NUMBER 13-10-174-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
DAVID LEONARD MCELROY aka, DAVID LENARD MCELROY Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the Criminal District Court of Jefferson County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Garza, Benavides, and Vela Memorandum Opinion by Justice Vela A jury found appellant, David Leonard McElroy aka David Lenard McElroy, guilty of
tampering with physical evidence, a third-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
37.09(a)(1), (c) (Vernon Supp. 2010). After he pleaded true to an enhancement
allegation, the trial court sentenced him to ten years‟ imprisonment. In three issues, appellant complains of Batson error, and he challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of
the evidence to support his conviction. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On April 21, 2009, while patrolling the area around an apartment complex in Port
Arthur, Texas, Officer Jonathan Green saw a Lexus that was not parked in a designated
place in the complex‟s parking lot. As he drove towards the Lexus, its headlights came
on, and it exited the parking lot, turning right onto 9th Avenue. Officer Green stopped the
Lexus after its driver “turned without signaling.” Officer Green recognized the driver as
appellant and saw a towel between his legs on the driver‟s side floorboard. When he
asked appellant what was under the towel, appellant picked it up, and Officer Green “saw
little white-looking rocks fall off the towel, like small little pebbles.” Officer Green
believed this rock-like substance was crack cocaine. He testified that based upon his
training and experience as a police officer, he had seen crack cocaine on “[m]any
occasions” and said that this “off-white rock substance that fell out of the towel, was . . .
consistent, based upon [his] training and experience, to be that of suspected crack
cocaine.”
After appellant‟s hands were handcuffed behind his back, he was put into the back
seat of Officer Green‟s patrol car. Officer Green testified that at that time, appellant did
not have anything in his mouth. Officer Green put the suspected crack cocaine inside an
undamaged plastic evidence bag and took appellant and the bag to the police station,
where he put appellant and the bag in an “evidence room,” leaving the bag on top of a
table. Officer Green left the evidence room for about thirty seconds to find someone to
2 field test the suspected crack cocaine. He testified that when he put the plastic evidence
bag on the table, the bag had not been “tampered with in any way” and that the “off-white
rock substances was [sic] still inside that plastic bag when [he] left the room[.]” However,
he stated that when he returned to the evidence room, “I saw the plastic bag that the
suspected crack cocaine was in on top of the table, and it had a hole in it. I saw the
defendant sitting down, still handcuffed with his hands behind his back, chewing.”
Officer Green was unable to remove the substance from appellant‟s mouth and
stated that appellant‟s “lips was [sic] very white . . . .” When appellant “passed out,” EMS
took him to a hospital. After receiving treatment, he was taken to jail. When the
prosecutor asked Officer Green, “[B]ased upon your reason and common sense and your
training and experience as a police officer, what did you believe happened in that . . .
evidence room when you left to go find somebody to do the field test?”, he said, “I believe
he [appellant] got up, took the evidence off the table, put it in his mouth, and chewed a
hole in it to destroy the evidence.” Officer Green said that based upon his training and
experience as a police officer, he had a “few” opportunities to see someone ingest crack
cocaine. When the prosecutor asked him, “And based upon those experiences, were
they consistent . . . with having white-colored lips and the way that . . . [the] defendant was
responding, was that similar to your experience─as somebody ingesting cocaine?”, he
said, “Yes, sir.” Officer Green did not recover any of the suspected crack cocaine and
testified that appellant‟s conduct “impair[ed] [his] ability or [his] agency‟s ability to
continue in its investigation into the possession of controlled substance charge against
[appellant.]” He said that appellant‟s “actions impaired [his] ability” to test the suspected
3 crack cocaine.
On cross-examination, when defense counsel asked Officer Green, “How could
somebody be handcuffed behind their back and maneuver to where they can get that
baggy and get it up to their mouth to chew a hole in it?”, he said, “[T]he table that it [the
bag of suspected crack cocaine] was on is not that high.” He testified, “I think he
maneuvered himself, got the bag off the table, and chewed a hole in it and ate it.” He
stated that he could not “be 100 percent positive” that nobody else was in the evidence
room with appellant at the time he left to find someone to field test the suspected crack
cocaine. He also said there was no video surveillance of the events that occurred in the
evidence room and that “[i]t‟s possible” someone had entered the evidence room after he
left. However, he said that nothing he did caused appellant to “pass out.” When asked
about the “texture” of the “little rocks” found underneath the towel, Officer Green said it
“was soft, maybe like dried up mashed potatoes.” Even though Officer Green was not
sure what the substance was that he recovered from the Lexus, he said it was not “gravel
or rocks.”
The defense did not call any witnesses to testify at the guilt-innocence phase.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In issue one, appellant argues the evidence is factually insufficient to prove that
the substance he allegedly swallowed was cocaine. In issue two, he argues the
evidence is legally insufficient to prove that the substance he allegedly swallowed was
cocaine. We review his sufficiency complaints under only the standard set out in
4 Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893,
895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (overruling Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996)).
1. Standard of Review
“When conducting a legal sufficiency review, a court must ask whether „any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt‟─not whether „it believes that the evidence at trial established guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.‟” Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19) (emphasis in original). “In doing so, we
assess all of the evidence „in the light most favorable to the prosecution.‟” Id. (quoting
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319). “After giving proper deference to the fact finder‟s role, we will
uphold the verdict unless a rational fact finder must have had reasonable doubt as to any
essential element.” Id. at 518. We must presume that the fact finder resolved any
conflicting inferences in favor of the prosecution and defer to that resolution. Jackson,
443 U.S. at 326.
2. Applicable Law
Our review of a legal sufficiency challenge should be examined under the
principles of review for a hypothetically correct jury charge. Grotti v. State, 273 S.W.3d
273, 280-81 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). “„Such a charge [is] one that accurately sets out the
law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State‟s burden
of proof, or unnecessarily restrict the State‟s theories of liability, and adequately
describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.‟” Villarreal v. State,
5 286 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234,
240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).
Three elements define the crime of tampering with physical evidence: “(1)
knowing that an investigation or official proceeding is pending or in progress[;] (2) a
person alters, destroys, or conceals any record, document, or thing[;] (3) with intent to
impair its verity, legibility, or availability as evidence in the investigation or official
proceeding.” Williams v. State, 270 S.W.3d 140, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 37.09(a)(1)). “The three elements of section 37.09(a)(1) include „two
different culpable mental states‟─knowledge and intent.” Id. (quoting Stewart v. State,
240 S.W.3d 872, 874 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). “The statute requires the knowledge of an
investigation and the intent to impair a thing‟s availability as evidence.” Id. The statute
envisions “an offender who intends for, but is not necessarily aware of, the impairment of
something‟s role as evidence in the investigation.” Id. at 244. “A person acts
knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect . . . to circumstances surrounding his conduct
when he is aware . . . that the circumstances exist.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(b)
(Vernon 2003). In contrast, “[a] person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect . . .
to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to . . . cause the
result.” Id. § 6.03(a).
The indictment alleged, in relevant part, that on the day in question, appellant:
“did then and there, knowing that an INVESTIGATION was IN PROGRESS, to-wit:
POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE, intentionally and knowingly
DESTROYED a ROCK LIKE SUBSTANCE, to-wit: SUSPECTED COCAINE, with intent
6 to impair its availability as evidence in the INVESTIGATION, . . . .” (emphasis in
original). Here, the evidence showed: (1) Officer Green had seen cocaine on many
occasions; (2) when appellant picked up the towel, Officer Green saw “little white-looking
rocks” fall off of it; (3) Officer Green testified that this “off-white rock substance that fell out
of the towel,” was consistent, based upon his training and experience, to be cocaine; (4)
when he returned to the evidence room, the plastic bag that had contained the suspected
cocaine had a hole in it; (5) he saw that appellant was “chewing” and that his lips were
“very white”; (6) shortly thereafter, appellant passed out, and EMS took him to the
hospital; (7) Officer Green had seen people who had ingested cocaine; (8) Officer Green
did nothing to appellant that would have caused him to pass out; (9) appellant‟s conduct
impaired the Port Arthur Police Department‟s ability to continue in its investigation into the
possession of controlled substance charge against him; and (10) appellant‟s actions
impaired Officer Green‟s ability to test the suspected contraband.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational jury could
have found beyond a reasonable doubt that, knowing an investigation was in progress,
appellant destroyed the evidence with the intent to impair its availability as evidence in an
investigation that he knew was in progress and that he knew the evidence he swallowed
was cocaine. See Williams, 270 S.W.3d at 142. Issues one and two are overruled.
B. Batson Challenge
In issue three, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his Batson
challenge to the State‟s peremptory strikes.
7 1. Standard of Review
In Batson v. Kentucky, the United States Supreme Court held that “the Equal
Protection Clause forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of
their race.” 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986). To show that the State has engaged in purposeful
discrimination in the exercise of its peremptory challenges, “[t]he defendant must
demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the prosecutor indulged in
purposeful discrimination against a member of a constitutionally protected class in
exercising his peremptory challenges.” Watkins v. State, 245 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008).
A Batson challenge to a peremptory strike has three steps. Grant v. State, 325
S.W.3d 655, 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). First, an opponent of the prosecutor‟s strike
must establish a prima facie showing of racial discrimination. Id. Second, the
proponent of the strike must state a race-neutral explanation for the strike. Id. Third,
the trial court must decide whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful racial
discrimination. Id.
An appellate court must sustain the trial court‟s ruling with respect to the third step
unless it is clearly erroneous. Id.; see Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 477 (2008).
“Because the trial court‟s ruling requires an evaluation of the credibility and demeanor of
prosecutors and venire members, and because this evaluation lies peculiarly within the
trial court‟s province, we defer to the trial court in the absence of exceptional
circumstances.” Grant, 325 S.W.3d at 657; see also Watkins, 245 S.W.3d at 448
(stating that “a reviewing court should examine the trial court‟s conclusion that a facially
8 race-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge is genuine, rather than a pretext, with
great deference, reversing only when that conclusion is, in view of the record as a whole,
clearly erroneous”).
When applying the “clearly erroneous” standard, an appellate court “will not disturb
a trial court‟s ruling unless we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed.” Rhoades v. State, 934 S.W.2d 113, 123-24 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
The Supreme Court has held that “[t]he second step of the process does not demand an
explanation that is persuasive, or even plausible.” Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768
(1995). Instead, “the issue is the facial validity of the prosecutor‟s explanation. Unless
a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor‟s explanation, the reason offered will
be deemed race neutral.” Id. (quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360 (1991)
(plurality op.)).
The court of criminal appeals has compiled a non-exclusive list of factors that
weigh against the legitimacy of a race-neutral explanation: (1) the reason given for the
peremptory challenge is not related to the facts of the case; (2) there was a lack of
questioning to the challenged juror or a lack of meaningful questions; (3) disparate
treatment─persons with the same or similar characteristics as the challenged juror─were
not struck; (4) disparate examination of members of the venire─i.e., questioning a
challenged juror so as to evoke a certain response without asking the same question of
other panel members; and (5) an explanation based on a group bias where the group trait
is not shown to apply to the challenged juror specifically. Whitsey v. State, 796 S.W.2d
707, 713-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). In Grant, the court of criminal appeals stressed that
9 a trial court could consider the Whitsey factors, but these factors should not replace the
applicable standard of review. 325 S.W.3d at 659. The court stated that “[t]he
overriding standard is still whether the trial judge‟s decision was supported by the record
so that it is not clearly erroneous.” Id. (quoting Vargas v. State, 838 S.W.2d 552, 554
(Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).
Appellant, who is African-American, complains about the State‟s strikes of venire
members Adrian Bell, Justin Horace, Demetria Nettles, Danylle Jackson, Joanna Smith,
and Peggy Bowie, all of whom are African-American. Defense counsel represented to
the trial court that there were eleven African-American venire members on the panel and
that six of the State‟s ten strikes were exercised against African-Americans. Four
African-Americans served on the jury.
2. The Batson Hearing
a. Adrian Bell
The prosecutor explained that he struck Bell because “when the Court asked for
the . . . potential jury panel to raise their right hand and take the oath, she raised the wrong
hand. . . .” In addition, he said that during the course of his voir dire presentation, “it
appeared that [Bell] was not following, not paying attention.”
b. Justin Horace
The prosecutor explained that Horace “did not seem to be following my
presentation and he seemed disinterested. . . .” The prosecutor further stated that he
struck Horace because “I felt like there was not a good rapport established between me
and Mr. Horace. . . .”
10 c. Demetria Nettles
During voir dire examination, Nettles told defense counsel she worked as a
corrections officer for the Texas Youth Commission (“TYC”). When defense counsel
asked her if “you‟re out at the TYC facility and you come across something that you think
is contraband, either illegal drugs or something like that[,] [w]hat kind of steps do you take
to secure that?”, she said, “First of all, I keep my eye on it, on the substance or whatever
if may be. If I move, it goes with me.” She also stated she would “secure the area” and
“secure my evidence.” When defense counsel asked her, “You certainly wouldn‟t let
someone that you suspect is responsible for what may be the evidence around it, to have
access to it, would you?”, she said, “No. . . . I need to keep my eye on it. . . .” She stated
she would not allow inmates access to what she thought may be evidence.
At the Batson hearing, the prosecutor stated that he wanted “the record to show
that according to [Nettles‟] information sheet, . . . she does work as a corrections officer
and that she discussed in detail certain things about how they handled illegal contraband
in a correctional facility.” He further stated “[t]hat is extremely similar to the set of
circumstances that I have in the case at bar.”
d. Danylle Jackson
The prosecutor stated he struck venire member Jackson “based upon my records
of criminal history showing that she had a theft by check back in the year 1998.” He
noted that the case was dismissed after she paid restitution. He pointed out to the trial
court that he had struck two white venire members because one had “an alcohol
violation,” and the other had “received six months‟ probation on an unlawfully carrying
11 weapons‟ charge.”
e. Joanna Smith
During the State‟s voir dire examination, Smith told the prosecutor that she had
twice served on a criminal jury─one case was an assault, and the other was a murder.
With respect to the assault case, she told the prosecutor that the jury found the accused in
that case “not guilty.” Concerning the murder case, she said that it was a hung jury.
At the Batson hearing, the prosecutor told the trial court that he struck Smith
“because when asked about her prior criminal jury service, she indicated that no
punishment was assessed but the jury had found the defendant not guilty.”
f. Peggy Bowie
During the State‟s voir dire, Bowie told the prosecutor that appellant is her nephew.
After the completion of general voir dire, the trial court excused all of the venire members,
except for Bowie. When the trial court asked Bowie, “[I]t‟s my understanding that if you
were a juror here in this case, you would just not be able to be fair and impartial because
you‟re related to the defendant?”, she said, “Yeah,” and said appellant is her
brother-in-law‟s son. Upon questioning by defense counsel, she said she could follow
the trial court‟s instructions and obey the law. She told the trial court she “would be fair,”
but she also told the court, “I feel sympathetic. So that probably will play a part.”
At the Batson hearing, the prosecutor stated he struck Bowie because “she is
somehow related to the defendant; and I felt that she would be biased, prejudiced against
the State of Texas.”
12 At the conclusion of the Batson hearing, the trial court overruled defense counsel‟s
Batson challenge, stating, in relevant part: “the Court finds that . . . the defense has not
met its burden in a prima facie case that the purpose that the prospective jurors were
eliminated were the basis of race.” The court further stated that even “if there was a
prima facie case, then the State has met its burden in providing neutral reasons that are
clear and specific that show that there was not intentional discrimination on behalf of voir
dire.”
C. Analysis
“We review the record of a Batson hearing and the voir dire examination in the light
most favorable to the trial court‟s ruling”. Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 866 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). Because the trial court conducted a Batson hearing, we must
presume appellant made a satisfactory prima facie case of purposeful discrimination.
See Watkins, 245 S.W.3d at 447; see also Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359. The standard of
review imposes a heavy burden on appellant to show that the trial court clearly erred by
denying his Batson challenge to the State‟s peremptory strikes. See Gibson v. State,
144 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (stating that a court of appeals can reverse
a judgment for a Batson violation only when the trial court's ruling on the Batson challenge
is clearly erroneous). Appellant did not show that the State had a disparate questioning
strategy or treated other venire members differently based on similar responses to
individual questioning. The factor relating to group bias is irrelevant to this case because
the prosecutor did not expressly assert that any group bias motivated his strikes. See id.
We note that the prosecutor struck Adrian Bell because Bell “was not following, not paying
13 attention” to his voir dire presentation. The prosecutor stated that he struck Justin
Horace because he: (1) seemed disinterested; (2) did not seem to be following his voir
dire presentation; and (3) a good rapport was not established between him and Horace.
Because the prosecutor‟s reasons for striking Bell and Horace are based upon the
prosecutor‟s observations, the trial court is in the best position to determine whether a
prosecutor‟s facially race-neutral explanation for a peremptory strike is genuinely
race-neutral. Id. Furthermore, the court of criminal appeals has “held that the reason
for a peremptory strike need not actually turn out to be correct.” Grant, 325 S.W.3d at
660 (citing Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). Bowie was
struck because she was related to appellant by marriage. Thus, there is a foundation in
the record for the trial court‟s ruling that this explanation was not a pretext for
discrimination. See id.1 In addition, the prosecutor‟s explanations for the remaining
strikes provided a foundation in the record for the trial court‟s ruling that the explanations
were not a pretext for discrimination. See id. The credibility of a prosecutor‟s
representations about his or her “information and suspicion is a matter particularly within
the trial court‟s province.‟” Id. (quoting Snyder, 552 U.S. at 477). The correctness of the
prosecutor‟s “suspicion” is irrelevant. Id. (citing Johnson, 68 S.W.2d at 649). The
record before us does not demonstrate that the State‟s explanations of its strikes were
motivated by race. After reviewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
1 In Grant v. State, the State explained that it struck venire member Franklin because a response on Franklin‟s questionnaire led the State to believe that Franklin‟s wife knew the defendant‟s girlfriend. 325 S.W.3d 655, 660 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The trial court had before it Franklin‟s written answer, the record of the entire voir dire, and the two prosecutors‟ representations that they had certain information about the defendant‟s girlfriend and suspected a relationship to Franklin‟s wife. Id. The court stated, “[t]hus there was a foundation in the record for the trial court‟s ruling that the explanation was not a pretext for discrimination.” Id.
14 ruling, we hold that the appellate record does not demonstrate that the trial court‟s denial
of the Batson challenge was clearly erroneous. Issue three is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court‟s judgment.
ROSE VELA Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 3rd day of February, 2011.