Delo H. Caspary v. The Louisiana Land and Exploration Company

707 F.2d 785, 1983 U.S. App. LEXIS 28073

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
• Decided: May 11, 1983
• Docket: 83-1343
• Status: Published

Opinions

MURNAGHAN, Circuit Judge:

At common law, a stockholder in a Maryland corporation enjoyed, regardless of the substantiality of his shareholding, a right to inspect corporate records, including a book listing all of the stockholders, simply upon the showing of a proper purpose. Parish v. Maryland and Virginia Milk Producers Ass’n, 250 Md. 24, 88, 242 A.2d 512, 547 (1968). In 1868 a general business corporation law was adopted by the Maryland General Assembly which, in Article 26 of the Annotated Code of Maryland § 5, addressed the matter of rights to inspect corporate records generally and in § 67 the matter of similar rights to inspect stockholder lists.¹ That legislation eliminated the proper purpose limitation existing at common law. Consequently, after 1868 the statute afforded everything the common law had granted to the stockholder and more, since it too guaranteed the right of access to the stock ledger, yet freed the stockholder from the necessity of pleading and proving a proper purpose. Thereafter in 1908 there was a general revision of the corporate article. The pertinent section of that codification, Article 23 § 73 of the Annotated Code of Maryland (identified in the 1911 Annotated Code of Maryland as the successor to the Article 26 §§ 5 and 67 statutes enacted in 1868), permitted a stockholder or stockholders holding 5% of the capital stock to inspect the stockholder list. The section so providing, in its present form, now appears in the Corporations and Associations Article of the Maryland Annotated Code as § 2-513.²

Délo H. Caspary, alleging a proper purpose, namely, the desire to solicit proxies in order to achieve a change in management of a corporation of which he is a shareholder, and with whose operations he is dissatisfied, has sought to obtain access to the stock ledger of the Louisiana Land and Exploration Company, a Maryland corporation. The corporation is a large one, it being estimated that, while Caspary’s holdings of stock in the corporation are worth $2,000,000 to $3,000,000, a 5% ownership of stock would have an aggregate value of approximately $55,000,000.

The corporation has refused to permit inspection of the stock ledger on the grounds that § 2-513 abrogated the common law, and set up requirements which Caspary does not satisfy.

That position conflicted with Caspary’s professed understanding that the statutory provisions were in addition to, not in replacement of, the common law. Not surprisingly, on April 4, 1983, the present diversity case was instituted by Caspary in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland to secure access to a list of stockholders. The district court, on April 8, 1983, stated its conclusion that the failure to meet the requirements of § 2-513 rendered Caspary not entitled to the relief he sought. Judgment dismissing the complaint, accordingly, was entered for the company. An immediate appeal was taken. The degree of urgency is high in view of Caspary’s wish to conduct a proxy fight to obtain shareholder votes to be cast at the election of directors scheduled to be held at an annual meeting, the date for which has been fixed as May 12, 1983. We accordingly have heard the appeal on an expedited basis on Thursday, April 14, 1983. That afternoon, following conclusion of oral argument, we announced our decision affirming the judgment of the district court, 560 F.Supp. 855. Chief Judge Winter dissented from the decision reached by Judges Murnaghan and Ervin. We noted that written opinions would follow.

Addressing the merits, we have been cited to, and have found no Maryland authority squarely disposing of the matter to which we can turn for ready disposition. While presented by diligent and imaginative counsel appearing for Caspary with arguments based on supposed policy considerations and expounding a view of history concerning the rugged capacity of the common law to withstand repeal or abrogation by a statute dealing with the same subject matter, we have been directed to no Maryland authority (other than the district court opinion in the case sub judice) which really addresses in the context of stock ledger inspection rights the position for which Caspary argues.

On the other hand, Louisiana Land has had the good fortune to be able to cite two cases construing the Maryland law which give strong indications of the result the Maryland Court of Appeals would reach if it were to address the question presently before us. First we turn to Parish v. Maryland and Virginia Milk Producers Ass’n, supra. There, the question for resolution was whether the statute, by analogizing a member in a membership corporation to a stockholder in an ordinary business corporation, set up a prerequisite of a group of 5% of the members insisting on production to trigger a successful demand for a list of all members. The court in Parish held that the analogy was not apt and that, consequently, the 5% requirement had no application to a membership corporation. The opinion for the Court of Judge Wilson K. Barnes, while, therefore, not concerned with a stockholder’s rights of inspection of a company’s records, nevertheless, provided two salient insights into how the Maryland Court of Appeals might be expected to resolve the issue which confronts us.

First, in a passing allusion the court identified as the purpose of the 5% restriction the prevention of “an abuse of the common law right of a single stockholder to demand inspection of books, etc., with possible attendant substantial expense when the amount of the stockholding was insignificant compared to the whole stock structure. It was, in short, to prevent ‘strike’ suits by litigious stockholders holding less than five percent of the corporate stock .... ” Parish, supra, 250 Md. at 90-91, 242 A.2d at 549 (emphasis in original). That observation tends to support Louisiana Land’s side of the case, suggesting as it does that the common law was to yield to the statute, yet it is but a dictum, and, as such, could perhaps be distinguished if it were at odds with another stronger contra-indication, either obiter statement or persuasive policy consideration.³

The second insight to be derived from Parish is more, however, than dictum. The member there seeking a membership list had established the existence of a proper purpose for the request.⁴ Accordingly, if Caspary’s contention in the present case were sound, the court in Parish unnecessarily labored (250 Md. at 86-93, 242 A.2d at 547-550) to rule that a member in a membership corporation is not to be equated or analogized to a stockholder. That question would not even have arisen if a stockholder, and so, a fortiori, a member (present as he would be only by analogy to a stockholder) were free of the necessity for a 5% showing upon demonstration of a proper purpose. The whole objective of the court’s inquiry was to determine whether the 5% requirement had to be met. Obviously, the Maryland court assumed it would apply were Parish a stockholder in a business corporation rather than a member in a membership corporation.

Furthermore, that intimation from Parish is fortified by the recent decision of Rosengarten v. Buckley, Civ. No. HM-80-2935 (D.Md., February 23, 1982, Murray, J.). In responding to a corporation’s insistence on the security required of a stockholder holding less than 5% of the stock (Maryland Rules of Procedure § 328(b)), the shareholder sought to have the court condition the security on the provision to him of a shareholder list. Judge Murray declined to do so, saying:

Not only does Maryland law not provide for such a procedure, but another statute expressly limits those persons entitled to a shareholder list to persons who hold more than five percent of a corporation’s stock. MD.CORP. & ASSOC.CODE ANN., § 2-513. The plaintiff’s requested procedure would thus endow him with a right he does not possess under Maryland law and one that the legislature of this state has clearly chosen not to give him.

Caspary would construe the omission by Judge Murray of any mention of a common law right to inspect stock records for a proper purpose and without meeting the statutory 5% requirement as an inadvertent oversight. Judge Murray is simply too careful for such a suggestion to be lightly accepted. It is far more probable that, if Judge Murray had entertained any belief that a common law right existed, he would have explored the matter of whether the party seeking the stockholder list had a proper purpose. We read the omission as evidence of Judge Murray’s belief that there was no such common law right. Thus, Judge Murray denied the request on the grounds that § 2-513 expressly limited entitlement to those persons holding 5% or more of the corporation’s stock.⁵

To counter those Maryland authorities, Caspary relies especially on the New York law.⁶ Aside from the fact that we are bound to determine the law of Maryland and not the law of another state, the New York statute held not to have supplanted or replaced the common law right specified that “[njothing herein contained shall impair the power of courts to compel the production for examination of the books and records of a corporation.” The power of the courts particularly operates to develop, enforce and maintain the common law.

There is no similar Maryland statutory language preserving to the courts the continued right to compel production of the stock ledger as theretofore permitted by the common law.⁷ It is true, of course, that the Maryland Constitution guarantees the continued enjoyment by the people of the common law “subject, nevertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal, by the Legislature of this State.” In Re Davis, 17 Md.App. 98, 102, 299 A.2d 856, 859 (1973) makes it all very clear:

The common law, like Acts of Assembly, is subject to the control and modification of the legislature, and may be abrogated or changed as the General Assembly may think most conducive to the general welfare.... [Tjhe common law is subject to change by the legislature

That truism, however, affords no solace similar to that provided by the New York statute to someone arguing that a common law rule has not been abrogated by statute. It merely sets forth the general question posed in each such case, namely, whether or not modification or abrogation of the common law by statute has occurred.⁸

Reference by counsel for Caspary to Arthur W. Machen’s imposing treatise on the Modern Law of Corporations (1908) is resort to extremely respected authority. Unfortunately, however, the section cited, § 1100 at p. 896, is not illuminating for present purposes. It states that a statute conferring “upon shareholders a limited right to inspect the company’s books should not be construed to restrict by implication their common-law rights.” (Emphasis supplied). The question still remains as to whether the statute here is, in fact, so limited that it was not intended by the legislature, as part of a general, wide-ranging statutory codification, to replace common law rules dealing with the same subject matter. Machen forthrightly acknowledges that the answer in each particular case “must depend on the scope of the statute.” Id., § 1109, at pp. 902-03.⁹

5 Fletcher, Cyclopedia of Corporations, § 2215.1 (Rev.Vol.1976), also cited by Caspary, is not particularly helpful for similar reasons, and, indeed, rather supports his opponent. It observes that the statutes in many cases are not merely a reenactment of the common law, but rather enlarge the right and remove common law restrictions. It further points out the trend away from an earlier tendency to expand the inspection rights of shareholders beyond their rights at common law in favor of limitations restricting the rights.

It is by no means an irrelevancy to observe that in Maryland both directions alluded to by Fletcher have been followed. The 1868 broad expansion of rights to inspect the stock book appears to have oceupied the field, abrogating the common law. Then, in the second phase, when in 1908 a restriction was imposed, it was only the 1868 statute which was in place at the time of enactment, and its amendment by the 1908 statute has not been questioned, and could not be for any reason apparent to us.¹⁰

A principal obstacle for Caspary indeed lies in the fact that, in 1868, in a general codification of the statutory law dealing with business corporations, the Maryland General Assembly imposed on a corporation the responsibility to maintain a stock ledger, and provided to a stockholder, holding as little as a single share of stock, regardless of the percentage of his holding, a right to inspect the stock ledger, regardless of purpose. See Article 40, Revised Code of Maryland § 67 (1878); Article 23 Annotated Code of Maryland (1904 ed.) § 80. That was hardly the limited right to inspect referred to by Machen. Every stockholder was accorded an unlimited right of access to the stock ledger, with no responsibility for showing any purpose. See Parish, supra, 250 Md. at 90-91, 242 A.2d at 549. Caspary in his Brief freely acknowledges that, under the 1868 statute a proper purpose was not required and that “[t]he right to the list was absolute, conditional only upon the ownership of the stock.”

In point of indisputable fact, the statute covered everything which the common law allowed in the way of stock book inspection and went further.¹¹ From 1868 to 1908, consequently, there was absolutely no occasion for anyone to seek recourse to what had been the common law prior to 1868. In every imaginable case the statute would do at least as well; in some it would do better.¹²

When a general codification has occurred, a statute fully occupying the field covered by the common law, as certainly was here the case, replaces and extinguishes the common law. See Lutz, supra, 167 Md. at 15, 172 A. at 356 (“A statute which deals with an entire subject matter is generally construed as abrogating the common law as to that subject.”). Otherwise the law becomes cluttered with moribund rules serving no useful purpose, yet obviously having a great potential for mischief if they automatically spring back to life when any subsequent change in the statute takes place. There was a lapse of forty years between 1868 and 1908. It simply ignores reality to ascribe to the Maryland General Assembly an unstated assumption, when it amended the statute to require a 5% holding to exercise the formerly unlimited right of inspection, that it would simultaneously be resuscitating sub silentio a common law provision given a decent burial four decades before. Rather, abrogation was the legislative intent.¹³ The ascription of such an unexpressed assumption makes very little sense when it is appreciated that it would greatly reduce the effectiveness of the 1908 legislation. While a stockholder with less than 5% could, on Caspary’s theory, be obliged to prove a proper purpose, few would appear likely to be acting malevolently or contrary to corporate best interests.¹⁴ Hence most requests would, in the end, be successful, making the 5% requirement largely illusory. In the language of Lutz, supra, n. 7, Caspary’s contention, if successful, would in effect deprive the 1908 statute of its efficacy.¹⁵

In 1950, in preparation for what became the substantial 1951 revision of the Corporations Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland, a distinguished Revision Commission ¹⁶ prepared a report. The reporter to the Commission, C. Keating Bowie, Jr., an accomplished member of the practicing Maryland Bar, had this to say in his Explanatory Notes on the subject of stockholder inspection rights:

Aside from specifying with greater particularity the papers and records which shall be available for inspection, this section makes only one important substantive change in the present law. In addition to the requirement that a stockholder have 5% of the outstanding stock of any class in order to justify an inspection of certain records, as provided in the present law, the proposed section also requires that the stockholder shall have held such stock for a period of at least six months.

Reporter’s Explanatory Notes printed in H.M. Bruñe, Maryland Corporation Law and Practice, 677, 691 (Rev.Ed.1953).

It would do a great injustice to ascribe to Mr. Bowie a conscious differentiation between statutory law and common law, and an intention in using the words “in the present law” to put the reader at his peril to appreciate that there was also at present a common law doctrine in revived existence since 1908 floating about, quite at variance with Mr. Bowie’s description of what the law appeared to him to be. He, someone extremely qualified to know, clearly proceeded on the understanding that the statute fully occupied the field.

It is important to observe that Caspary has had no occasion to plead looting of corporate assets or other fraudulent behavior by the incumbent directors of Louisiana Land. We, of course, have no occasion to address, much less decide, the question of what access to the stock ledger would then exist. It may well be that a short duration stockholder with less than 5% of the stock nevertheless might be held to have a right to inspect stock books and other documents to which the 5% and six months’ requirements of § 2-513 apply if he could demonstrate looting of the corporate assets by the incumbent directors or other serious malfeasance. Here, however, the charge is no more than arguably poor management, not improper or illegal practices to the corporation’s detriment. Fraud, it is sometimes said, vitiates all, but here we have no case of fraud. The continued existence of one common law right simply does not establish the existence of another.

Hence, while the opinions are distinguishable in some respects, both the Maryland Court of Appeals in Parish v. Maryland and Virginia Milk Producers Ass’n and a respected United States District Judge for the District of Maryland, Herbert M. Murray in Rosengarten v. Buckley, have read the statute to exclude a common law right in stockholders holding less than 5% to seek access to the stock ledger even where they adequately allege a proper purpose. Analysis fully justifies that reading. No Maryland authority points to the opposite conclusion.

Judging, therefore, from the best evidence available as to the current state of the Maryland law, we have decided that the judgment below should be affirmed. In reaching our conclusion as to what the Maryland Court of Appeals would do, we by no means seek to intimate that the rule we have accepted as the one that court would reach constitutes the only possible one. In predicting the action another court would take, we deal only in terms of what is more likely and what is less likely. Shortness of time compels a prompt resolution of the question. Diversity jurisdiction has been resorted to by the plaintiff.¹⁷ No suggestion for a certification of the question to the Maryland Court of Appeals has been made¹⁸ and probably would be impractical given the time limitations. Hence, left to our own devices, we must do our best in making a principled decision as to what the Maryland Court of Appeals would do at this point in time.

We have given such weight as we deem appropriate to the consideration that, had this question arisen in 1908 when the statutory 5% requirement first appeared, or shortly thereafter, the decision might arguably have been otherwise. Three-quarters of a century ago, the veneration for the common law and the dislike for statutory intrusion upon it were greater than they are today in a society far more accustomed to legislative governance.¹⁹ However, we deal with the current situation in 1983 and must give our answer in terms consistent with contemporary attitudes and understandings, for we would expect the Maryland Court of Appeals to do the same.

AFFIRMED.

1 . The 1868 statute substantially broadened what had theretofore been the common law rule. Parish, supra, 250 Md. at 89-90, 242 A.2d at 547-48.

2 . In 1951, an additional restriction on the statutory right of access of the stockholder to the stock ledger was imposed. A six months’ holding period had first to be met.

3 . In fact, however, the Maryland Court of Appeals in Homer v. Crown Cork & Seal Co. of Baltimore City, 155 Md. 66, 76, 141 A. 425, 430 (1928) recognized that “[e]ven a shareholder does not enjoy the unlimited right to demand and receive information in respect to corporate affairs,” citing the pertinent sections in the Corporations Article of the Annotated Code, especially the section setting the 5% requirement for inspection of the stock ledger. Cf. Wight v. Heublein, 111 Md. 649, 657, 75 A. 507, 509 (1910) (“In this state the right [of access to corporate records] is secured by statute (Code Article 23, § 5) ____”) (Emphasis supplied).

4 . In Parish, supra, 250 Md. at 91, 242 A.2d at 549, it is observed that ■ “under the allegations of the complaint it appears that the purpose of the demand for inspection was an entirely proper one intended for the ultimate benefit of the Association itself.”

5 . The decision of Judge Edward S. Northrop in the district court constitutes an authoritative source as well. In determining state law in diversity cases where there is no clear precedent, courts of appeal are disposed to accord substantial deference to the opinion of a federal district judge because of his familiarity with the state law which must be applied. E.g., Hartford v. Gibbons & Reed Co., 617 F.2d 567, 569 (10th Cir.1980).

Here, however, we have a panel on appeal which includes two judges who also have Maryland antecedents. Their views differ as to the proper outcome of the case. In such circumstances deference to the opinion of the one who disagrees with the district judge should serve to neutralize any support deriving from merely the existence, as distinct from the contents, of Judge Northrop’s opinion. As to the latter, however, obviously the panel majority is at one with him.

6 . The law of other jurisdictions is not as one-sided as the dissent would suggest. See Neiman v. Templeton, Kenly & Co., Ltd., 294 Ill.App. 45, 13 N.E.2d 290 (1938); Morris v. Broadview, 385 Ill. 228, 233-34, 52 N.E.2d 769, 771 (1944); Daurelle v. Traders Federal Savings & Loan Assn., 143 W.Va. 674, 689, 104 S.E.2d 320, 330 (1958) (“It indicates clearly that the Legislature by the enactment of the current statute intended to abrogate, or at least to limit, the common-law and statutory rights of a stockholder of a joint stock corporation to the extent indicated by the language of the statute and to give him only such rights of examination and inspection of the records of the corporation as are expressly mentioned in the statute.”).

In short, law elsewhere goes both ways, and does not suffice to outweigh the indications flowing from respected Maryland sources as to what the law is in that state.

7 . It is important to note that, when, in 1951, the Maryland Legislature amended the statute now codified as § 2-513, to add a six months’ holding requirement, it employed to some extent the American Bar Association Model Business Corporation Act. 1 Fletcher, Cyclopedia of Corporations § 2.2 (Rev.Vol. 1974). The “some extent” did not reach to the Model Business Corporation Act’s proposed language reading:

Nothing herein contained shall impair the power of any court of competent jurisdiction, upon proof by a shareholder of proper purpose, irrespective of the period of time during which such shareholder shall have been a shareholder of record, and irrespective of the number of shares held by him, to compel the production for examination by such shareholder of the books and records of account, minutes and record of shareholders of a corporation.

It seems most significant that Maryland omitted the very language supporting the New York rule. Such a difference in choice indicates, indeed mandates, a difference in result.

8 . The opinion in Lutz v. State, 167 Md. 12, 172 A. 354 (1934) observes that where “a statute and the common law are in conflict, the common law yields to the statute to the extent of the inconsistency,” and “a statute which deals with an entire subject matter is generally construed as abrogating the common law as to that subject.” On the facts of the Lutz case the common law crime of maintaining a bawdy.house was deemed to survive, despite statutory enactments dealing with the subject, precisely because the statute and the common law “were directed to different objects.” The statute did not address the subject matter covered by the common law.

It is also apparent from a comparison of the statute and the common law relating to keeping a bawdyhouse that they were directed to different objects, in that while the common law dealt with a specific nuisance that of maintaining a blatant and noisome establishment for licentious commerce irrespective of whether such commerce involved hire or payment, Id., Wharton on Crimes, § 1728, the statute is directed to the suppression of sexual vice and perversion practiced for gain, and condemns equally those employed in connection with the commerce, the patrons of the establishment used therefor and the keeper thereof.

167 Md. at 16, 172 A. at 356.

In the context of differences between statute and common law, the Lutz court had this to say (quoting 25 R.C.L. 1054):

It has been said that statutes are not presumed to make any alterations in the common law further than is expressly declared, and that a statute, made in the affirmative without any negative expressed or implied, does not take away the common law. The rules of the common law are not to be changed by doubtful implication, nor overturned except by clear and unambiguous language. In order to hold that a statute has abrogated common law rights existing at the date of its enactment, it must clearly appear that they are repugnant to the act, or the part thereof invoked, that their survival would in effect deprive it of its efficacy and render its provisions nugatory.

167 Md. at 15, 172 A. at 356.

Consequently, Lutz, while giving each of the parties comfort, if he or it first assumes the correctness of his or its ultimate position, leaves to us the decision whether the statute dealt with the entire subject matter or whether it did not address the subject matter covered by the common law.

The later case of State v. Gibson, 4 Md.App. 236, 245-47, 242 A.2d 575, 581-82 (1968), affirmed, 254 Md. 399, 254 A.2d 691 (1969), in an opinion by Robert C. Murphy, presently Chief Judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals, does much to point the way. Statutory manslaughter by automobile was deemed to have replaced, and not merely to have supplemented or provided an additional alternative to, common law involuntary manslaughter. The opposite result inasmuch as the Legislature intended to deal with an entire subject matter was rejected as incongruous. All the arguments urging strict construction of statutes in derogation of common law are canvassed, yet held unavailing in light of the cardinal rule in the construction of statutes: effectuation of the real and actual intention of the Legislature.

We find it equally difficult to accept that the General Assembly of Maryland in 1868 meant to keep the common law right of inspection of the stock ledger alive when the statute it passed did everything for the shareholder that the common law did and more. That was a classic case of “dealing] with an entire subject matter,” a point principally relied on in Gibson.

9 . Caspary also quotes from H.M. Bruñe, Maryland Corporation Law and Practice § 383, p. 445 n. 26 (Rev.Ed.1953):

The further restriction of the statutory right under the 1951 revision would permit a persuasive argument to a court of equity to grant an application by a substantial stockholder for leave to examine the books, although he had not held his stock for a sufficient period or could not otherwise qualify under the statute.

The difficulty there, however, is that the remarks were aimed only at the six months’ holding requirement added to the statute in 1951 and not to the 5% requirement introduced in 1908. Indeed, by the use of the adjective “substantial” before “stockholder,” the author seems to accept that, whatever might be the case as to the newly added six months’ holding requirement, he was proceeding on the assumption that the 5% necessity still generally obtained.

It should be pointed out that the quotation from Bruñe is from a footnote to text which states:

The statutory right, however, is possibly supplemental to the common-law right of reasonable access to by-laws, minute books and stockholders’ lists, and may not supersede such right altogether.

(Emphasis added).

That is no ringing endorsement of the Caspary position of course. Mr. Brune’s heart could hardly have been in it, for, when he later appeared as counsel for the plaintiffs in Parish, he did not even advance the contention despite the fact that the defendant corporation set forth the opposing arguments in its brief. Nor, as we have pointed out, did the Maryland Court of Appeals find any merit in the point.

10 . H.M. Bruñe, Maryland Corporation Law and Practice § 3, p. 5 n. 36 (Rev.Ed.1953) states:

This Act [the 1908 revision] was a landmark in the development of state corporation statutes and was in part copied in certain other states. See Ballantine, Calif.Corp.Laws (1932), esp. preface, p. v. It was largely the work of the late Joseph C. France, Esq., author of “Principles of Corporation Law.”

France, in his Principles of Corporation Law § 58, p. 101 (1914), had this to say:

Prior to the revision of 1908, it was the right of any stockholder to demand a personal inspection of the books at any reasonable time .... The present law limits this right to any person or persons holding in the aggregate five per cent, of the capital stock, or of any class thereof if two or more classes have been issued.

France certainly meant that the 1868 statute was no longer in effect. It is unlikely, to the point of impossibility, that France believed there was, nevertheless, a common law right to inspect, even by a shareholder with less than 5% simply upon showing a proper purpose, yet said nothing about it. He no doubt believed the 1908 statute controlled, and had not been intended to revive a contradictory common law right abrogated in 1868.

11 . The dissent emphasizes for purposes of the argument it advances that the 1868 statute “broadened” the common law right of inspection, and so should not be deemed to have abrogated the common law. With respect, that is no more than a play on words. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Here at least the statute may as well be looked at as one “narrowing” the corporation’s right to restrict access to documents, including the stock ledger.

12 . To illustrate why the circumstances lead inescapably to a conclusion that, in 1868, abrogation of the common law had occurred, imagine a plaintiff, in 1870, 1880, or 1890, suing to enforce his right of access to the stock ledger. Of sturdy stock, he disavows any intention to resort to that new fangled invention of the devil, statutory law. He insists on having his good old common law right of inspection.

Judges may have been less busy then than they are today. Nevertheless, it is hard to imagine one taking kindly to the idea that he would have to sit through a day of heated legal battle over whether the plaintiffs purpose was proper, when the legislature had written out of the law that very requirement. The judge surely would peremptorily have disallowed the contention that the common law right remained extant and enforceable.

13 . Where the intent to abrogate is discerned, the language of Maryland Corporations and Associations Article § l-102(c) has no pertinence. It states:

The requirements of this article are in addition to and not in substitution of any other requirements of law relating to any particular corporation or class of corporations.

There is not another requirement of law extant when it has been previously abrogated by the legislature.

14 . A statute by its nature operates prospectively and deals with the matter it pertains to on a generalized basis. So viewing the matter, the Maryland General Assembly should be deemed to have appreciated that most shareholders have the well-being of their corporation at heart, and so their purposes would be proper.

15 . It is elementary, of course, that, if the Legislature had wanted, in 1908, to revive the pre1868 common law it could, by appropriate use of language, have done so. Thus, in Neal v. State, 45 Md.App. 549, 413 A.2d 1386 (1980), the Maryland Court of Special Appeals, in dealing with the common law crime of indecent exposure, which had been supplanted by the language of a 1967 statute, held that it was revived by a 1977 enactment. The reason, however, was expressly because the General Assembly said that such was its intent. After a laconic reference to a common law theory of revival where an abrogating statute has been repealed, the court held: “Even without the re viva/ principle to guide us, the express intent of the Legislature is unmistakable.” Neal, supra, 45 Md.App. at 551, 413 A.2d at 1387-88. (Emphasis supplied).

The 1977 statute explicitly provided that:

Every person convicted of the common-law crime of indecent exposure, is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine of not more than $1,000, or. both.

Id. The Maryland Court of Special Appeals reasonably concluded: “By alluding to the common law crime, however, its understanding and its intent were manifest.” Neal, supra, 45 Md.App. at 551, 413 A.2d at 1388.

Two aspects of Neal are consequently also manifest. First, it did not rely on sub silentio revival. Second it highlights the distinction from the case sub judice by placing its trust in what the Legislature clearly said it meant. Significantly absent in the 1908 statute is any revival language. The General Assembly could have said: “Besides introducing a 5% requirement for exercise of the existing unlimited right of inspection, we also intend to allow the common law right of inspection to any stockholder who demonstrates a proper purpose.” But that the Legislature did not say, and that completely sets the case apart from Neal.

16 . Judge William C. Walsh, a former member of the Maryland Court of Appeals, was the chairman.

17 . A federal claim was also initially asserted in the complaint as a jurisdictional predicate. The parties have both conceded that the federal claim is now moot. In its present posture, this is solely a diversity case.

18 . See Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland § 12-601.

19 . The Maryland General Assembly has, today, full scale annual sessions. In 1908, it met only in alternate years. The 1867 Maryland Constitution in Article III, Section 13 provided that the General Assembly should, for not longer than ninety days, meet every second year, “and at no other time unless convened by Proclamation of the Governor.” Amendments in 1947, 1964 and 1970 gradually brought us to the present posture of annual ninety day sessions.