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5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 7
8 DAVID J. DEJEU, CASE NO. C20-5176 BHS 9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 10 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AND GRANTING 11 LEWIS COUNTY, et al., LEAVE TO AMEND 12 Defendants. 13
14 This matter comes before the Court on Defendants Lewis County, Lewis County 15 District Court John Doe Employees, and Lewis County Risk Management John Doe 16 Employees’ (“Defendants”) motion to dismiss. Dkt. 8. The Court has considered the 17 pleadings filed in support of and in opposition to the motion and the remainder of the file 18 and hereby grants Defendants’ motion for the reasons stated herein. 19 I. PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND 20 On February 26, 2020, Plaintiff David Dejeu (“Dejeu”) filed a civil rights 21 complaint against numerous Defendants, including numerous John Doe Employees. Dkt. 22 1. That same day, Dejeu filed a motion to compel requesting the Court order the named 1 defendants to identify the John Doe Employees. Dkt. 4. On April 6, 2020, the Court 2 denied Dejeu’s motion to compel. Dkt. 5.
3 On April 17, 2020, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim 4 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Dkt. 8. Dejeu responded on May 4, 2020. Dkt. 11. 5 On May 12, 2020, Defendants replied. Dkt. 12. Dejeu filed a surreply on May 28, 2020. 6 Dkt. 131. 7 The Court briefly summarizes the facts described in Dejeu’s complaint and the 8 documents attached thereto. On December 17, 2018, Dejeu received two traffic
9 infractions for driving a motor vehicle without a valid license and for operating a motor 10 vehicle without insurance. Dkt. 1-1 at 1–2. The Parties dispute whether Dejeu responded 11 properly and timely to the notice of traffic infractions. Dejeu alleges that he responded 12 within nine days to the notice of infractions through a Motion to Dismiss filed in Lewis 13 County District Court. Dkt. 1; see also Dkt. 1-1 at 4–17. Defendants represent that Dejeu
14 did not properly respond within fifteen days to the notice of traffic infractions as required 15 under RCW 46.63.070. Dkt. 8. 16 Dejeu received a notice on January 29, 2019 that he had failed to respond to the 17 notice of infraction within fifteen days and was required to make full payment of the 18 infractions plus a penalty within 30 days. Dkt. 1-1 at 18. Dejeu did not make payment
19 and replied to the notice of payment through a letter to the Lewis County District Court 20
21 1 This surreply is stricken because it fails to comply with the local rules. See Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(g) (surreply may only request that the Court strike material improperly 22 submitted with a reply). 1 on February 3, 2019. Id. at 20–21. Dejeu received notice that collection of Dejeu’s 2 monetary penalty was assigned to Dynamic Collectors, Inc. on March 8, 2019. Id. at 23.
3 Dejeu then filed a tort claim with Lewis County against Lewis Country District 4 Court, alleging a violation of Dejeu’s due process rights, on May 12, 2019. Id. at 32–33, 5 35. Lewis County and Lewis Country Risk Management did not respond to Dejeu’s 6 claim. Dkt. 1. 7 Dejeu filed the instant action against Defendants on February 26, 2020 alleging a 8 conspiracy among Defendants to violate Dejeu’s due process rights under the Fifth and
9 Fourteenth Amendments and his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial in violation of 18 10 U.S.C. § 241, as well as violations of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, and 1985 and 25 C.F.R. 11 § 11.404. Id. 12 II. DISCUSSION 13 A. Standard
14 Motions to dismiss brought under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil 15 Procedure may be based on either the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of 16 sufficient facts alleged under such a theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Department, 901 17 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). Material allegations are taken as admitted and the 18 complaint is construed in the plaintiff’s favor. Keniston v. Roberts, 717 F.2d 1295, 1301
19 (9th Cir. 1983). To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint does not require detailed 20 factual allegations but must provide the grounds for entitlement to relief and not merely a 21 “formulaic recitation” of the elements of a cause of action. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 22 1 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Plaintiffs must allege “enough facts to state a claim 2 to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570.
3 B. Analysis 4 Defendants move to dismiss Dejeu’s claims for failure to state a claim. The Court 5 agrees with Defendants on this issue because Dejeu fails to provide “a short and plain 6 statement of [each] claim showing that [he] is entitled to relief” for his five claims. Fed. 7 R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 8 First, Dejeu alleges a conspiracy among Defendants in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
9 241, specifically that Defendants conspired together “to unlawfully secure revenue for the 10 County” from Dejeu. Dkt. 13. 18 U.S.C. § 241 is a criminal statute and provides no basis 11 for civil liability. Allen v. Gold Country Casino, 464 F.3d 1044, 1048 (9th Cir. 2006). 12 Dejeu additionally alleges a violation of 25 C.F.R. § 11.404. Defendants are 13 correct in that Part 11 of Title 25 applies only to Indian Country where Courts of Indian
14 Offenses are established by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. See 25 C.F.R. §§ 11.100, 15 11.104. As such, the Regulation does not apply to this Court, and Dejeu may not sustain a 16 claim. 17 While Dejeu originally alleged a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, the Parties agree 18 that § 1981 is not applicable in this case. See Dkt. 8 at 9; Dkt. 11 at 4–5.
19 Dejeu next alleges that Defendants acted in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To state 20 a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a complaint must allege: (1) the conduct complained of 21 was committed by a person acting under color of state law, and (2) the conduct deprived 22 a person of a right privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution or laws of the 1 United States. Parratt v. Taylor, 541 U.S. 527, 535 (1981). Section 1983 is the 2 appropriate avenue to remedy an alleged wrong only if both elements are present.
3 Haygood v.
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5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 7
8 DAVID J. DEJEU, CASE NO. C20-5176 BHS 9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 10 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AND GRANTING 11 LEWIS COUNTY, et al., LEAVE TO AMEND 12 Defendants. 13
14 This matter comes before the Court on Defendants Lewis County, Lewis County 15 District Court John Doe Employees, and Lewis County Risk Management John Doe 16 Employees’ (“Defendants”) motion to dismiss. Dkt. 8. The Court has considered the 17 pleadings filed in support of and in opposition to the motion and the remainder of the file 18 and hereby grants Defendants’ motion for the reasons stated herein. 19 I. PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND 20 On February 26, 2020, Plaintiff David Dejeu (“Dejeu”) filed a civil rights 21 complaint against numerous Defendants, including numerous John Doe Employees. Dkt. 22 1. That same day, Dejeu filed a motion to compel requesting the Court order the named 1 defendants to identify the John Doe Employees. Dkt. 4. On April 6, 2020, the Court 2 denied Dejeu’s motion to compel. Dkt. 5.
3 On April 17, 2020, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim 4 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Dkt. 8. Dejeu responded on May 4, 2020. Dkt. 11. 5 On May 12, 2020, Defendants replied. Dkt. 12. Dejeu filed a surreply on May 28, 2020. 6 Dkt. 131. 7 The Court briefly summarizes the facts described in Dejeu’s complaint and the 8 documents attached thereto. On December 17, 2018, Dejeu received two traffic
9 infractions for driving a motor vehicle without a valid license and for operating a motor 10 vehicle without insurance. Dkt. 1-1 at 1–2. The Parties dispute whether Dejeu responded 11 properly and timely to the notice of traffic infractions. Dejeu alleges that he responded 12 within nine days to the notice of infractions through a Motion to Dismiss filed in Lewis 13 County District Court. Dkt. 1; see also Dkt. 1-1 at 4–17. Defendants represent that Dejeu
14 did not properly respond within fifteen days to the notice of traffic infractions as required 15 under RCW 46.63.070. Dkt. 8. 16 Dejeu received a notice on January 29, 2019 that he had failed to respond to the 17 notice of infraction within fifteen days and was required to make full payment of the 18 infractions plus a penalty within 30 days. Dkt. 1-1 at 18. Dejeu did not make payment
19 and replied to the notice of payment through a letter to the Lewis County District Court 20
21 1 This surreply is stricken because it fails to comply with the local rules. See Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(g) (surreply may only request that the Court strike material improperly 22 submitted with a reply). 1 on February 3, 2019. Id. at 20–21. Dejeu received notice that collection of Dejeu’s 2 monetary penalty was assigned to Dynamic Collectors, Inc. on March 8, 2019. Id. at 23.
3 Dejeu then filed a tort claim with Lewis County against Lewis Country District 4 Court, alleging a violation of Dejeu’s due process rights, on May 12, 2019. Id. at 32–33, 5 35. Lewis County and Lewis Country Risk Management did not respond to Dejeu’s 6 claim. Dkt. 1. 7 Dejeu filed the instant action against Defendants on February 26, 2020 alleging a 8 conspiracy among Defendants to violate Dejeu’s due process rights under the Fifth and
9 Fourteenth Amendments and his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial in violation of 18 10 U.S.C. § 241, as well as violations of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, and 1985 and 25 C.F.R. 11 § 11.404. Id. 12 II. DISCUSSION 13 A. Standard
14 Motions to dismiss brought under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil 15 Procedure may be based on either the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of 16 sufficient facts alleged under such a theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Department, 901 17 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). Material allegations are taken as admitted and the 18 complaint is construed in the plaintiff’s favor. Keniston v. Roberts, 717 F.2d 1295, 1301
19 (9th Cir. 1983). To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint does not require detailed 20 factual allegations but must provide the grounds for entitlement to relief and not merely a 21 “formulaic recitation” of the elements of a cause of action. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 22 1 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Plaintiffs must allege “enough facts to state a claim 2 to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570.
3 B. Analysis 4 Defendants move to dismiss Dejeu’s claims for failure to state a claim. The Court 5 agrees with Defendants on this issue because Dejeu fails to provide “a short and plain 6 statement of [each] claim showing that [he] is entitled to relief” for his five claims. Fed. 7 R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 8 First, Dejeu alleges a conspiracy among Defendants in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
9 241, specifically that Defendants conspired together “to unlawfully secure revenue for the 10 County” from Dejeu. Dkt. 13. 18 U.S.C. § 241 is a criminal statute and provides no basis 11 for civil liability. Allen v. Gold Country Casino, 464 F.3d 1044, 1048 (9th Cir. 2006). 12 Dejeu additionally alleges a violation of 25 C.F.R. § 11.404. Defendants are 13 correct in that Part 11 of Title 25 applies only to Indian Country where Courts of Indian
14 Offenses are established by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. See 25 C.F.R. §§ 11.100, 15 11.104. As such, the Regulation does not apply to this Court, and Dejeu may not sustain a 16 claim. 17 While Dejeu originally alleged a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, the Parties agree 18 that § 1981 is not applicable in this case. See Dkt. 8 at 9; Dkt. 11 at 4–5.
19 Dejeu next alleges that Defendants acted in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To state 20 a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a complaint must allege: (1) the conduct complained of 21 was committed by a person acting under color of state law, and (2) the conduct deprived 22 a person of a right privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution or laws of the 1 United States. Parratt v. Taylor, 541 U.S. 527, 535 (1981). Section 1983 is the 2 appropriate avenue to remedy an alleged wrong only if both elements are present.
3 Haygood v. Younger, 769 F.2d 1350, 1354 (9th Cir. 1985). 4 And “[w]hile local governments may be sued under § 1983, they cannot be held 5 vicariously liable for their employees’ constitutional violations.” Gravelet-Blondin v. 6 Shelton, 728 F.3d 1086, 1096 (9th Cir. 2013). To state a claim against a municipality 7 under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to support a reasonable inference that 8 the execution of a policy, custom, or practice was the “moving force” that resulted in the
9 deprivation of his constitutional rights. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691– 10 92 (1978). Because a municipality may not be sued under a respondeat superior theory, 11 “[a] plaintiff must therefore show ‘deliberate action attributable to the municipality [that] 12 directly caused a deprivation of federal rights.’” Horton by Horton v. Cty. of Santa 13 Maria, 915 F.3d 592, 603 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520
14 U.S. 397, 415 (1997)) (emphasis in original). 15 Even liberally construing Dejeu’s complaint, he fails to allege facts to support a 16 reasonable inference that deliberate action attributable to Lewis County directly caused a 17 deprivation of federal rights. Dejeu was charged with two traffic infractions and failed to 18 respond to the notice of infraction in Lewis County’s prescribed manner. To state a claim
19 against Lewis County, Dejeu must allege actions attributable to Lewis County, which of 20 the actions violated his Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments rights, and how those 21 events are the result of Lewis County’s policy, custom, or practice. 22 1 Finally, Dejeu alleges Defendants conspired to interfere with his civil rights under 2 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2) and (3). Section 1985(2) prohibits conspiracy “to deter, by force,
3 intimidation, or threat, any party or witness in in any court of the United States” from, 4 inter alia, attending court or testifying and additionally prohibits conspiracy to obstruct 5 due course of justice in state court. 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2). The actions that Dejeu alleges 6 occurred in state court and Dejeu does not allege any actions occurring in federal court; 7 as such, the first prohibited act of § 1985(2) does not apply to his claims. 8 The second of the prohibited acts of § 1985(2) proscribes a conspiracy to deny or
9 hinder “the due course of justice” in any State with “with intent to deny to any citizen the 10 equal protection of the laws.” Id. Because of the “equal protection” language found in the 11 second clause, a § 1985(2) state claim requires “an allegation of class-based animus for 12 the statement of a claim under that clause.” Portman v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 13 898, 909 (9th Cir. 1993) (internal citation omitted); accord Griffin v. Brekenridge, 403
14 U.S. 88, 102 (1971). Dejeu has failed to allege class-based animus that resulted in the 15 alleged conspiracy that denied him justice in state court. 16 Section 1985(3) prohibits conspiracies to deprive any person or class of persons 17 equal protection of the law. Again, the “equal protection” language is interpreted to 18 require “some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus
19 behind the conspirators’ action.” Griffin, 403 U.S. at 102. Dejeu failed in his § 1985(3) 20 claim to allege a race or class-based animus that is behind the conspiracy as well. 21 Thus, the Court grants Defendants’ motion to dismiss. 22 1 C. Remedy 2 Before the Court may dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim, it “must
3 provide the pro se litigant with notice of the deficiencies of his or her complaint and an 4 opportunity to amend the complaint prior to dismissal.” McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 5 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 1992); see also Sparling v. Hoffman Constr. Co., Inc., 864 F.2d 635, 6 638 (9th Cir. 1988); Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1449 (9th Cir. 1987). Leave to 7 amend need not be granted, though, “where the amendment would be futile or where the 8 amended complaint would be subject to dismissal.” Saul v. United States, 928 F.2d 829,
9 843 (9th Cir. 1991). 10 Defendants seek to have Dejeu’s complaint dismissed with prejudice, Dkt. 8 at 2, 11 but fail to address whether amendment would be futile. The Court finds that as to Dejeu’s 12 § 1983 and § 1985 claims, Dejeu could possibly state a claim. As to Dejeu’s 18 U.S.C. 13 § 241, 48 U.S.C. § 1981 and 25 C.F.R. § 11.404 claims, amendment would be futile.
14 Therefore, the Court grants Dejeu leave to amend his complaint only for his § 1983 and 15 § 1985 claims against Defendants and dismisses the remainder of his claims with 16 prejudice. 17 / 18 /
19 / 20 / 21 / 22 / 1 III. ORDER 2 Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Dkt. 8, is
3 GRANTED and Dejeu is GRANTED leave to amend. An amended complaint shall be 4 filed no later than August 28, 2020. Failure to timely file an amended complaint or 5 otherwise respond will result in dismissal without prejudice. 6 Dated this 11th day of August, 2020. A 7 8 BENJAMIN H. SETTLE 9 United States District Judge
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