Hoice, J.,
after stating tbe case: In Mullen v. Canal Co., 130 N. C., 496, a case concerning chiefly the rights acquired by condemnation proceedings, Douglas, J., delivering the opinion of the Court, on page 503, said: “It is well settled that no damages are contemplated in the original condemnation, except such as necessarily arise in the proper construction of the work.” And in Adams v. Railroad, 110 N. C., 325, Mr. Justice Avery, in declaring the same doctrine, page 330, said: “Whether an easement passed by private sale or condemnation, the estimate of its value is presumed to be made in contemplation of the observance on the part of the corporation of the. golden maxim of the law, by so exercising its privilege as to inflict no unnecessary- injury on the servient owner. Lewis on Eminent Domain, 571; Angell on Water Courses, 97; ib., 95, 95a; Lillotran v. Smith, 32 N. H., 94; Embry v. Owen, 6 Exc., 369; Pugh v. Wheeler, 19 N. C., 50; Walton v. Mills, 86 N. C., 280; Wilhelm v. Burleyson, 106 N. C., 389; Gould on Waters, 209, 214, 401, 405; Hasher v. Railroad, 60 Mo., 329; Curtis v. Railroad, 98 Mass., 428; Lawrence v. Railroad, 71 C. L. Repts., 643; Mills on Em. Domain, 81 (p. 220) ; Munken v. Railroad, 72 Mo., 514; Railroad v. Wicker, supra" And, further, on page 331: “It being admitted as a general rule that such injuries to the servient tenement as are necessarily incident to a skillful construction of the road are considered as included in the compensation for the easement, it is clear that the skill is not to be measured by the cost of the structure alone, but by its completion upon such a location and in such a manner as to provide for the public safety and convenience without unnecessary injury to the land subject to the servitude. When the attempt is made to draw ,and define the line of legal right between two such conflicting claimants, it is essential always to recur to the rule, Sic viere, ut non alicnum Icedas, as the touchstone by which the culpability of conduct is to be determined. The persons who fixed the [292]*292cost of the easement contemplated the building of the structure with an eye to the safety and convenience of the public and subject to this controlling purpose, with a proper regard for the rights of the servient as well as dominant owner.”
Applying these principles, it is generally held that, for damages incident to negligent construction of a company’s road, recovery may be had, though a right of- way has been purchased or regularly acquired by condemnation proceedings. The Judge below, having properly informed the jury of this general principle and framed the issue so as to enable them to determine the precise question, among other things and on this issue, charged the jury: “If the jury believe the evidence, there were certain lead ditches upon the plaintiff’s land indicated at ‘A,’ Ü3,’ ‘C,’ T)’ on the map, and there were also a number of smaller ditches, called tap ditches, which emptied into the lead ditches. The railroad crossed all these ditches and provided no opening for the tap ditches, but did leave openings for the lead ditches, in which openings they placed pipes and cut ditches on each side of the railroad on its right of way for the purpose of carrying off the water that was brought by the small ditches into the lead ditches, as well as the other water; and, this being the scheme of the defendants, it must have been in full compensation for the stoppage of the small ditches and as effective as if said small ditches had been left open, and the opening for the passage of the lead ditches must have been sufficient to allow the water to pass through, and the piping put in them must have been sufficient for the purpose and the ditches properly opened for the passage of the water.” And, in reference to the water which the evidence tended to show the lateral ditches had carried into the lead ditches from adj acent lands, the court further charged the jury on the issues as follows: “If the water before drained towards the plaintiff’s land, and if it was necessary in order to drain the railroad track to cut the ditches from the ad[293]*293jacent lands across the plaintiff’s land, then the defendants bad the right to make a continuous, ditch from the said adjacent land on one side across the plaintiff’s land and upon the adjacent lands on the other side; but if the jury shall find that this was done, then it was the duty of the defendant companies to have the ditches, both lateral and lead, of sufficient capacity to carry off this water, in addition to that which would be- upon the land without this change. And if the jury shall find that the defendants failed to perform their duty, as explained to you above, and as a consequence of such failure the plaintiff’s lands, were flooded and damaged, then the jury should answer the first issue ‘Yes’; if they shall not so find, they should answer the first issue ‘No.’ ” • .
This, we think, is a just rule by which the rights of these parties should be determined, and is in accord with numerous decisions of this Court on the subject. Mullen v. Canal Co., supra; Parker v. Railroad, 123 N. C., 71; Parker v. Railroad, 119 N. C., 677; Fleming v. Railroad, 115 N. C., 676; Staton v. Railroad, 109 N. C., 337; Emery v. Railroad, 102 N. C., 209; Railroad v. Wicker, 74 N. C., 220; Porter v. Durham, 74 N. C., 767.
In Emery's case, supra, it was held: “6. It is the duty of a railroad company to so construct its culverts that they will carry off the water of the streams over which they are built under all ordinary circumstances likely to occtu’ in the usual course of nature, including such heavy rains as are ordinarily expected, although of only occasional occurrence. But it is not liable for damages resulting from its culverts being insufficient to carry off the overflow caused by extraordinary and unusual rainfalls.” And in Wicker s case the principle was held to apply both to “natural and artificial drainways.”
A perusal of these authorities fully sustains the charge of the court and the principles applied by him in the trial of the cause.
[294]*294Defendants in apt time presented several prayers for instructions, embodying the position, as we understand them, that if the lands of plaintiff were lower than the adjacent lands on either side of same the defendants would have the right to accumulate the water which would naturally flow on plaintiff’s lands and convey the same by lateral ditches in and upon the lands of the plaintiff, and for damages incident to the exercise of their right' no recovery could be had. The court gave the first part of the prayer, but declined to give the latter part of the instruction, to the effect “that no recovery could he had,” and this was as favorable to defendants as they had any right or reason to expect. Conceding that the defendants, if the proper construction and safety of their roadbed required it, had the right to convey the water in question by lateral ditches to the lead ditches of plaintiff, the grievance is not that they carried it there, but that no sufficient culvert or drainage was made to carry it off. And this being a duty encumbent on the defendants, under the authorities cited, for damages arising from the negligent breach of such duty, recovery could he had, notwithstanding the .acquisition of the right of way.
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Hoice, J.,
after stating tbe case: In Mullen v. Canal Co., 130 N. C., 496, a case concerning chiefly the rights acquired by condemnation proceedings, Douglas, J., delivering the opinion of the Court, on page 503, said: “It is well settled that no damages are contemplated in the original condemnation, except such as necessarily arise in the proper construction of the work.” And in Adams v. Railroad, 110 N. C., 325, Mr. Justice Avery, in declaring the same doctrine, page 330, said: “Whether an easement passed by private sale or condemnation, the estimate of its value is presumed to be made in contemplation of the observance on the part of the corporation of the. golden maxim of the law, by so exercising its privilege as to inflict no unnecessary- injury on the servient owner. Lewis on Eminent Domain, 571; Angell on Water Courses, 97; ib., 95, 95a; Lillotran v. Smith, 32 N. H., 94; Embry v. Owen, 6 Exc., 369; Pugh v. Wheeler, 19 N. C., 50; Walton v. Mills, 86 N. C., 280; Wilhelm v. Burleyson, 106 N. C., 389; Gould on Waters, 209, 214, 401, 405; Hasher v. Railroad, 60 Mo., 329; Curtis v. Railroad, 98 Mass., 428; Lawrence v. Railroad, 71 C. L. Repts., 643; Mills on Em. Domain, 81 (p. 220) ; Munken v. Railroad, 72 Mo., 514; Railroad v. Wicker, supra" And, further, on page 331: “It being admitted as a general rule that such injuries to the servient tenement as are necessarily incident to a skillful construction of the road are considered as included in the compensation for the easement, it is clear that the skill is not to be measured by the cost of the structure alone, but by its completion upon such a location and in such a manner as to provide for the public safety and convenience without unnecessary injury to the land subject to the servitude. When the attempt is made to draw ,and define the line of legal right between two such conflicting claimants, it is essential always to recur to the rule, Sic viere, ut non alicnum Icedas, as the touchstone by which the culpability of conduct is to be determined. The persons who fixed the [292]*292cost of the easement contemplated the building of the structure with an eye to the safety and convenience of the public and subject to this controlling purpose, with a proper regard for the rights of the servient as well as dominant owner.”
Applying these principles, it is generally held that, for damages incident to negligent construction of a company’s road, recovery may be had, though a right of- way has been purchased or regularly acquired by condemnation proceedings. The Judge below, having properly informed the jury of this general principle and framed the issue so as to enable them to determine the precise question, among other things and on this issue, charged the jury: “If the jury believe the evidence, there were certain lead ditches upon the plaintiff’s land indicated at ‘A,’ Ü3,’ ‘C,’ T)’ on the map, and there were also a number of smaller ditches, called tap ditches, which emptied into the lead ditches. The railroad crossed all these ditches and provided no opening for the tap ditches, but did leave openings for the lead ditches, in which openings they placed pipes and cut ditches on each side of the railroad on its right of way for the purpose of carrying off the water that was brought by the small ditches into the lead ditches, as well as the other water; and, this being the scheme of the defendants, it must have been in full compensation for the stoppage of the small ditches and as effective as if said small ditches had been left open, and the opening for the passage of the lead ditches must have been sufficient to allow the water to pass through, and the piping put in them must have been sufficient for the purpose and the ditches properly opened for the passage of the water.” And, in reference to the water which the evidence tended to show the lateral ditches had carried into the lead ditches from adj acent lands, the court further charged the jury on the issues as follows: “If the water before drained towards the plaintiff’s land, and if it was necessary in order to drain the railroad track to cut the ditches from the ad[293]*293jacent lands across the plaintiff’s land, then the defendants bad the right to make a continuous, ditch from the said adjacent land on one side across the plaintiff’s land and upon the adjacent lands on the other side; but if the jury shall find that this was done, then it was the duty of the defendant companies to have the ditches, both lateral and lead, of sufficient capacity to carry off this water, in addition to that which would be- upon the land without this change. And if the jury shall find that the defendants failed to perform their duty, as explained to you above, and as a consequence of such failure the plaintiff’s lands, were flooded and damaged, then the jury should answer the first issue ‘Yes’; if they shall not so find, they should answer the first issue ‘No.’ ” • .
This, we think, is a just rule by which the rights of these parties should be determined, and is in accord with numerous decisions of this Court on the subject. Mullen v. Canal Co., supra; Parker v. Railroad, 123 N. C., 71; Parker v. Railroad, 119 N. C., 677; Fleming v. Railroad, 115 N. C., 676; Staton v. Railroad, 109 N. C., 337; Emery v. Railroad, 102 N. C., 209; Railroad v. Wicker, 74 N. C., 220; Porter v. Durham, 74 N. C., 767.
In Emery's case, supra, it was held: “6. It is the duty of a railroad company to so construct its culverts that they will carry off the water of the streams over which they are built under all ordinary circumstances likely to occtu’ in the usual course of nature, including such heavy rains as are ordinarily expected, although of only occasional occurrence. But it is not liable for damages resulting from its culverts being insufficient to carry off the overflow caused by extraordinary and unusual rainfalls.” And in Wicker s case the principle was held to apply both to “natural and artificial drainways.”
A perusal of these authorities fully sustains the charge of the court and the principles applied by him in the trial of the cause.
[294]*294Defendants in apt time presented several prayers for instructions, embodying the position, as we understand them, that if the lands of plaintiff were lower than the adjacent lands on either side of same the defendants would have the right to accumulate the water which would naturally flow on plaintiff’s lands and convey the same by lateral ditches in and upon the lands of the plaintiff, and for damages incident to the exercise of their right' no recovery could be had. The court gave the first part of the prayer, but declined to give the latter part of the instruction, to the effect “that no recovery could he had,” and this was as favorable to defendants as they had any right or reason to expect. Conceding that the defendants, if the proper construction and safety of their roadbed required it, had the right to convey the water in question by lateral ditches to the lead ditches of plaintiff, the grievance is not that they carried it there, but that no sufficient culvert or drainage was made to carry it off. And this being a duty encumbent on the defendants, under the authorities cited, for damages arising from the negligent breach of such duty, recovery could he had, notwithstanding the .acquisition of the right of way.
The exception urged for error, that the plaintiff, Davenport, testifying on his own behalf, was allowed to answer the question, “If the railroad company had left open your drainage as it was before they went there, how much crop would you have made in 1906 ?” cannot he sustained. This, though often expressed in the form of opinion, is an estimate given by a witness who had personal observation and cognizance of the conditions, and should be considered .as the statement of a fact. It is the witness’ impression, from conditions actually observed and noted by him. Even if it should be regarded as more strictly “opinion evidence,” when it comes from a source of this kind, from one who has had personal observation of the facts, and from practical training and experience is qualified to give an opinion which is likely [295]*295to aid tbe jury to a correct conclusion, such evidence is coming to be more and more received in trials- before tbe jury. McKelvey speaks of it with approval as “expert testimony on tbe facts.” ' McKelvey, p. 230. .
Tbe testimony offered and admitted comes, we tbink, within this principle, and its admission is sustained by well-considered decisions in this and other jurisdictions. Wade v. The Telephone Co., 147 N. C., 219; Britt v. Railroad, ante; Taylor v. Security Co., 145 N. C., 385 ; Sikes v. Paine, 32 N. C., 280; Eldridge v. Smith, 95 Mass., 140.
After giving tbe case most careful consideration, we find no error in tbe record, and tbe judgment below must be affirmed;
No Error.