Cooling Water Intake Structure Coal. v. EPA

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedJuly 23, 2018
Docket14-4645(L)
StatusPublished

This text of Cooling Water Intake Structure Coal. v. EPA (Cooling Water Intake Structure Coal. v. EPA) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Cooling Water Intake Structure Coal. v. EPA, (2d Cir. 2018).

Opinion

14‐4645(L) Cooling Water Intake Structure Coal., et al. v. EPA, et al. 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 4 August Term, 2017 5 6 (Argued: September 14, 2017 Decided: July 23, 2018) 7 8 Docket Nos. 14‐4645(L), 14‐4657(CON), 14‐4659(CON), 14‐4664(CON), 9 14‐4667(CON), 14‐4670(CON) 10 11 _____________________________________ 12 13 COOLING WATER INTAKE STRUCTURE COALITION, 14 15 Petitioner, 16 17 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, UTILITY WATER ACT GROUP, 18 ENTERGY CORPORATION, AMERICAN LITTORAL SOCIETY, 19 ENVIRONMENT AMERICA, ENVIRONMENT MASSACHUSETTS, 20 RIVERKEEPER, INC., NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL, 21 INCORPORATED, DELAWARE RIVERKEEPER NETWORK, RARITAN 22 BAYKEEPER, INC., DBA NY/NJ BAYKEEPER, HACKENSACK 23 RIVERKEEPER, CASCO BAYKEEPER, SAVE THE BAY – NARRAGANSETT 24 BAY, SCENIC HUDSON, INC., SIERRA CLUB, WATERKEEPER ALLIANCE, 25 INC., SOUNDKEEPER, INC., SURFRIDER FOUNDATION, 26 27 Intervenors‐Petitioners, 28 29 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, LOUISIANA ENVIRONMENTAL 30 ACTION NETWORK, CALIFORNIA COASTKEEPER ALLIANCE, 31 HUMBOLDT BAYKEEPER, SUNCOAST WATERKEEPER, INC., PUGET 32 SOUNDKEEPER ALLIANCE, 33 34 Intervenors, 35 36 v. 37

1 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ANDREW 2 R. WHEELER, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS ACTING 3 ADMINISTRATOR OF THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL 4 PROTECTION AGENCY,* NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, 5 UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, 6 7 Respondents. 8 9 _____________________________________ 10 11 Before: 12 13 JACOBS, CABRANES, and LOHIER, Circuit Judges. 14 15 Environmental conservation groups and industry associations petition 16 for review of a final rule promulgated by the United States Environmental 17 Protection Agency (“EPA”) pursuant to section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act, 18 establishing requirements for cooling water intake structures at existing 19 facilities. The Petitioners also seek review of a May 19, 2014 biological 20 opinion jointly issued by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the 21 National Marine Fisheries Service at the close of formal Endangered Species 22 Act consultation on the final rule. Because we conclude that both the final 23 rule and the biological opinion are based on reasonable interpretations of the 24 applicable statutes and sufficiently supported by the factual record, and 25 because the EPA gave adequate notice of its rulemaking, we DENY the 26 petitions. 27 28 Russell S. Frye, FryeLaw PLLC, 29 Washington, DC, for Petitioner Cooling 30 Water Intake Structure Coalition. 31 32 Fredric P. Andes, Jill M. Fortney, Barnes 33 & Thornburg LLP, Chicago, IL; Jeffrey S.

* Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Acting Administrator Andrew R. Wheeler is substituted for former Administrator Gina McCarthy as a respondent. The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the caption accordingly. 2 1 Longsworth, Barnes & Thornburg LLP, 2 Washington, DC, for Intervenor‐Petitioner 3 American Petroleum Institute. 4 5 KRISTY A.N. BULLEIT (Andrew J. Turner, 6 Todd S. Mikolop, Kerry L. McGrath, on 7 the brief), Hunton & Williams LLP, 8 Washington, DC, for Intervenors‐ 9 Petitioners Utility Water Act Group, 10 Entergy Corporation. 11 12 REED W. SUPER, EDAN ROTENBERG, 13 Super Law Group, LLC, New York, NY, 14 for Intervenors‐Petitioners Riverkeeper 15 Inc., American Littoral Society, Casco 16 Baykeeper, Delaware Riverkeeper 17 Network, Hackensack Riverkeeper, 18 Natural Resources Defense Council, 19 Inc., Raritan Baykeeper, Inc. d/b/a 20 NY/NJ Baykeeper, Save the Bay – 21 Narragansett Bay, Scenic Hudson, Inc., 22 Sierra Club, Soundkeeper, Inc., 23 Surfrider Foundation, Waterkeeper 24 Alliance, Inc., and for Intervenors Center 25 for Biological Diversity, Louisiana 26 Environmental Action Network, 27 California Coastkeeper Alliance, 28 Humboldt Baykeeper, Suncoast 29 Waterkeeper, Inc., Puget Soundkeeper 30 Alliance. 31 32 Eric E. Huber, Sierra Club, Boulder, CO, 33 for Intervenor‐Petitioner Sierra Club, and 34 for Intervenors Center for Biological 35 Diversity, California Coastkeeper 36 Alliance, Humboldt Baykeeper, 3 1 Louisiana Environmental Action 2 Network, Suncoast Waterkeeper, Inc. 3 4 Charles C. Caldart, National 5 Environmental Law Center, Seattle, 6 WA, for Intervenors‐Petitioners 7 Environment America, Environment 8 Massachusetts. 9 10 PERRY M. ROSEN, United States 11 Department of Justice, Environment & 12 Natural Resources Division, 13 Environmental Defense Section, 14 Washington, DC; BRIDGET KENNEDY 15 MCNEIL, United States Department of 16 Justice, Environment & Natural 17 Resources Division, Wildlife & Marine 18 Resources Section, Denver, CO (Simi 19 Bhat, United States Department of 20 Justice, Environment & Natural 21 Resources Division, Environmental 22 Defense Section, Washington, DC, 23 Clifford E. Stevens, Jr., United States 24 Department of Justice, Environment & 25 Natural Resources Division, Wildlife & 26 Marine Resources Section, Denver, CO, 27 on the brief; Richard T. Witt, Alexis 28 Wade, United States Environmental 29 Protection Agency, Office of General 30 Counsel, of counsel), for Respondents. 31 32 Andrew K. Jacoby, Varadi, Hair & 33 Checki, LLC, New Orleans, LA (Ann 34 Brewster Weeks, Legal Director, Clean 35 Air Task Force, Boston, MA, of counsel), 36 for Amicus Curiae Clean Air Task Force. 4 1 LOHIER, Circuit Judge:

2 In these consolidated cases, several environmental conservation groups

3 and industry associations petition for review of a final rule promulgated four

4 years ago, in August 2014, by the United States Environmental Protection

5 Agency (“EPA”) pursuant to section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act (“CWA”), 33

6 U.S.C. § 1326(b), establishing requirements for cooling water intake structures

7 (“CWISs”) at existing regulated facilities, see National Pollutant Discharge

8 Elimination System—Final Regulations to Establish Requirements for Cooling

9 Water Intake Structures at Existing Facilities and Amend Requirements at Phase

10 I Facilities, 79 Fed. Reg. 48,300 (Aug. 15, 2014) (codified at 40 C.F.R. pts. 122, 125)

11 (“Final Rule” or “Rule”).1 The Petitioners also seek review of a May 19, 2014

12 biological opinion jointly issued by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service

13 (“FWS”) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (“NMFS,” and, together with

14 the FWS, the “Services”) at the close of formal Endangered Species Act (“ESA”)

15 consultation on the Final Rule. The Government continues to defend the Rule

16 today. Because we conclude, among other things, that both the Rule and the

1 The various abbreviations in this opinion are defined both in text and in a separate glossary set forth in the Appendix. 5 1 biological opinion are based on reasonable interpretations of the applicable

2 statutes and sufficiently supported by the factual record, and because the EPA

3 gave adequate notice of its rulemaking, we DENY the petitions for review.

4 BACKGROUND

5 To start, we describe CWISs; their general impact on the environment; and

6 the statutes, regulations, and rules relevant to these petitions. We then provide

7 an overview of the relevant regulatory and procedural history and a summary of

8 the arguments advanced in the various petitions before us.

9 1. Cooling Water Intake Structures

10 To dissipate waste heat, power plants and manufacturing facilities use

11 CWISs to extract large volumes of water—nearly 75 trillion gallons annually—

12 from nearby water sources. The force of inflowing water can trap, or “impinge,”

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Cooling Water Intake Structure Coal. v. EPA, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/cooling-water-intake-structure-coal-v-epa-ca2-2018.