GEIGER, District Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The foregoing statement is believed to embody the contents of the petitions filed, and to disclose the facts upon which the right to intervene is based, excepting possibly certain allegations contained in affidavits or portions of the files in the so-called administration proceeding, and excepting possibly certain inferences claimed properly to be drawn from such other proceedings or pleadings therein. It is apparent, at the outset, that the proposed interveners present situations not in harmony with one another. The assertion by one that the preferred stock held by the other is void can hardly be assented to by the latter as a fact upon the applications to' intervene. And, as to the proposed inter-vener who holds both stock and bonds, an equal difficulty is found in reconciling the interests arising out of one. with those arising out of the other, capacity. The conclusion which I have reached renders unnecessary a consideration of these apparently hostile situations.
The petitions will therefore be considered, first, from the standpoint of bondholders; secondly, stockholders.
[ 1 ] The relations of bondholders to trustees under a deed or mortgage are governed by certain elementary principles which must serve as a guide in determining the question presented. No question can be raised but that a bondholder has ain interest in the subject-matter of a foreclosure suit, and, except for the rule about to be cited, would be a requisite party.
“It is a cardinal principal in the administration of tlie law,’’ said this court, in Farmers’ Loan & Trust Company v. Northern Pacific R. R. Co. [C. C.] 66 Fed. 169, “that no man shall be condemned without a hearing. Therefore it is that no one shall be concluded by a judgment to which he is neither party nor privy. Therefore it is that, as a general rule, all persons interested in a controversy must be made parties thereto that their rights may be determined and concluded by the judgment. There has grown into the practice an exception, in some states recognized by positive enactment, that the trustee of an express trust may maintain suit without joining his cestui (pie trust. This is to avoid the expense and delay attending the getting together and joining of numerous parties whose interests have been committed to the keeping of a trustee, and could be protected by him without their intervention. Under the exception it has been well held that, in general, courts can deal with bondholders only through their trustee, and that it is not to be tolerated that each individual bondholder could at his own suggestion assert his rights when they can be as well asserted through a trustee.”
But, continues the court (66 Fed. page 174):
“The rule, however, creates an exception to the general principle that all. interested should join in the controversy. It is a rule of convenience to facilitate the conduct of the suit. It proceeds upon the assumption that the [607]*607cestui que trust can be fully and fairly represented and protected in Ms rights by the trustee or representative. A rule of convenience must, however, give way when rights are involved. If it appears that the trustee refuses or neglects to act, or stands in a hostile position, or has assumed a position prejudicial to the interests of the cestui que trust, the rule of convenience is put aside, and the cestni quo trust must be admitted to represent liis rights, because in such case the trustee has not (represented) and cannot Cully and faithfully represent them” — -per Jenkins, Circuit Judge.
The question is then presented: Do the petitioning bondholders disclose a situation demanding that the rule of convenience be “put aside,” admitting them to represent their rights? Disregarding (for the present) complainant’s contention that the petitions for intervention are insufficient because not accompanied by answer or other pleading embodying the cause of action or defense to be asserted, this must be undeniably true: That the petitions must disclose facts bringing them within the principles governing the right to intervene; and, in determining whether such facts are disclosed, the allegations of the petitions must be subjected to, and must meet, the same tests as are applied to ordinary pleadings to determine whether a cause of action or a defense is stated. In the Riscman petition no fact is averred or alluded to calling in question or in any degree impugning the qualifications or conduct of the complainant trustee in discharging its functions under the deed of trust or in the suit. True, the foreclosure is characterized as “fraudulent,” “collusive,” and “unnecessary”; but the pleader doubtless intended these, not as averments of traversable facts,, hut rather as his conclusions or inferences to be drawn from the subsequent allegations respecting the institution of the administration suit and the formation of a reorganization committee, which latter is alleged to have instigated the foreclosure. The Timlin & Gold petition, however, approaches an attack directly upon the complainant trustee through an allegation, upon information and belief, that such trustee “is not and will not he impartial as between said combination of bondholders iffiid your petitioners, either in the marshaling of liens or in the resistance of exorbitant compensations of attorneys, receivers, and trustee, or in the application for or shaping of final decree,” etc.; and further “that they are informed” by the Eiseman petition, and “upon such information also verily believe that the trustee complainant is not impartial as regards its beneficiaries, the holders of said bonds, hut is acting with, and in the interest of said combination for reorganization.” Rut these fall very far short of disclosing facts showing partiality or hostility. It is not too much to say that a petition for intervention based upon hostility or partiality of the trustee should approach the same degree of definiteness and certainty ordinarily required in a bill of complaint seeking to remove a trustee, or to correct his administration of the trust — and it could not seriously be claimed that a bill alleging “partiality,” “hostility,” “neglect,” or the like, howsoever often therein repeated, would meet the elementary requirement of alleging traversable facts. If the petitions showed a stpp taken by, or ainy circumstance affecting, the trustee, inconsistent with the discharge of its functions under the deed of trust requiring equal treatment of all [608]*608bondholders, its position would be challenged so as to require an answer.
The case of Farmers’ Roan & Trust Company v. Northern Pacific R. R. Co., supra, affords a striking illustration. There, the trustee represented different sets of bondholders, secured by different trust instruments, under which conflicting claims of 'priority arose and were asserted. Charged as it was, under each instrument, with the per-forinance of certain obligations, the conflict embarrassed it in, and probably disqualified it from, discharging them. Hence the rule of convenience was put aside, and the individual bondholders were admitted so that they could assert their claims unhampered by the relation of the trustee to the other bondholders.
Coming now to the allegations of these two petitions respecting the alleged combination of bondholders into a reorganization committee, and the alleged fraudulent scheme to obtain control of the defendant’s property, these must be considered in the light of the conceded facts: First, the validity of the debt evidenced by the bonds and coupons; secondly, default in the payment of interest and the consequent maturity of the principal. Giving to both petitions the most favorable construction, their combined allegations are in substance that, though the defendant possessed a large amount of cash and cash assets, certain of its officers, confederating with certain bondholders, permitted default in the payment of interest, caused the administration proceeding to be instituted, all concurrently with the formation of the reorganization committee; the foreclosure proceedings following as a necessary result. It appears that a very large majority'of the bondholders concur in the accomplishment of the reorganization. While the petitions charge this all as a fraudulent scheme, not a single fact or circumstance is alleged showing participation by the trustee in the alleged combination.
[2] True, it is claimed that the bondholders in the combination requested the foreclosure, and there is the general allegation that complainant is “co-operating” with the combination. But assuming that the trustee was so requested and complied therewith by instituting the proceedings, it was, after all, merely asserting a right grantéd and a duty imposed by the trust deed. The -circumstance, admitting it to be true, that certain bondholders in association with officers permitted the default to occur — even admitting that they were actuated by an ulterior motive, or purpose, did not endow the trustee with any discretion to do otherwise than to obey the instrument Under which it was empowered to act. So far as it was concerned, even admitting that it knew of the circumstances noted, the validity of the debt and the fact of default out of which it's duty arose are not in the slightest degree called in question, and the motives which may have actuated the defendant’s officers in suffering the default do not disqualify the trustee, nor impair its right as sole complainant to institute and prosecute the suit to foreclose. Dickerman v. Northern Trust Co., 176 U. S. 181, 20 Sup. Ct. 311, 44 L. Ed. 423.
[3] But it is urged that if there is not a sufficient showing of partiality, adverse interest, or the like, on the part of the trustee, a dis[609]*609tinct ground for intervention is presented because of the controversy which is said to exist between the bondholders upon the matter of assenting to the reorganization plan. It is said that, so long as the trustee is impartial and has tio adverse interest, it represents all bondholders as to all matters pertaining to the foreclosure and collection under the terms of the trust instrument, but not for the purpose of determining conflicts between different sets of bondholders. Attention is called to the provision of the mortgage forbidding a preference of any kind to one bondholder over another, and requiring proceedings to be maintained for the equal and common benefit of all holders of bonds and coupons. Then, because certain bondholders have combined as a reorganization committee, and, as the plan discloses, probably expect to purchase at foreclosure sale, and transfer the property to a new corporation, and the petitioners are unwilling to join this combination, they urge that there is a controversy among bondholders w hich of itself gives them the right to intervene in this suit. This situation is fully covered by the rule of convenience above referred to. So long as the trustee is not disqualified' by reason of a hostile or prejudicial act, or because of conflicting interests vested in, or duties charged upon it, it has and can have no interest in any collateral controversy between bondholders. Until its participation in such controversy is shown, or unless and until it is sought to bring it into the foreclosure proceedings and thereby to influence a different course than would ordinarily be pursued, such controversy is of no concern either of the trustee or of the court entertaining the foreclosure.
As indicated, a mere allegation that the trustee is “co-operating’" with a reorganization committee is not, in the absence of a specification of acts of participation, or of a personal interest in the plan, at variance with its interest as trustee, a sufficient showing to let in nonconcurring bondholders. When the final decree is to be entered, the duty devolves upon the court and the trustee to see to it that, as to form and substance, it will embody and carry out explicitly the provisions of the trust instrument respecting the ratable participation of all bondholders in the proceeds of sale; and, if it is proposed to embody in such decree provisions which will give recognition to any class of bondholders with respect to using their securities upon the purchase, it will likewise be the duty of the court and the trustee at such time to make ample provision for the protection of all other bondholders, and particularly those who refuse to concur in any plan of reorganization, to secure to them their rights under the trust instrument — and if necessary to give full opportunity to all such to be heard as to the form and contents of the decree. In other words, if, at the time of entry of final decree, a claim may justly be asserted that, because of the situation existing among bondholders, provisions iti the decree such as those recognizing the right of bidding bondholders to use their bonds to pay the price bid, might prejudice certain bondholders, the court might, and perhaps ought to, grant the contending bondholders the right to be heard. The trustee could not [610]*610take both sides. But until such situation arises, the apprehension of bondholders, unfortified b}^ a fact, cannot admit them to the suit.
[4] There remains for consideration the question as to the criticisms made by the proposed interveners of- the bill of complaint.
The lattter is conceded ample to obtain the relief to which the complainant is entitled by virtue of the trust deed upon the default in the payment of the .bonds. It is suggested that, in case of a deficiency judgment, certain remedies might be invoked to recover for unpaid stock subscriptions, illegal dividends, and the like. A question is raised whether the good will of the defendant company should be included as property subject to the trust mortgage. With respect to the first of these, it need only be said that a trustee cannot be charged with a neglect of his duties merely because he has not framed his pleading so. as to meet contingent situations which must be dealt with ordinarily through some supplemental remedies. There would be few cases of the character now before us, in which a bondholde'r would not be successful in intervening would he but take the trouble to suggest possibilities that might arise. No one can fairly say that the reclamation of dividends, the subjection of stockholders to liability on their subscriptions because of overvaluation of property, or that the ordinary features of creditors’ bills are within the reasonable scope of a suit to foreclose a mortgage. With respect to the good will of the defendant, the allegations and prayer of the bill are broad enough for a decree directing foreclosure and sale of all the property covered by the trust deed; and, unless the terms or description of the deed are obscure or uncertain, the complainant is under no obligation to resort to any rule requiring greater particularity. So, too, the suggestions respecting the relief prayed for. It is said that the prayer is for strict foreclosure and also for a sale. By strict foreclosure, counsel doubtless had in mind the practice in state jurisdictions of foreclosing land contracts, the decree in such cases giving a short time for redemption, failing which absolute foreclosure is adjudged. In such cases a sale cannot be had. But the prayer in the present bill is ample to entitle the trustee to the ordinary relief obtainable in a suit to foreclose the trust deed in question.
It is a sufficient answer to the criticisms that they involve no showing of neglect; even if some of them were tenable, the bill comprehends what ordinary diligence and prudence dictates necessary and proper to be set out; and a failure specifically to embody incidental elements or suggestions of doubtful necessity or propriety does not justify a want of confidence in the complainant trustee.
[5] It is unnecessary to give extended consideration to the questions propounded by one of the interveners to the complainant. Some of them relate to matters, knowledge of which was within the equal reach of petitioners and the complainant; some of them assumed facts presumably not known to the trustee, and demanded whether if unknown it would ascertain knowledge; afid what if any course it would pursue if or when it knew or ascertained the facts. Many of them, if required to be answered, might well call for serious and possible protracted consideration by eminent counsel. These questions, [611]*61118 in number, are mailed to complainant June 24th, doubtless coming to its bauds on the following day. On June 27th is filed the petition for intervention, embodying a charge of neglect on the part of the trustee because it failed to answer these questions. It may fairly be asked whether more, or less, time was consumed by petitioners in preparation than was accorded to the complainant for their answer. Surely, with such haste, the proposed interveners cannot expect the court to construe the failure to answer, as an hostile act toward the beneficiaries; and it is not at all clear that a complainant trustee need at any time submit to such method of interrogation as was here attempted. The proposed interveners could not reasonably expect the complainant to answer affirmatively the question whether it “is consciously co-operating with the reorganization committee”; and the haste in filing the petition may have been prompted by the fear of receiving answers which would give no support to their intervention. 1 fence, support was sought in the charge that no answer was made. But most of the questions pertain to matters which are not to be asserted by bondholders through intervention — at least not in advance of the accomplishment by complainant of the primary purpose to foreclose the mortgage. Land Title & Trust Company v. Asphalt Company, 127 Fed. 1, 62 C. C. A. 23.
I am satisfied that the bondholders'- petitions for leave to intervene are insufficient.
[6] In considering the petition of Eiseman as a stockholder, for leave to intervene, there is much force in the contention of the complainant that the petition should be accompanied by a proposed answer or other pleading disclosing the defense proposed to he asserted. A bondholder is in a sense a party. He does not appear of record because the rule of convenience which has been referred to excludes him; but he has an interest in the suit, the assertion and protection of which is committed to the trustee. A stockholder, however, is in no sense a part}7, and the effect of his intervention is to introduce a new party, or possibly to displace the corporation in which he holds stock; and there is good reason to require at the outset the tender of a pleading which as to form and substance will meet the requirements exacted of one regularly a party to the suit. But I have concluded to consider the petition to determine whether its substantive allegations are sufficient, either for intervention, or as a defense.
The criticisms which have been made respecting the insufficiency of the petitions for intervention by bondholders are equally applicable here. The mere assertion that a trustee is partial, or the characterization of a situation as fraudulent, collusive, and the like, is insufficient, in the absence of allegations of fact themselves giving rise to an inference of such partiality, fraud, or collusion.
It is elementary that Eiseman as a stockholder can have no personal or direct interest in the foreclosure suit. As a stockholder he has an interest in having the corporate rights asserted or protected; but, before he can he heard at all, he must be prepared to make a showing identical with that which would enable him, as a stockholder, to commence an independent suit to assert or protect a corporate right. [612]*612The mere fact that he is seeking to intervene in an existing suit to which the corporation has been made a party does not relieve him from the obligation to make the same showing. Assuming, therefore, that to establish his right to intervene he must meet the requirements of an ordinary bill by stockholders founded on rights which may properly be asserted by the. corporation, the first requisite is that he disclose his efforts to secure such action as he desires on the part of the managing directors or trustees of the corporation, and the causes of his failure to obtain such action.
[7] In other words, the proposed intervener, claiming that the rights of the Allis-Chalmers Company are being sacrificed through unnecessary default, would, in a stockholders’ bill, be required to show his efforts, if any, toward securing the necessary action on the part of the directors and trustee, either to prevent the default complained of, or to relieve from the necessary consequences ensuing therefrom. The intervener doubtless conceived that he brought his case within the well-known exception to the rule by the following allegation in his petition:
“That the said foreclosure proceedings are fraudulent and collusive and were instituted at the request of and in hehalf of certain people who desire to reorganize the company for their own profit and to deprive bondholders and stockholders of their just dues; that the officers of the Allis-Chalmers Company, and particularly the president of the said company, are parties to this fraudulent and collusive scheme, and have fraudulently agreed that the said foreclosure proceedings should not he opposed by them, and have not attempted, although the funds are in their hands, to cure the default by paying the coupons on said first mortgage bonds, which were due and payable on the 1st day of January last past.”
It being likewise elementary that the rule requiring a disclosure of a demand and the efforts made to secure action on the part of the corporation does not apply to situations where compliance therewith is unnecessary because useless, does the petition disclose this exceptional situation? Manifestly not. While the exception exists as stated, it is equally clear that the facts showing the case to come within the exception must be averred with the same clearness and explicitness as is required under the rule itself. The mere wholesale charge of fraud and collusion, the institution of a foreclosure suit at the request of “certain people who desire to reorganize the company for their own profit,” “that the officers of the Allis-Chalmers Company, and particularly the president of the company, are parties to this fraudulent and collusive scheme, and have fraudulently agreed that the said foreclosure proceedings should not be opposed by them, and have not attempted,, although funds are in their hands, to cure the default,” do not satisfy the degree of particularity and definiteness required. Cook on Corporations, vol. 3, § 741. As indicated, the foreclosure proceeding, so far as concerns the complainant, was warranted by an actual default in the payment of a valid debt; and, before a stockholder can complain of the default suffered by the corporation defendant, he ought at least to say with particularity that the officers have failed or refused in a manner wholly inconsistent, not only with their corporate obligations, but clearly and explicitly inconsistent with corporate ability. The difficulty with the interven[613]*613er’s petition is that the facts alleged by him are fully consistent with the enforcement of complainant’s rights under the trust deed, and he seeks to gain a standing solely through the characterizing of those facts as fraudulent and collusive; and the act of no officer of the corporation is pointed out, nor is there any particular designation of the acts of the board of directors disclosing fraudulent pr collusive misconduct involving a sacrifice of corporate rights.
| 8 ] What is last said brings us directly to the insufficiencies of the petition in averring the equivalent of a cause of action brought by a stockholder “founded upon rights which may be properly asserted by the corporation.” It will not avail a stockholder, seeking to avoid a default suffered by a corporation, to allege merely that the corporation had cash and cash assets sufficient to pay the claim. The managing officers may, consistently with their duty, resolve not to pay it, and it is incumbent upon the stockholders to show that the refusal to so apply its assets cannot be reconciled with prudent and fair management; and this must be shown by facts of themselves disclosing the fraud or breach of duty, and not by allegations which embody nothing but the ultimate conclusion necessary to be established. Nothing appears in the petition, as it seems to me should appear, showing that if this default were cured the situation would then accord with the dictates of prudent corporate management; and that the funds alleged to he on hand are applicable, and of right should be applied, to the payment of the interest which has accrued and to nothing else. Naturally the managing officers of a corporation, though they may have funds sufficient to pay a debt, are vested with a discretion, and charged with a duty in determining whether the funds should be so applied — which discretion must be binding until abused.
The complainant’s right to institute this suit under the authority granted by the trust deed, to be exercised upon default of the defendant in the payment of the debt secured, is not assailed. The actual existence of the default is not denied. Neither the defendant company, nor the herein defendant receivers in whose custody its property' now rests, and who 'as officers of this court are charged with its protection, challenge the suit. If, in such situation, a stockholder is ever allowed to intervene and to frustrate the complainant trustee in further prosecution of the suit, he must disclose a situation so clear as to leave no fair doubt respecting the course to be pursued. In the present case it would mean a showing not only of assets sufficient to pay the debt, but also, that, because of fraud and collusion and their c.onseqtteni injustice, the court cannot hesitate to direct the application of such assets toward the payment of the debt. Not only this, it must appear that, through such payment, the restored status will be such as to afford no just ground for complaint to the trustee, the bondholders, the defendant, or any other parties interested. In my judgment the Eiseman petition, giving it the most liberal construction, contains no allegations of fact which, if admitted to be true, lead to such conclusions. Land Title & Trust Co. v. Asphalt Co., supra.
An order may be entered sustaining the demurrer to the Eiseman and Timlin & Gold petitions.