Coronado v. Mayorkas

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: April 2, 2024
• Docket: 3:23-cv-08571
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO JL 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Ever Antonio Alvarado Coronado, No. CV-23-08571-PCT-MTL (ASB) 10 Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER 12 Alejandro N. Mayorkas, et al., 13 Defendants.

15 I. Procedural History 16 On October 5, 2023, pro se Plaintiff Ever Antonio Alvarado Coronado, who is 17 confined in the United States Penitentiary (“USP”)-Lompoc and has been granted leave to 18 proceed in forma pauperis in this case, filed a pro se Complaint, which the Clerk of Court 19 docketed as a civil rights Complaint pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of 20 Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). In a November 13, 2023, Order, the 21 Court dismissed the Complaint with leave to amend because it was not filed on a court- 22 approved form and gave Plaintiff 30 days to file an amended complaint using the court- 23 approved form included with the Order. 24 On November 14, 2023, Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint. In a 25 November 21, 2023, Order, the Court dismissed the First Amended Complaint with leave 26 to amend because it was not filed on a court-approved form and gave Plaintiff 30 days to 27 file a second amended complaint using the court-approved form included with the Order. 28 On December 5, 2023, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint. In a March 5, 1 2024, Order, the Court ordered Plaintiff to show cause, in writing, why this case should not 2 be dismissed as barred by the statute of limitations. On March 22, 2024, Plaintiff filed a 3 Response to the Order to Show Cause. 4 The Court will dismiss the Second Amended Complaint and this case as barred by 5 the statute of limitations. 6 II. Second Amended Complaint 7 In his six-count Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff sues Secretary of the 8 Department of Homeland Security Alejandro N. Mayorkas and Border Patrol Supervisor 9 Nicanor Guridi Reynoso. Plaintiff asserts claims under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202 and 8 10 U.S.C. § 1357.1 He seeks declaratory relief and his costs for this case. 11 Plaintiff designates Count One as claim under the First Amendment for religious 12 and political freedom. Plaintiff alleges that on September 7, 2014, Defendant Reynoso 13 “approached the vehicle” and identified himself. Defendant Reynoso asked Plaintiff if he 14 had any immigration documents to show Plaintiff was legally in or allowed to remain in 15 the United States. Plaintiff claims “[t]his occurred while an unlawful Immigration 16 Inspection was taking place.” 17 Plaintiff designates Count Two as a Fourth Amendment claim for unreasonable 18 search and seizure. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Reynoso conducted a vehicle stop for 19 immigration purposes despite “having no actual reason” for the stop other than that his 20 route of travel was often used by smugglers because it gave them direct access to Las 21 Vegas, Nevada from Phoenix, Arizona, where “undocumented aliens and illegal 22 contraband are often taken.”

23 1 Plaintiff cites the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-02, as a basis for 24 the Court’s jurisdiction. However, “[t]he Declaratory Judgment Act does not confer jurisdiction,” Allen v. Milas, 896 F.3d 1094, 1099 (9th Cir. 2018), and the allegations in 25 Plaintiff’s Complaint are not sufficient to support the existence of diversity jurisdiction under § 1332, see Tritschler v. ICE, No. CV-21-01825-PHX-SMB, 2021 WL 5084281, at 26 *1 (D. Ariz. Nov. 2, 2021) (holding that plaintiffs had failed to adequately plead diversity jurisdiction where they had failed, among other things, to identify the citizenship of 27 defendant Immigration and Customs Enforcement or explained why they believed their damages exceeded $75,000). Plaintiff also cites 8 U.S.C. § 1357, which sets forth powers 28 of immigration officers and employees, but § 1357 does not provide a private cause of action and therefore does not confer jurisdiction on this Court. 1 Plaintiff designates Count Three as a Fifth Amendment claim for denial of due 2 process and just compensation. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Reynoso had no legal 3 reason to stop Plaintiff and his family because “the incident occurred beyond the 100 air 4 miles from any border considered to be a reasonable stop.” 5 Plaintiff designates Count Four as a claim for false imprisonment. Plaintiff alleges 6 that Defendant Reynoso falsely imprisoned Plaintiff and his family because Reynoso had 7 no legal reason to stop the driver for an immigration inspection. 8 Plaintiff designates Count Five as a claim for abuse of process. Plaintiff alleges that 9 Defendant Reynoso conducted an illegal stop without having a legal reason other than “his 10 beliefs to conduct immigration inspections.” 11 Plaintiff designates Count Six as a claim for intentional infliction of emotional 12 distress. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Reynoso’s illegal immigration inspection caused 13 “severe damage” to Plaintiff and his family’s “emotional stance” because Reynoso arrested 14 Plaintiff and held him in a cell at Blythe Border Patrol station. Plaintiff asserts that 15 Reynoso did not ask to see a driver’s license but only asked for “papers.” Plaintiff contends 16 “this is not only wrong morally but it is illegal when it comes to racial profiling,” because 17 Defendant Reynoso “observed two occupants inside the vehicle” who were “brown skinned 18 [L]atinos.” 19 According to Court records, Plaintiff was a passenger in a vehicle stopped by 20 immigration authorities on September 6, 2014. See United States v. Alvarez-Coronado, 21 3:14cr08282-PCT-DLR (D. Ariz. 2015), Doc. 23 at 3. In a plea agreement, both the driver 22 and Plaintiff admitted to being illegally in the United States. Id., Doc. 26. Plaintiff was 23 sentenced to time served followed by three years on supervised release. Id. 24 III. Statute of Limitations 25 Failure to state a claim includes circumstances where a defense is “complete and 26 obvious from the face of the pleadings.” Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1228 (9th 27 Cir. 1984), abrogated on other grounds by Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319 (1989). In 28 the absence of waiver, the Court may raise the defense of statute of limitations sua sponte. 1 See Levald, Inc. v. City of Palm Desert, 998 F.2d 680, 687 (9th Cir. 1993); Jablon v. Dean 2 Witter & Co., 614 F.2d 677, 682 (9th Cir. 1980) (a complaint may be dismissed as time- 3 barred if the running of the statute of limitations is apparent on the face of the complaint). 4 The applicable statute of limitations in an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is the forum 5 state’s statute of limitations for personal injury actions. Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 6 276 (1985). The Arizona statute of limitations for personal injury actions is two years. See 7 Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-542(1). 8 Accrual of § 1983 claims is governed by federal law. Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 9 384, 388 (2007). Under federal law, a claim accrues when the plaintiff “knows or has 10 reason to know of the injury that is the basis of the action.” Pouncil v. Tilton, 704 F.3d 11 568, 574 (9th Cir. 2012); Cabrera v. City of Huntington Park, 159 F.3d 374, 381 (9th Cir. 12 1998). Thus, to be timely, Plaintiff’s claims must have accrued no more than two years 13 before his Complaint was filed on October 5, 2023. 14 IV. Order to Show Cause and Plaintiff’s Response 15 In the Order to Show Cause, the Court noted that Plaintiff’s claims, which were 16 based on the September 7, 2014 immigration stop, appeared to be barred by the statute of 17 limitations. However, in an abundance of caution, the Court permitted Plaintiff an 18 opportunity to show cause why this case should not be dismissed as barred by the statute 19 of limitations. 20 In his Response to the Order to Show Cause, Plaintiff states that he was arrested and 21 taken into custody on January 10, 2018, and while he awaited trial, he “started working on 22 his past records” in an attempt to “correct his path.” Plaintiff asserts that he worked with 23 his previous defense counsel and was “able to drop 2 of his 3 felon[ies]” to misdemeanors. 24 Plaintiff states he “attempted to work on” his 2014 criminal case by contacting the ACLU 25 in Nevada, but ACLU declined to assist Plaintiff because the case was “to[o] small.” 26 Plaintiff states that in June 2023, he “discovered many flaws” in his 2014 criminal 27 case by “learning how to use Lexis Nexus” at USP-Lompoc. Plaintiff asserts that neither 28 he nor his family has any legal knowledge “to have known at the time that their rights had 1 been violated.” Plaintiff contends he filed this case “at a later time because the party 2 seeking it has not exercised the highest degree of diligence in uncovering the fraud.” 3 Plaintiff suggests this Court may grant relief against a judgment after fraud is discovered 4 regardless of the term of its entry. Plaintiff also suggests this Court has the inherent power 5 to vacate its own judgment upon proof that a fraud has been perpetrated upon the court. 6 Finally, Plaintiff notes that for purposes of a claim against the government, a claim is “held 7 to accrue when [a] plaintiff learns of injur[ies] and cause, rather than its legal 8 implications.”2 9 V. Discussion of Statute of Limitations 10 Plaintiff’s unlawful search and seizure claims accrued on September 7, 2014, the 11 date of his arrest, and are untimely. Belanus v. Clark, 796 F.3d 1021,1026 (9th Cir. 2015) 12 (“a cause of action for illegal search and seizure accrues when the wrongful act occurs”); 13 Rollin v. Cook, 466 F. App’x 665, 667 (9th Cir. 2012) (claims related to illegal search and 14 seizure accrued on the search date). The precise nature of Plaintiff’s First Amendment 15 claims is unclear; to the extent his claims are cognizable, they are based on the same 16 immigration stop as his Fourth Amendment claims, and Plaintiff knew or had reason to 17 know of the basis of any First Amendment claim. Pouncil, 704 F.3d at 574. Plaintiff’s 18 First Amendment claims are therefore barred under the statute of limitations. For the same 19 reasons, Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claim, if cognizable,3 is also barred under the statute 20

21 2 Plaintiff refers to the Federal Tort Claims Act, but he has not asserted such a claim in the Second Amended Complaint. Accordingly, there is no legal basis for Plaintiff’s 22 claims of false imprisonment, abuse of process, and intentional infliction of emotional distress because these claims do not arise under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the 23 United States and therefore do not convey federal question jurisdiction on this Court, see 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and, as noted above, Plaintiff has not asserted diversity jurisdiction. 24 3 Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claim is based on the same governmental conduct as 25 his other constitutional claims. “‘[C]ertain wrongs affect more than a single right and, accordingly, can implicate more than one of the Constitution's commands.’” Ramirez v. 26 Butte-Silver Bow Cnty., 298 F.3d 1022, 1029 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Armendariz v. Penman, 75 F,3d 1311, 1320 (9th Cir. 1996)). “However, the “Supreme Court has held 27 that plaintiffs cannot ‘double up’ constitutional claims in this way: Where a claim can be analyzed under ‘an explicit textual source’ of rights in the Constitution, a court may not 28 also assess the claim under another, ‘more generalized,’ source.” Id. (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394-95 (1989)). 1 of limitations. 2 Plaintiff’s arguments in the Response to the Order to Show Cause do not alter this 3 conclusion. First, it is irrelevant that Plaintiff did not know the legal basis for his claims 4 until 2023. A claim accrues when a plaintiff “‘has knowledge of the injury and its cause, 5 and not when the plaintiff has knowledge of legal fault.’” Tunac v. United States, 897 F.3d 6 1197, 1206 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Rosales v. United States, 824 F.2d 799, 805 (9th Cir. 7 1987). “As the Supreme Court has made clear, accrual does not wait until the plaintiff has 8 ‘reason to suspect or was aware of facts that would have alerted a reasonable person to the 9 possibility that a legal duty to him had been breached.’” Id. at 1206-07 (quoting Winter v. 10 United States, 244 F.3d 1088, 1090 (9th Cir. 1988). Thus, a cause of action accrues even 11 if “the full extent of the injury is not then known.” Wallace, 549 U.S. at 391. 12 Second, Plaintiff’s imprisonment, pro se status, and lack of legal knowledge and 13 access to legal resources does not excuse the untimeliness of his claims. See Ford v. Pliler, 14 590 F.3d 782, 789 (9th Cir. 2009) (concluding, in habeas context, that confusion or 15 ignorance of the law does not excuse untimely filing); Ramirez v. Yates, 571 F.3d 993, 997 16 (9th Cir. 2009) (observing, in habeas corpus context, that “[o]rdinary prison limitations on 17 [the petitioner’s] access to the law library and copier . . . were neither ‘extraordinary’ nor 18 made it ‘impossible’ for him to file his petition in a timely manner”); Roy v. Lampert, 465 19 F.3d 964, 970 (9th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e have never accepted pro se representation alone . . . 20 as an excuse for prolonged inattention when a statute’s clear policy calls for promptness.”); 21 Rasberry v. Garcia, 448 F.3d 1150, 1154 (9th Cir. 2006) (observing, in habeas corpus 22 context, that pro se status does not constitute extraordinary circumstances to excuse 23 untimeliness of petition). 24 Third, Plaintiff refers to proof of “fraud,” which he asserts allows a court to grant 25 relief against a judgment or to vacate its own judgment. Plaintiff appears to be referring to 26 Rule 60(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides, in part, that a court 27 may relieve a party from a final judgment, order, or proceeding based on “fraud (whether 28 previously called intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(3). There has been no judgment in this case, and therefore, Rule 60(b) does not apply. 3 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff fails to state a claim in the Second Amended Complaint. 5| VI. Dismissal Without Leave to Amend 6 The Court will dismiss the Second Amended Complaint without leave to amend 7 | because it is clear that the deficiencies cannot be cured by amendment, and granting leave 8 | to amend would be futile. See Flowers v. First Hawaiian Bank, 295 F.3d 966, 976 (9th 9} Cir. 2002) (citing Lucas v. Dep’t of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248-49 (9th Cir. 1995)); Cervantes | v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir. 2011) (setting forth 11 | standard of review and explaining that a district court may dismiss without leave to amend 12 | when amendment would be futile). 13 | ITIS ORDERED: 14 (1) The Second Amended Complaint (Doc. 11) is dismissed for failure to state 15 | aclaim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), and the Clerk of Court must enter judgment accordingly. 17 (2) The Clerk of Court must make an entry on the docket stating that the 18 | dismissal for failure to state a claim may count as a “strike” under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). 19 (3) The docket shall reflect that the Court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) 20 | and Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure 24(a)(3)(A), has considered whether an appeal 21 of this decision would be taken in good faith and certifies that an appeal would not be taken 22 | in good faith for the reasons stated in the Order and because there is no arguable factual or 23 | legal basis for an appeal. 24 Dated this Ist day of April, 2024. 25 Mi Charl T. Siburde Michael T. Liburdi 28 United States District Judge