Weaver, J.
The facts leading up to the controversy involve a family history covering a period of more than half a century, with a multitude of details concerning some of which there is no material dispute and very many others about which there is a radical divergence in the testimony. It is manifestly impracticable to embody in this opinion- all the facts having more or less bearing, upon the merits of such a controversy, and the best we can. hope to do is to select so much of the material contained in the record as will fairly illustrate the nature of the claims we have to consider.
[510]*510James D. Andrews, now deceased, over whose dealings with his mother, Margaret Andrews, this litigation has. arisen, was born in the year 1837. The family, consisting of the father, mother, son (James D.), and two daughters (Jessie and Margaret), settled in Iowa City in the year 1850. Another son, Peter, appears to have left home and gone to California early in life. He died intestate and without lineal heirs before the transactions now in dispute. The father was intemperate and thriftless, and except for a small amount of money belonging to the mother they were without substantial means. A family relative was engaged in mercantile business at the little town of Solon near Iowa City, and in 1855 took the son, then about eighteen years old, into his service as a clerk or assistant. Shortly thereafter, at the request of James D., his mother arranged to purchase the business. The amount paid appears to have been between $1,000 and $2,000. A large part of the purchase price was represented by money which the seller was owing Mrs. Andrews, and the remainder was obtained by . her from friends in Scotland. The entire purchase price was less than $2,000. It is the theory of the appellant that this purchase was made for James D., and that he became the owner of the business; but, according to the claim of the appellee, it was a joint adventure of the mother and son, she furnishing all the capital and giving her personal assistance in carrying on the enterprise. However this may be, it does appear that the family then removed to Solon, and there they conducted the store until 1857, when it was exchanged with one Pratt for about 1,340 acres of land in Mills county of this state. For some reason the title was taken temporarily in the name of James D. Andrews, but within a few days thereafter he conveyed 1,140 acres of the land to his mother. The other two hundred acres he conveyed to her at a later date; the deed reciting that it was intended to.supply the place of one which had been made years before and lost without being recorded. After the' store was disposed of, James D. attended school for a time, then entered [511]*511the employment of an express company, continuing therein until about the year 1871. Later he entered the customs service of the United States, in which he remained during the remainder of his life. His employment in these occupations removed him from Iowa, and he became a resident of New York. "While still a young man at home, he insured his life for the benefit of his mother and kept the policy in force until his death. During his career he is shown to have been liberal with his mother and his sisters, who continued their home in Iowa, and from time to time contributed to their support and comfort. The sister Jessie never married. Margaret married, became widowed, and both lived in the same home with their mother. Margaret died in 1906 leaving the plaintiff herein her only surviving heir. James D. married in New York about the year 1871, after which his contributions to the support of the family in Iowa were for a time lessened or suspended; but it is due to him to say that he was at all times disposed to be helpful. About this time also the brother, Peter Andrews, to whom reference has been made, rendered some assistance to the family. In 1889 James D., being then a widower with two children, invited his mother and two sisters to make their home with him in New York. They did so and remained in his family until his death on May 19, 1900. Their place in the family was not that of entire financial dependence. Before leaving Iowa City they had enjoyed some income from the rental of rooms and had earned money to some extent in sewing and other employments. From such sources, from savings made from the contributions received from her sons, and doubtless to some extent from the tenants of the Mills county lands, the mother had accumulated a fund of $4,000. In the New York home they performed most of the domestic service and assisted in various ways in bearing the burden of family cares. It is true, however, that the son and brother was regarded by them as their principal stay and support, and his success in life and his business capacity, as well as the kindness he had exhibited toward them all from [512]*512bis boyhood, justified this confidence and reliance on their part.
Returning now for a time to a consideration of the land in controversy, .the record indicates that until about 1871 it remained uncultivated and unproductive of any substantial income. It does not appear who, if any one, looked after the property, or who paid the taxes thereon during this period. About the year mentioned Mrs. Andrews began to lease the premises to tenants.. A few years later James D., visiting his mother, learning that some difference had arisen between her and a tenant, went to Mills county, and, having made some sort of a settlement of the matter, he thenceforth, with her consent, kept the business in charge and himself, through agents of his selection, attended to the leasing and the collecting of rents:. According to the testimony of the sister Jessie, he thereafter began and continued sending his mother $50 per month. Whether this was intended as in the nature of a payment or accounting by him for the rents and profits of the land does not appear except as a matter of inference, which may or may not be justified from the circumstances we have mentioned. Some seven years after taking up her home with James D. in New York, Mrs. Andrews, then being about eighty-three years of age, made to him a warranty deed of the Iowa land for the expressed “consideration of one dollar and other valuable considerations.” The circumstances under which this conveyance was made are involved in considerable obscurity. According to the story told by Jessie Andrews, her mother showed her the instrument before it was signed, saying it was something which James D. wished her to execute to give him the power to act for her about the land, but that she expressed a reluctance to do so, saying she wanted to keep it in her own power as long as she lived, expressing at the same time her willingness, that James should do business for her and her confidence that he would do what was right. The witness says, that she herself saw that the paper was a deed of some kind, but did not understand that [513]*513the effect of it would be to convey the property away. Some three days later Mrs. Andrews, accompanied by James and Jessie, went to the office of a notary, where the deed was executed and acknowledged. Testimony was admitted on the trial of statements by and conversations with Mrs. Andrews after this date to the effect that she had been led to sign the conveyance supposing it to be a power of attorney, and that she did not understand the true nature of the business until after the death of James. This statement is also rebutted by proof of other alleged statements by her of a very different import, indicating her full understanding of the conveyance she had made and expressing the utmost confidence in her son.
In the year 1898 James D. Andrews became a helpless paralytic, in which condition he lived about two years. While physically prostrate and speechless, it is shown that he retained his mental faculties, and by the use of various devices those who ministered to his wants learned to communicate with him. A few months before he died he executed a conveyance of the land to his son and daughter, his only children. This deed was not delivered, and on March 26, 1900, before his death in May of that year, he made and delivered to his daughter, Mary S. Armagast, as sole grantee, a warranty deed of the land for the expressed consideration of one dollar. His mother survived him until the year 1903, when she died intestate at the age of ninety years. The only heirs of said deceased are her daughter, Jessie L. Andrews, her granddaughter, Belle A. Curtis, only child of Margaret Andrews Gray, deceased, and her grandchildren James D. Andrews, Jr., and Mary S. Armagast, only children of James D. Andrews, deceased. On April 5, 1909, Belle A. Curtis, as heir to one-third of the estate left by her said grandmother, began this action alleging that the conveynce from Margaret Andrews to her son was obtained by fraud, and the title so procured was held by the grantee in trust for the grantor, and asking that a decree be entered accordingly, that said con[514]*514veyance be conceled, and plaintiff adjudged the owner of a one-third part of the land, and that an accounting be ordered of rents and profits received by the defendants. To this action Mary S. Armagast appears and defends. She denies all allegations of fraud in the procurement of the deed. She alleges that Margaret Andrews not only understood the nature and effect of the conveyance, but that with her full knowledge and consent James D. Andrews, relying upon said deed, took full charge and control of the property claiming both in public and private the full beneficial ownership thereof and taking and using as his own all the rents and income derived therefrom. She further alleges that Margaret Gray, through whom plaintiff claims, knew of the conveyance to James D. Andrews and acquiesced therein without protest, and also knew and acquiesced in the conveyance by James D. Andrews to his daughter, who, as she knew, relying upon said conveyance, assumed full control of said premises as their rightful OAvner. Defendant further pleads that plaintiff’s right of action, if any she ever had, has been barred by the statute of limitations of the state of New York and the statutes of Iowa. For a further answer she alleges that plaintiff has been guilty of laches in bringing her action, and is therefore estopped to demand or receive equitable relief. The issues were tried and submitted to the court, which entered a decree for plaintiff substantially as prayed.
1. Real property : action to cancel conveyance: limitations. I. Ye have first to inquire whether the plea of the statute of limitations is available to the defendant. The deed sought to be avoided or held to create a trust in favor of Margaret Andrews and her heirs was made in New York. The grantee was then a resident of that state and continued to reside there until his death in 1900. The grantor also resided there from a date prior to the deed until her death in 1903. The appellants have at all times been residents there. The plaintiff has never been a resident of New York, but her mother, through whom she traces her claim [515]*515of title, did reside there from 1889 until her death in 1906. The property in controversy is real estate wholly within the jurisdiction of the state of Iowa. It is alleged in answer that under the statutes of New York “an action brought to procure a judgment other than for a sum of money on the ground of fraud, in a case formerly cognizable by the court of chancery,” must be brought within six years after tho cause of action accrued, but such cause shall not be deemed to have accrued until discovery by the plaintiff or by the person under whom he claims of the facts constituting the fraud. Proof of the New York statute does not appear to have been made upon the trial, but for the purposes of this appeal we may assume it to be as stated. The point urged by appellant is that, while it would not be competent for the courts of New York to entertain an action in rem for the recovery of the land in Iowa, it could take cognizance of an equitable action against one of its own citizens and compel him to do equity, although the subject-matter of the controversy be lands within the jurisdiction of another state. Relying on this principle, counsel argue that as plaintiff or those through whom she claims might have brought an action in New York against James D. Andrews in his lifetime or against Mary S. Armagast after she took the title, and upon proof of the alleged fraud could have had a decree compelling a reconveyance or restitution of the title, but failed to do so for more than six years, the bar of that statute may be pleaded to an action thereafter begun in this state.
Turning to our own statute we find a provision somewhat similar to .the one alleged to prevail in New York but making the period five years. It is also provided that actions for the recovery of real property may be brought within ten years. Code, Section 3447. But the time during which a defendant is a nonresident of this state shall not be included in computing any of these limitations. Code, Section 3151. It is evident therefore that the statute of New York furnishes no defense to an action brought in this state, unless
[516]*516the casé comes within the scope of that other provision which reads as follows: “When a cause of action has been fully barred by the laws of any country where defendant has previously resided such bar is effective in this state except as to causes of action arising here.” Code, Section 3452. That this statute is not applicable to the case before us will become clear upon a little reflection. It is conceded that the courts of New York are without jurisdiction to grant any relief in the premises except such as involves the personal liability or personal conduct of one found in that jurisdiction. For instance, they would entertain an action for the recovery of a- personal judgment for damages although the controversy more or less involves the title to lands in another state. Having the parties within their jurisdiction, they could also to a certain extent compel them to do equity by executing proper conveyances or releases affecting titles to such lands and enforce their decrees so far as practicable by injunction or other appropriate writ; but such, remedy is neither full nor complete. No court can properly assume to deal directly with land situate in a foreign jurisdiction. It cannot quiet title thereto, or establish or extinguish liens thereon, or restore possession, or cancel records, or afford many other forms of relief which affect primarily the rem. The prayer for relief in this case is that the deeds from Margaret Andrews to James D. Andrews- and from James D. Andrews to- Mary S. Armagast be canceled and expunged from the records of Mills county, that plaintiff be adjudged the owner of an undivided one-third of the property free from the lien of a mortgage placed upon the land by Mary S. Armagast, and for an accounting of rents and profits. She also asks a writ of possession in her favor and for general equitable relief.
That the New York courts would not and could' not enforce a remedy of this nature would seem to need neither argument nor citation of authorities, but see Gillett v. Hill, 32 Iowa, 220; Blackman v. Wright, 96 Iowa, 541; Carpenter [517]*517v. Strange, 141 U. S. 87 (11 Sup. Ct. 960, 35 L. Ed. 640); Davis v. Headley, 22 N. J. Eq. 115; Short v. Galway, 83 Ky. 501 (4 Am. St. Rep. 168); Clarke v. Clarke, 178 U. S. 186 (20 Sup. Ct. 873, 44 L. Ed. 1028); Clarke’s Appeal, 70 Conn. 195 (39 Atl. 155) ; Insurance Co. v. Bank, 68 Ill. 348 Fryer v. Myers (Tex.) 13 S. W. 1025; Wilson v. Braden, 48 W. Va. 196 (36 S. E. 367); Pritchard v. Henderson, 2 Pennewill (Del.) 553 (47 Atl. 376); Courtney v. Henry, 114 Ill. App. 635. That plaintiff could have gone into the courts of New York, and, having personal service upon the defendant, there procured a decree or judgment requiring a reconveyance of the land— a remedy operating solely in personam— is no answer to the suggestion. Having a right of action in this state, the only jurisdiction in which full and final relief could be procured, she was not bound to pursue the less effective remedy. And permitting such remedy to become barred by the statute of a foreign state could not bar her right to resort to another and more efficient remedy in this jurisdiction and against which our own statute has interposed no bar. The precedents cited by counsel for the most part go no farther than to recognize the authority of a foreign court having jurisdiction of the persons to enter judgment operating in personam; but none appear to hold that failure to seek such relief affects in any manner the right of the injured party to seek that relief which can be fully administered only by the tribunals of the state where the property is situated.
There is yet another reason why Code, Section 3452, is inapplicable. The terms of that section expressly exclude from its operation causes arising in this state. Now, while the alleged wrong for which the prayer for relief is predicated was committed in New York, the cause of action for the relief here demanded did not arise there. A cause of action cannot be said to “arise” in any jurisdiction whose courts cannot take cognizance of the complaint and administer appropriate, relief. No matter where the alleged wrong[518]*518ful act was done, if its harmful effects operate solely upon property and rights and titles subject to the exclusive jurisdiction and control of the courts of Iowa, then here, and not elsewhere, is the place where such cause of action arises. The defense of the statute of limitations cannot therefore be sustained.
2. Same: laches. Nor do we find any merit in the plea of laches. The appellants, so far as appears, have in no manner been misled to their injury by the delay in bringing suit, , ... ■, . , ■, • , and no equities have intervened which re-
quire the court to hold the plaintiff estopped from pursuing the remedy she has chosen. Hemphill v. Holford, 88 Mich. 293 (50 N. W. 300).
3. Fraudulent conveyances evidence : resgestae. II. Counsel argue with much force against the admissibility of statements alleged to have been made by Margaret Andrews and immediately before the execution of the conveyanee by her to her son. "We are of the j j opinion, however, that in the case presented by the record before us the testimony, or at least some of it, is competent. Ordinarily, of course, 'a deed or other writing cannot be impeached by proof of declarations of the grantor, but it is here the thory of the plaintiff’s case that the instrument was obtained by fraud, actual or constructive; that by reason of the grantor’s advanced age, her weakened powers, her want of business knowledge and experience, and her peculiar trust and confidence in her son, she was deceived as to- the real náture of the transaction and did not comprehend or understand that she was parting with the beneficial ownership of the land. Upon an issue of that nature we incline to the view that evidence of her language and conduct with respect to that transaction at the time and immediately before it was consummated is competent both as res gestae and as bearing upon her mental condition. This has often been held where the validity of a will or of an alleged gift is under consideration. Vannest v. Murphy, 135 Iowa, 123; Johnson v. John[519]*519son, 134 Iowa, 33; Kah’s Estate, 136 Iowa, 119; Manatt v. Scott, 106 Iowa, 203; Bever v. Spangler, 93 Iowa, 576; Mulock v. Mulock, 31 N. J. Eq. 594; Sanderlin v. Sanderlin, 24 Ga. 583; Garnsey v. Mundy, 24 N. J. Eq. 243.
The record in this case tends to support the conclusion that the deed to James D. Andrews was made without any present valuable consideration and, if valid, was in the nature of a gift or ante mortem disposition of the principal part of the grantor’s estate, and we see no reason why the court may not inquire into all the circumstances attending the transaction, including all matters of fact having any legitimate tendency to show the capacity of the giver and the influences, if any, leading her to make the gift. Upon the trial both parties availed themselves of the benefit of this rule to a very liberal extent, with the result that more or less of incompetent hearsay may be found in the record; but, when all this has been eliminated, considerable remains which may properly be considered.
4. Same : burden constructive fraud : confidential relation. III. Decision of the merits of this controversy involves the consideration of two questions: First, was the deed to James D. Andrews obtained by actual fraud? And, second, ^ 31ot opined by express or actual fraud, was ^ obtained by constructive fraud? Or, stated otherwise, was it obtained under circumstances which cast upon the grantee and those claiming under him the burden of an affirmative showing of entire good faith on his part and free, voluntary, and intelligent action on the part of the grantor?
Were the appeal to be disposed of upon answer to the first inquiry, we should have no serious hesitation in reversing the decision of the trial court. The burden of showing actual fraud is upon the party pleading it, and in our judgment plaintiff fails to make such a ease. It is unnecessary for us to recite the evidence upon this issue. It is enough to say that no witness speaking of his or her own knowledge testifies to any misrepresentation, falsehood, or deceit on the part of [520]*520the son to persuade or mislead his mother into a conveyance of her land, and the court should not and cannot enter into the realm of conjecture to fasten that stigma upon him.
The other question is more difficult of solution. What is called “constructive fraud” does not necessarily negative integrity of purpose. Lampman v. Lampman, 118 Iowa, 140. It has been defined as “ an act which the law declares fraudulent without inquiry into its motive.” McBroom v. Rives, 1 Stew. (Ala.) 72. Or “such contracts or acts as, though not originating in any actual evil design or contrivance to perpetrate a fraud, yet by their tendency to deceive or mislead, or to violate confidence, are prohibited by law.” Bouvier, Law Dictionary. It has also been said to be such fraud as “the law infers from the relationship of the parties or the circumstances by which they iare surrounded, regardless of any actual dishonesty of purpose.” 14 Am. & Eng. Eney. of Law (2d Ed.) 21.
The use of the phrase “constructive frqrnd” has frequently been severely criticised by the courts and lawwriters as being misleading and unscientific, but it has become so fixed in the literature and terminology of the law that any attempt to substitute a more fitting name for the thing to which it is applied would result in confusion. The necessity of considering this phase of the law arises most frequently in controversies which grow out of dealings between persons when one occupies fiduciary or confidential relations to the other. As between such persons, a contract by which the one having the advantage of position profits at the expense of the other will be held presumptively fraudulent and voidable, and the burden is placed upon him who claims the benefits thereof to rebut that presumption by an affirmative showing that such contract was fairly procured without undue influence or other circumstance tending to impeach its fairness. Though strictly of differing signification, the phrases “fiduciary relations” and “confidential relations” are ordinarily used as convertible terms and have reference to any
[521]*521relationship of blood, business, friendship, or association in which the parties repose special trust and confidence in each other and are in a position to have and exercise, or do have and exercise, influence over each other. The rule or presumption to which we have referred is more particularly applicable where one of the parties to such relation has by reason of his stronger character, greater ability, and wider experience, or by his hold upon the aifeetion, trust, and confidence of the other, obtained a dominating influence over him. The relationship of principal and agent, attorney and client, parent and child, guardian and ward, is frequently mentioned as illustrative examples, but fiduciary or confidential relations may exist under a great variety of circumstances. Mr. Pomeroy states the general proposition as follows: ‘ ‘ The doctrine arises from the very conception and existence of a fiduciary relation. While equity does not deny the possibility of valid transactions between the parties, yet because every fiduciary relation implies a condition of superiority held by one of the parties over the other, in every transaction between them by which the superior party obtains a possible benefit, equity raises a presumption against its validity and casts upon that party the burden of proving affirmatively its compliance with equitable requisites and of thereby overcoming the presumption.” 2 Pomeroy, Eq. (3d Ed.) section 956. In Rodes v. Bate, L. R. 1 Ch. 252, Turner, L. J., says: “I take it to be a well-established principle of this court that persons standing in confidential relation toward others cannot entitle themselves to hold benefits which those others may have conferred upon them, unless they can show to the satisfaction of the court that the persons by whom the benefits have been conferred had. competent and independent advice in conferring them. . . . The jurisdiction is founded on the principle of correcting abuses of confidence, and I shall have no hesitation in saying that it ought to be applied whatever the nature of the confidence reposed or the relationship of the parties between whom it has subsisted. I take the [522]*522principle to be one of universal application.” After quoting this precedent, Mr. Pomeroy speaks of all those instances in which the two parties in confidential relation ‘ ‘ consciously and intentionally deal and negotiate with each other, each knowingly taking a -part in the transaction, and there results from their dealing some conveyance, contract, or gift. To such cases the principle literally and directly applies. The transaction is not necessarily voidable, it may be valid; but a presumption of its invalidity arises which can only be overcome, if at all, by clear evidence of good faith, or full knowledge, and of independent consent and action.” 3, Pom. Eq. (3d Ed.) section 957.
5. Same : parent and child: undue influence: evidence. While the relation of parent and child is nearly always given as an illustration of confidential relations, it does not follow that all transactions between persons occupying that relation are presumptively invalid. Indeed, it ma,y be said that as a general rule the conferring of benefits by a parent upon a child is presumptively valid. The unfavorable presumption arises only where the child, by reason of its youth and inexperience or other special circumstances, is to some degree under the dominion, control or paramount influence of the parent, or where the child is the dominant personage in that relationship and the parent has become the dependent one, trusting herself .and her interests to his advice and guidance. Mulock v. Mulock, 31 N. J. Eq. 594; Parker v. Parker (N. J.) 5 Atl. 586; White v. Daly (N. J. Ch.) 58 Atl. 929; Fitch v. Reiser, 79 Iowa, 34; Nobles v. Hutton, 7 Cal. App. 14 (93 Pac. 289); Gibson v. Hammang, 63 Neb. 349 (88 N. W. 500); Doyle v. Welch, 100 Wis. 24 (75 N. W. 400); Cole v. Getzinger, 96 Wis. 559 (71 N. W. 75); Mott v. Mott, 49 N. J. Eq. 192 (22 Atl. 997).
This is in no manner inconsistent with the undoubted right of parents to dispose of their estate as they may think best. They may by deed or will dispose of it to persons outside of the family, or may give it all to one or more of their [523]*523children and ignore the equal and perhaps superior rights of others. No presumption of fraud or undue influence arises from the mere fact that a mother exercises such right, or that she has preferred one child and left another unprovided for; but when, in addition to such a conveyance, under such circumstances it appears that she was at the time wholly dependent upon the grantee for advice, residing in his home and placing in his hands the management and control of all her business interests, and in all things manifesting her implicit confidence and trust in him, the taking of a conveyance of substantially all her estate without consideration and without any writing binding him to support her through life, there is a presumption of undue influence which equity will require the beneficiary of the transaction to rebut before his claim of title thus secured can be sustained against ,an attack by.the grantor or by these who succeed to her rights. The rule is well stated in Mott v. Mott, 49 N. J. Eq. 192 (22 Atl. 997), as follows:
"With reference to transactions between parent and child, the law presumes that the influence of the parent over the child during the tender years of infancy is so controlling that it regards transfers from child to the parent on arriving at majority or immediately thereafter as having been made under the influence of overweening confidence. As the child matures and acquires experience and independence, the presumption weakens and at last ceases. As the parent, however, advances in years, the condition of dependence may be reversed by the hand of time. If life draws to a close with a failing intelligence and enfeebled frame, the parent naturally looks to a son or daughter for advice and protection. The parent becomes the child with the same dependence, overweening confidence, and implicit acquiescence which had made the other in infancy the willing instrument of the other’s desires. Highberger v. Stiffler, 21 Md. 338 (83 Am. Dec. 593); Martin v. Martin, 1 Heisk. 653; Comstock v. Comstock, 57 Barb. (N. Y.) 453; Whelan v. Whelan, 3 Cow. (N. Y.) 557. If, under such circumstances, a son obtains a conveyance from a parent, the court will not permit it to stand unless he establishes by [524]*524abundant proof that the contract was free and fair and made with the utmost good faith.
In Fitch v. Reiser, 79 Iowa, 34, this court had to consider a conveyance by an old man to his daughter, upon whom he largely depended for advice and in whom he placed great reliance. After considering the evidence, we said:
"We are not prepared to say that the evidence shows an absolute want of mental capacity to make a testamentary disposition of property. But in consideration of the extreme mental weakness of the deceased at the time the deed was executed, and as the property in controversy embraced substantially all of his estate, and as the deed was without consideration, and in view of the relation of trust and confidence between the parties to the conveyance, we think the learned district judge was right in entering a decree annulling the deed. The control of the defendant over the deceased appears to have been absolute. Under such circumstances, it was incumbent upon the defendant to show that the conveyance was made voluntarily and without the exercise of any influence on her part to procure the same.
In Reese v. Shutte, 133 Iowa, 682, the court, speaking by Sherwin, J., said: ‘ ‘ It is well settled that transactions of this kind between an aged and infirm parent who has reposed confidence and trust in the child will be closely scanned by the court, and that the burden is on the grantee to show the bona fides thereof.” The same rule is approved in Spargur v. Hall, 62 Iowa, 500. In Davis v. Dean, 66 Wis. 109 (26 N. W. 740), where a deed from mother to son was in question, the court, after discussing the evidence of mental competency, uses this language: ‘ ‘ The transaction, if upheld, practically disinherits her daughter and her other heirs. Assuming her mental competency, this strange and unnatural disposition of her property of itself strongly suggests the existence of improper influence upon her mind. ’ ’ Of the burden of proof the court further says: “The grantee has failed to satisfy the requirements of the rule, and the presumption of injustice, [525]*525fraud, and wrong stand against tbe conveyances, which he must remove before the court is authorized to say that they are valid.” The same rule is applied in Barnard v. Guntz, 140 N. Y. 249 (35 N. E. 430). Dealing with a conveyance from an aged mother to a son to whose hands she had intrusted all her business and upon whom she largely relied in all her affairs, the Illinois court has said:
A gift made by a parent to a child on account of the affection of the former for the latter, even where it is made at the solicitation of the child, is not the object of suspicion, and there is no presumption against its validity unless the relation between them is something mo,re than the ordinary relation between parent and child. Where, however, the natural positions of the parties become reversed — where the parent defers to, trusts in, and yields to the child, when there exists between them what in law is termed a fiduciary relation in which the parent is dominated by the child, and where the child prepares or causes to be prepared and executed an instrument conveying to him property of the parent as a gift or upon a grossly inadequate consideration — the presumption arises that the transfer was .obtained through undue influence, and'the burden rests upon him to show that the conveyance was the result of full and free deliberation on the part of the parent. This is not peculiar to transactions where the parties are parent and child, but is the law in any case where a fiduciary relationship exists, where the conveyance is from the dependent to the dominant party, and where the donee or grantee prepares or procures the preparation and execution of the deed or other instrument; and the rule is applied under such circumstances wherever that relation exists, no matter whether the parties are related by blood or not. (Rickman v. Meier, 213 Ill. 507, 72 N. E. 1121.)
The rule of the cited cases has been very frequently affirmed and prevails in practically all the states. For example, in addition to the eases hereinbefore cited, see Coffey v. Sullivan, 63 N. J. Eq. 296 (49 Atl. 520) ; Henson v. Cooksey, 237 Ill. 620 (86 N. E. 1107, 127 Am. St. Rep. 345); Soberanes v. Soberanes, 97 Cal. 145 (31 Pac. 910) ; Brummond [526]*526v. Krause, 8 N. D. 573 (80 N. W. 686); Kerr on Fraud & Mistake, 150-152; Thorn v. Thorn, 51 Mich. 167 (16 N. W. 324); Parker v. Packer (N. J.) 5 Atl. 586; Bowe v. Bowe, 42 Mich. 195 (3 N. W. 843) ; Black v. Rees, 66 N. J. Eq. 447 (59 Atl. 466, 69 L. R. A. 393); Hall v. Otterson, 52 N. J. Eq. 528 (28 Atl. 907); White v. Daly (N. J. Ch.) 58 Atl. 929; Post v. Hagan, 71 N. J. Eq. 234 (65 Atl. 1026, 124 Am. St. Rep. 997); Hattie v. Potter, 54 Wash. 170 (102 Pac. 1023) ; Swanstrom, v. Day, 46 Misc. Rep. 311 (93 N. Y. Supp. 192); Couch v. Couch, 148 Ala. 332 (42 South. 624); Highberger v. Stiffler, 21 Md. 338 (83 Am. Dec. 593).
Under the rule upheld by these precedents, we think there is no room for doubt that the burden in the ease before us is upon the defendants to affirmatively show that the deed under which they claim was obtained without undue influence and was the free, voluntary, intelligent, and unrestrained act of the grantor. James D. Andrews, the grantee, was not merely the son of the grantor. He was her agent, and for nearly twenty years had been intrusted by her with the management of these lands comprising practically all her worldly estate. She had also placed in his hands a part of her small savings for investment. She was a.member of his family living under the same ro:of with him. She unquestionably regarded hinl with great affection and put implicit trust and confidence in his ability and his purpose tp do whatever was right with respect to her property and property interests. The deed which she made to him was absolute in form and vested him with title to all the land — her entire estate — without reservation or power of recall. So far as appears, there was no agreement or promise on his part to provide her maintenance or home for the remainder of her life. Doubtless he expected to do so; but, legally speaking, there was no reason why he might not on the next day decline to render her further support. What is still more to the point, no thought appears to have been taken of the possibility that his mother* might outlive him, as in fact she did, and that in such case the [527]*527land which had been her safe security against want would pass wholly to his heirs without the slightest obligation on their part to keep or care for her except by way of charity. And all this was given without valuable consideration to the son occupying the closest confidential and fiduciary relation to her and to the exclusion of her two surviving daughters.
Among all the very many eases in which a child has been held to the burden of negativing presumptive fraud or inference of undue influence in the procurement of an advantageous contract from a parent, it will be difficult to select any in which the showing is stronger than the one here presented. As we have already shown, it is not necessary to the application of this rule that the court should find or presume an actual intent upon the part of the son to wrong his mother. Indeed, if there were any such actual intent, the fraud would be express and not constructive. He had so long had a free hand in managing the land that he doubtless felt something akin to a sense of proprietorship. The evidence tends to show that in conversation with strangers and third persons he was •in the habit of sp'eaking of the property as his own. His mother and sisters were evidently women of simple tastes and habits, living in his family, and we may presume that he expected to continue to> provide for them. Under such circumstances, it would perhaps be natural and evince no moral turpitude on his part if he secured from her the title to the land so long as he was willing to give to her and his sisters the one substantial benefit they could derive from its ownership — a home and the supply of their reasonable personal wan-ts. But the end which the principle which we have been discussing is intended to promote may not be defeated by a showing of good intentions. The rule has not been formulated to punish active or premeditated wrong, but to close the door against resulting wrong. In the very nature of the situation, where the parties occupy such intimate relations, it is rarely, if ever, possible to prove the extent to which the weaker or dependent party’s action has been influenced [528]*528by that relationship; hence the burden is properly placed upon him who has profited thereby to make an affirmative showing, not merely of good faith on his part, but of absolute freedom of intelligent action on the part of the grantor. The New Jersey court goes to the extent of holding that every conveyance from an aged and dependent parent to a child occupying a relation of trust and confidence will be invalidated unless in making it the parent has had the benefit of competent independent advice on the subject. Slack v. Rees, 66 N. J. Eq. 447 (59 Atl. 466, 69 L. R. A. 393) ; Post v. Hagan, 71 N. J. Eq. 234 (65 Atl. 1026, 124 Am. St. Rep. 997) ; Baur v. Cron, 71 N. J. Eq. 743 (66 Atl. 585); Hall v. Otterson, 52 N. J. Eq. 528 (28 Atl. 907). See, to the same effect, Rodes v. Bate, L. R. 1. Ch. 252, and 3 Pom. Eq. (3d Ed.) section 957. In Post v. Eag"an, supra, the court defines “proper independent advice” to mean that the donor had the benefit of conferring fully and privately upon the subject of his intended gift with a person who was not only competent tO' inform him correctly as to its legal effect, but who was furthermore so disassociated from the interests of the donee as to be in a position to advise with the donor impartially and confidentially as to the consequences to himself of his proposed benefaction.” It is probably not necessary for us in this ease to go to the full extent of the precedents here cited, but it may be said they discuss and defend the principle so announced with logical force and clearness.
6. Same : trusts : confidential relation : evidence. With evident appreciation of the rule we have here affirmed as to the burden of proof in support of a conveyance in the nature of a gift to one who holds a confidential or fiduciary relation to the grantor, counsel for appellants argue that in the case at bar James D. Andrews was at all times the beneficial owner of the land, that the mother held the legal title as. a trustee for his benefit, and that in conveying it to him she was only vesting him with’ that which was already equitably his own. But this claim is without basis in the record. In[529]*529deed, even if tbe burden upon this question were upon the appellee — and of course it is not — -we should have to say that, the evidence shows beyond all reasonable question that at the date of the deed to her son Margaret Andrews was both in laiv and in equity the absolute owner of this property. So far as appears, Janies D. Andrews never invested a dollar in its purchase. The stock of goods exchanged for it was paid for with the mother’s money, and, while for some reason not shown the title to the land was at first conveyed to the son, he almost immediately conveyed it to his mother, in whom it rested for nearly forty years. It also affirmatively appears that some fifteen years or more after the title had been vested in Margaret Andrews a judgment creditor of James D. Andrews, claiming that the’ latter was in fact the owner of the land, or of some of it, undertook to subject it to the payment of his claim. Thereupon the mother brought an action in equity to enjoin the sale. Upon trial of the cause both mother and son testified by deposition in support of her title, and she was found to be the true owner and the sale permanently enjoined. So far as the record shows, James D. Andrews never exercised or claimed any right in or authority over the land until about the year 1878, when, as we have before mentioned, in visiting the family in Iowa he went to Mills county and settled some dispute which had arisen between his mother and her tenant or agent, after which, apparently at her request, he continued in the management of the property. Except statements alleged to have been made by him to persons outside of the family, there is no evidence that he ever denied the absolute character of his mother’s title or claimed ownership in himself. In short, all the competent .testimony having any be.aring on that question tends to support the presumption of ownership attaching to the legal title which for more than a generation confessedly stood in Mrs. Andrews.
Again, it is strenuously argued that this conveyance was but the natural and proper recognition by Mrs. Andrews of [530]*530the indebtedness of herself and family to James for his services and contributions in the matter of their support. It is no disparagement of the filial loyalty and kindness of James D. Andrews, which all admit, to say that this argument is somewhat overwrought. He was undoubtedly a helpful son. He was active, industrious, and within the range of his earning capacity, was from boyhood liberal in assisting the family. But they were not wholly dependent upon him or upon his ability to make such contributions from his salary, which was necessarily restricted. The only witness in position to speak from personal knowledge estimates the help furnished by him up to the time of his marriage in 1871 at from $150 to $200 per year. After his marriage his own increased cost of living appears to have interrupted his contributions to his mother until about 1878, when he took over the management of the land, from which date to 1889, when she went to live with him, his remittances were about $50 per month. Thereafter his assistance to her and his sisters was limited to the supply of their needs as members of his family, for which service on his part there was at least partial return of value in their services to him and his family. Computing his contributions at the highest estimate from 1857, when he was a boy of twenty years until 1889, when the family was reunited in his New York home, their aggregate will not exceed $10,000. On the other hand, the rental value of the land from 1878 to 1896 is shown to have been $2,000 to $2,500 per year, or an aggregate for eighteen years of $36,000 to $47,000, and, if we add thereto the estimate for the four years between the date of the deed and the death of James D. Andrews, the aggregate will be increased to $44,000 to $49,000. How much of this was actually realized above expense and taxes we do not. know, for no account has been exhibited; but it is -shown that the entire tract is fair average Iowa land, all under cultivation, and that for a period of seven years Mrs. Armagast has secured therefrom an aggregate net income of $22,555.82. It is therefore reasonably clear that, conceding to James D. [531]*531Andrews full and deserved credit for the care manifested and the expense incurred by him on account of his mother and sisters, he had received in return financial benefits far in excess of the benefits conferred by him.
We have left therefore only to consider whether the evidence offered in support of the defense sufficiently sustains the burden of proof as to the validity of the deed. This in our judgment must be answered in the negative. We may further add that such must be our conclusion even if we eliminate from the record .all the testimony offered by the plaintiff concerning the alleged declarations of Mrs. Andrews. It does sufficiently appear that the deed was prepared and executed at the request or by the procurement of James D. Andrews, that it was wholly without valuable consideration, that it conveyed to him with no power of revocation on her part the mother’s entire estate without any provision or binding legal obligation of the son for her support or for the support of her daughters, and that at the date of such transfer the son receiving such valuable gift was her agent and the sole manager of her property interests. It further appears, as we have already shown, that at this time she was eighty-three years of age, with at most no more than an average mental strength, which is normal in persons of her years, that she was an inmate of the son’s family and depended upon him with entire faith and confidence in his judgment and fidelity. The defendants made no affirmative showing whatever of the conversations or negotiations between mother and son or of the promises or undertakings, if any, on his part. They do offer evidence of witnesses to the execution of the deed that the grantor appeared to be of sound mind and to have an intelligent conception of wha.t she was doing, but this falls far short of negativing the presumption or inference of undue influence. In a large majority of the cases herein-before cited the mental capacity of the grantor to make a valid conveyance is conceded, but it is universally held that this showing does not of itself fill the requirements of the [532]*532rule. It is at this point that there is a marked failure of proof which requires an affirmance of the decree of the district court.
The importance of the interests involved in the controversy and of the rules of law upon which the decision depends is our only apology for the unusual length to which we have pursued its discussion.
The appeal cannot bg sustained, and the decree, below is Affirmed.