving white supervisors provide a ready mechanism for racial discrimination.” Johnson v. Uncle Ben’s Inc., 628 F.2d 419, 426 (5th Cir. 1980). Accord, Parson v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., 575 F.2d 1374, 1385 (5th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 968, 99 S.Ct. 2417, 60 L.Ed.2d 1073 (1979); James v. Stockham Valves & Fittings Co., 559 F.2d 310, 345 (5th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1034, 98 S.Ct. 767, 54 L.Ed.2d 781 (1978); Rowe v. General Motors Corp., 457 F.2d 348, 359 (5th Cir. 1972). The Supreme Court’s requirement that “the defendant’s explanation of its legitimate reasons ... be clear and reasonably specific” provides the plaintiff with some protection against the potential for discrimination inherent in a subjective selection process involving subjective job criteria. Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 258, 101 S.Ct. at 1096. Obviously, the more subjective the qualification sought and the more subjective the manner in which it is measured, the more difficult will be the defendant’s task in meeting the burden imposed by Burdine.
With this in mind we review the evidence presented at trial by the defendant. The defect in Mrs. Robbins’ personality — which was purportedly the basis for her rejection — was variously described as her “hostile,” “intimidating,” and “yucky” attitude. Although we refrain from holding either that this less than explicit account is by itself legally insufficient as an explanation or that a pleasant personality can never be a legitimate job criterion, we are compelled to conclude that the proffered reason is legally insufficient when viewed in the context of the evidence in plaintiff’s prima facie case and the testimony given by Mrs. Pollard on cross-examination. Succinctly put, we believe that this is one of those “cases where the plaintiff’s initial evidence, combined with effective cross-examination of the defendant, will suffice to discredit the defendant’s explanation.” Id. at 255, n.10, 101 S.Ct. at 1095 n.10.
The initial evidence in this case showed that the defendant clinic’s work force of approximately 75 employees was exclusively white, with the exception of its janitorial and housekeeping departments. Plaintiff further established that, although qualified, she was rejected and that the clinic continued interviewing applicants for the position after her rejection. It is the testimony of Mrs. Pollard on cross-examination, however, that adds a critical dimension to this evidence and to the description of Mrs. Robbins’ personality failings. When defendant’s attorney questioned Mrs. Pollard about black employees who had been hired [1068]*1068after Mrs. Robbins’ rejection,3 the colloquy was as follows:
Q. What about Donna Richardson? Is she presently in your department?
A. Yes, and she’s real jolly and fun to be with.
Q. And ho\y does she relate to the other people in the department?
A. Well, she’s more white than she is black. Does that answer your question?
THE COURT: Well I’m not sure I understand what you mean. Is her race black?
A. Uh-huh.
THE COURT: But she’s in your thinking, more white than she is black?
A. Yeah. She’s, you know, she’s — her father was military, right, so if you’re military, well, you know, you’re not a military man but if you’ve been in the military you’re around a lot of black and white people. You go to school with a lot of whites, right, if you’re in the military, especially overseas. My kids did.
THE COURT: But you make a distinction between white people and black people in your thinking, and she’s more white than black?
A. Yes, she is.
THE COURT: What does that distinction mean between black people and white people, that she’s more white?
A. Well, she’s just, I think of her as being very normal, just, I mean, being just like — —I feel like she’s just a white person. I don’t think of her — you’re saying is she black or white. I’m saying as far as I’m concerned she’s white.
As the above testimony reveals, Mrs. Pollard, whose impression of the applicant was the controlling factor in the employment decision, had a tendency to equate pleasant personality characteristics, and particularly an ability to work well with others, with white people. The district judge’s extensive questioning of Mrs. Pollard on this point reflects his justified concern with her remarks. In spite of this apparent tendency and an explicit finding of fact that Mrs. Pollard possessed such a tendency, however, the trial judge concluded, on the basis of countervailing evidence of Mrs. Pollard’s and her son’s social relations with blacks, that “she possesses no racial bias or animus as such.” We agree that the evidence supports these findings of subsidiary fact, but we believe that the district judge drew incorrect legal conclusions from them. Specifically, we disagree that the evidence supports the legal conclusion that racial bias played no part in the employment decision in this case.
We wish to emphasize that any findings of fact based upon a determination of Mrs. Pollard’s credibility as a witness require the respect of this court unless clearly erroneous. Without discrediting Mrs. Pollard’s testimony or ignoring the district judge’s findings, we may conclude nevertheless as part of our independent review of the finding of the ultimate fact of discrimination vel non that Mrs. Robbins’ rejection was racially motivated or was the result of racial stereotyping.
While personality may be a legitimate job criterion, the presence or absence of a pleasant personality cannot be measured along racial lines. In light of her tendency to associate certain characteristics with race and her notation on the plaintiff’s application,4 Mrs. Pollard’s rejection of plaintiff for the job clearly appears to have been influenced by racially oriented criteria. It is under the peculiar circumstances revealed by the initial evidence and by Mrs. Pollard’s testimony in this case that we reject the trial court’s decision.
For these reasons, we hold that the evidence produced at trial indicates that the proffered explanation was pretextual. Ac[1069]*1069cordingly, we reverse and direct that judgment be entered for plaintiff.
REVERSED and REMANDED.