ZIMMERMAN, Chief Justice:
Consolidation Coal Company and Pittsburgh & Midway Coal Mining Company (collectively “Consol”) appeal, and the Utah Division of State Lands and Forestry, the Utah Board of State Lands and Forestry, the Utah Department of Natural Resources, and various individual defendants employed by the State of Utah (collectively the “State”) cross-appeal, a decision of the Seventh Judicial District Court of Emery County. This case involves the proper interpretation of the royalty provision in a coal lease entered into between the State and Consol and the amount of royalties and interest due under that provision. As discussed below, this case has previously been before this court and was remanded in Plateau Mining Co. v. Utah Division of State Lands & Forestry, 802 P.2d 720 (Utah 1990). On remand, the trial court held a two-day bench trial, after which it rejected Consol’s arguments regarding the proper interpretation of the royalty provision and found that Consol had underpaid its royalties to the State by a substantial amount. The trial court further determined that Consol owed prejudgment interest on the unpaid royalties at an interest rate of 6%.
This time on appeal, Consol argues that the trial court erred (i) in rejecting the interpretation of the royalty provision purportedly established by the parties’ course of conduct; (ii) in concluding that the interpretation of the royalty provision allegedly agreed to by the parties was a modification of the royalty provision; (iii) in failing to make necessary findings of fact; (iv) in finding that the State was not estopped from asserting a royalty higher than that which had been paid by Consol; and (v) in determining that prejudgment interest on the unpaid royalties was appropriate. Conversely, the State contends that the trial court erred in assessing a 6% interest rate on the unpaid royalties rather than the higher rates and penalties provided for under the Utah Board of State Lands and Forestry’s rales and regulations. We reject all of Consol’s claims of error but agree with the State that the trial court erred in assessing a 6% rate of interest. We remand for further proceedings on the interest rate matter.
[517]*517Consol operates a coal mine in central Utah that includes State Coal Lease ML-25005 (the “Lease”). The land that is subject to the Lease was granted to the State for the support of the common schools by the United States Congress under the Utah Enabling Act. Utah Enabling Act ch. 138, §§ 6, 10, 28 Stat. 107 (1894). At all times relevant to this case, the school trust lands were managed by the Utah Division of State Lands and Forestry (the “Division”) under policies, rules, and regulations established by the Utah Board of State Lands and Forestry (the “Board”). Utah Code Ann. §§ 65A-1-2, -1-4, -4-3, -7-1 (1993) (amended 1994).1
The State originally issued the Lease to Kemmerer Coal Company (“Kemmerer”) in January 1968 for a twenty-year term. The State used a standard lease form in its transaction with Kemmerer. That form authorizes the lessee or its assignees to extract coal in exchange for specified royalties. These royalties are fixed at the higher of 15<f per ton or the “rate prevailing, at the beginning of the quarter for which payment is being made, for federal lessees of land of similar character under coal leases issued by the United States at that time.”2 The Lease also indicates that it “is granted subject in all respects to and under the conditions of the laws of the State of Utah and existing rules and regulations and such operating rules and regulations as may be hereafter approved and adopted by the State Land Board.”
Kemmerer never mined the Lease and eventually assigned it to Consolidation Coal Company (“Consolidation”) and its co-plaintiff in this ease, Pittsburgh & Midway Coal Mining Company (“Pittsburgh & Midway”). On June 22, 1977, Consol submitted to the Utah State Division of Oil, Gas and Mining a proposed mine plan. The proposed mine, known as the Deep Emery Mine, consisted of private lands as well as state and federal leases, including federal lease number U5287.3 The royalty rate payable on this federal lease was 17.5$ per coal ton. Consol began mining during the second quarter of 1981 and continued to mine through 1986. During this time, it paid the State royalties of 17.5$ per coal ton, on the basis of its view that the rate on its federal lease in the same mine constituted the “rate prevailing ... for federal lessees of land of similar character.”
When the State issued the Lease in 1968, the federal government’s royalty rate on its mining leases was generally 15$ per ton.4 In 1976, Congress enacted the Federal Coal Leasing Amendments Act (“FCLAA”). Pub.L. No. 94-377, 90 Stat. 1083 (1976). The FCLAA authorized the secretary of the interior to prescribe increased federal royalty rates on newly issued leases. 30 U.S.C. § 207 (1979). The new rates were fixed at 8% of the value of the coal produced from any underground mines. 43 C.F.R. § 3473.3-2(a)(3) (1979).
[518]*518In December 1984, the State began an audit of state coal leases, including Consol’s. The auditors discovered that in 1977, the royalty rates on newly issued federal coal leases had been increased to 8% but Consol and others had not reported or paid the higher rates on their state leases.
In October of 1985, the Division notified Consol that it owed the State the difference between 17.5c per ton and 8% of the value of all coal mined from the Lease up to that time and that all future royalties would be 8% of value. After receiving notice of the higher rate, Consol continued to mine the Emery Mine and pay only 17.5$ per ton.
Consol filed this action, seeking a declaratory judgment that the royalty rate due under the Lease was 17.5$ per ton of coal. It based its claim on the terms of the Lease and on its assertion that the State had agreed to the 17.5$ royalty rate. The State counterclaimed, asserting that the rate was 8% of the value of the coal, which the State contended represented the prevailing federal rate. The State also denied entering into any agreement to fix the royalty rate at 17.5$ per ton. Finally, the State claimed late-payment penalties and interest on the amount alleged to be owing.
The trial court initially granted summary judgment in favor of Consol on the ground that the rate provision was facially ambiguous. It ruled similarly in three other declaratory judgment actions brought by other mining companies against the State, all involving the 8% royalty. The State appealed the dismissals to this court, which consolidated the cases. We reversed the grants of summary judgment and remanded the cases with instructions to take further evidence on several issues, as discussed below. Plateau Mining Co., 802 P.2d at 732.5
On the royalty question, we primarily addressed whether the trial court had erred in ruling that the alternative rate provision was ambiguous and therefore unenforceable. Id. at 725-28. We agreed with the trial court that the provision was somewhat ambiguous but disagreed that this made it unenforeea-ble. Id. at 726. We concluded that any ambiguity in this case arose from the phrase “rate prevailing ... for federal lessees of land of similar character.” Id. In other words, the Lease provision was ambiguous only in the sense that the exact alternative rate was not clear on the face of the document, but this ambiguity did not make the Lease unenforceable. Id. Instead, we indicated that the fact finder should have resolved any ambiguity by reference to extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent. Id. We remanded the case to the trial court to determine how “the federal rate was to be calculated, what the rate was, and when it became ‘prevailing,’ if it did.” Id.
Because the matter had been decided on summary judgment, the trial court had not determined whether Consol had reached an “agreement” with the State regarding the proper interpretation of the royalty provision. Id. at 727. This agreement allegedly set the royalty rate on Consol’s Lease at 17.5$ per ton, which corresponded with the rate Consol was paying on its federal lease in the same mine. Id. We remanded the case to the trial court to decide this issue on the merits. Id.
In short, two broad questions relating to the proper interpretation of the alternative rate provision were to be decided on remand. First, what was the prevailing rate, and when did it become prevailing? Second, did Con-sol and the State “agree” upon an interpretation of the royalty provision, or is the State estopped from denying such an agreement, under which 17.5$ would be the prevailing rate for federal lessees of land of similar character? As to the issue of interest on the unpaid royalties, the trial court was to determine whether prejudgment interest was appropriate and the rate at which it was to be computed. Id. at 732.
On remand, the trial court conducted a two-day bench trial. It found that (i) during the relevant period, “the same federal royalty rate was being charged by the federal government during the audit period for coal [519]*519leases in Utah on all land whether it was within the same mine, the same canyon, or the same area”; (ii) the “rate prevailing for federal lessees of land of similar character” was 8% of value; (iii) the Division had no authority to modify the Lease, and in any case, the parties had not agreed to set the rate at 17.5$ per ton; (iv) Consol had failed to prove that the State’s actions estopped it from asserting a royalty rate higher than 17.5$ per ton; and (v) the State was entitled to interest at a rate of 6% on the unpaid royalties.6 Consol again appeals the judgment as a whole, and the State cross-appeals as to the interest rate issue.
We first state the proper standard of review. We previously remanded the case to the trial court to hear evidence on the prevailing-rate and “agreement” questions. Despite Consol’s arguments to the contrary, the primary issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in resolving these factual questions. We review the trial court’s findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard. “Findings of fact, whether based on oral or documentary evidence, shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” Utah R.Civ.P. 52(a). The party challenging the trial court’s factual findings has the heavy burden of establishing that those findings are not supported by substantial and competent evidence. Cambelt Int’l Corp. v. Dalton, 745 P.2d 1239, 1242 (Utah 1987). To meet this burden, “an appellant must first marshal all the evidence supporting the finding and then demonstrate that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the findings even in viewing it in the light most favorable to the court below.” Reid v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 776 P.2d 896, 899 (Utah 1989); see also Cornish Town v. Roller, 758 P.2d 919, 922 (Utah 1988); Cambelt Int’l, 745 P.2d at 1242.
We next address Consol’s claims relating to the royalty rate fixed by the alternative rate provision of the Lease. Consol contends that the trial court erred in rejecting the interpretation of this provision allegedly agreed to by the parties and in determining that Division personnel did not have the authority to agree to a modification of the Lease. Consol argues that the trial court misunderstood its position. It denies arguing that the parties entered into an agreement to modify the Lease and admits that there was no such agreement. Rather, it claims that the parties reached an agreement as to the proper interpretation of the alternative rate provision. It claims that the “Division had the implied authority to make a reasonable interpretation of’ Board statements regarding the meaning of the provision. According to Consol, the Division agreed that the alternative rate provision required Consol to pay the same rate it was paying on a federal lease in the same mine— 17.5$ per ton. Consol asserts on appeal that the trial court failed to address this interpretive-agreement argument and neglected to make findings of fact regarding it.
Consol correctly asserts that the trial court did not enter a finding specifically negating the existence of an interpretive agreement. Nevertheless, we disagree that the trial court failed to consider and improperly rejected Consol’s interpretive-agreement argument. Our decision is based upon three factors: (i) the fair import of the trial court’s opinion is that it understood but rejected Consol’s interpretive-agreement argument; (ii) the trial court did specifically negate Consol’s evidence in support of the argument; and (iii) Consol’s interpretation appears facially incompatible with the language of the alternative rate provision.
First, the fair import of the trial court’s opinion, when read in context and as a whole, is that it understood Consol’s interpretive-agreement argument but declined to accept it. At trial, Consol argued in support of the alleged agreement, while the State argued against the existence of an agreement and argued instead that the prevailing rate was 8%. The court had to choose between these mutually exclusive versions of the facts. The court was not required to negate each specific element of Consol’s version of the facts. [520]*520See Sorenson v. Beers, 614 P.2d 169, 160 (Utah 1980). It simply found that the facts supported the State’s position and that the parties did not agree to set the rate at 17.5<t per ton, regardless of whether the alleged agreement is characterized as an agreement to modify or an agreement to interpret the contract.
Second, the trial court made specific findings of fact regarding the evidence that Con-sol presented in support of the alleged interpretive agreement. These findings are consistent with the State’s position, namely, that the trial court understood Consol’s argument but did not accept it. Consol relies heavily on minutes from Board meetings held in 1973 and 1975 as well as on discussions with Division officials which occurred prior to the opening of the mine. The trial court expressly declined to adopt Consol’s interpretation of Board minutes. It found that a “clear reading of those minutes ... shows that there was no discussion or conclusion reached by the Board as to the specific meaning of’ any of the royalty terms in the Lease.7 We find no evidence suggesting that the court clearly erred in making this determination.
The trial court also addressed Consol’s evidence relating to the discussions between Division officials and Consol. Consol is correct in stating that the trial court did not negate the fact that those discussions occurred. Consol incorrectly asserts, however, that the trial court failed to make findings of fact regarding them and therefore must have failed to consider them. In fact, the trial court did address the discussions. It found that during the discussions, Consol had failed to disclose relevant information to Division employees with whom it dealt. Specifically, the trial court expressly found that Consol had neglected to inform Division employees of the FCLAA and its change in federal rates. In addition, the trial court did not find that Consol had disclosed the fact that it had several' federal leases in Utah and had unsuccessfully appealed the government’s readjustment of those leases to an 8% royalty or the fact that Consol had been issued a new federal lease in 1983 that carried an 8% royalty. Under the Lease, Consol had the responsibility of calculating the royalty and submitting the required royalty information. In Plateau Mining Co., we noted: “The plaintiffs were responsible for calculating the alternative federal prevailing royalty payments .... The State had a right to rely on the good faith of its lessees in calculating the royalty and submitting the required information.” 802 P.2d at 727. The FCLAA and its change in federal rates should have raised a serious question as to the proper royalty rate, and thus, Consol should have disclosed the FCLAA to the State’s agents.
In sum, the trial court did not fail to consider the discussions, nor did it consider them relevant only to an agreement to modify the contract. Rather, we conclude from the trial court’s findings and conclusions that it declined to find any binding agreement, because doing so would permit Consol to take advantage of its failure to disclose to the State facts that would have raised serious questions as to Consol’s position. See 3 Corbin on Contracts § 558 (1960). We find no error here.
Finally, Consol’s interpretation, which it claims the State agreed to, is particularly difficult to accept, given its significant divergence from the language of the provision. The provision required payment of the “rate prevailing, at the beginning of the quarter for which payment is being made, for federal [521]*521lessees of land of similar character.” Con-sol’s interpretation, which the Division allegedly agreed to, subtly alters this critical phrase in two ways. First, Consol’s interpretation requires it to look only at the rate it paid for its lease in the same mine. Instead of focusing on the rates paid by all federal lessees, Consol primarily highlights the one and only lease it held in that mine, which had a rate of 17.5$ per ton.
Consol’s interpretation also “reads out” the portion of the alternative rate provision that requires Consol to determine and submit the prevailing rate on a quarterly basis. Consol relies on an agreement allegedly arising from discussions between the State and Consol during 1978 and 1981 and Board meetings held before 1976. This purported agreement binds the State to the 17.5$ royalty rate until readjustment.8 Under Consol’s interpretation, as long as it held a federal lease at 17.5$ per ton, its state leases would bear the same rate, regardless of subsequent changes in the federal rate structure, the rates paid by other lessees, or the number of other federal lessees holding-leases with that rate. The Lease, however, provided for a fluctuating rate to be redetermined quarterly. The obvious purpose of this provision is to prevent the royalty lock-in that Consol now asserts.
In conclusion, the trial court was vested with the responsibility of resolving factual conflicts. The amount of the prevailing federal rate and the existence vel non of an agreement to interpret the Lease are factual questions solidly within the discretion of the trial court. The trial court accepted the State’s version of the case and rejected Con-sol’s. We cannot conclude that the evidence on these issues “so clearly preponderates in favor of the appellant that reasonable people would not differ on the outcome.” E.A. Strout W. Realty Agency, Inc. v. W.C. Foy & Sons, Inc., 665 P.2d 1320, 1322 (Utah 1983). We affirm the trial court’s determination as to the prevailing federal royalty rate.
Consol next contends that the trial court failed to make necessary findings of fact. Nevertheless, other than attacking the trial court’s decision not to adopt its interpretation of the Lease, Consol does not specify the missing findings. We reiterate that “[a] trial court need not resolve every conflicting evidentiary issue, ‘[njor is the court required to negate allegations in its findings of fact.’ ” Sampson v. Richins, 770 P.2d 998, 1003 (Utah Ct.App.1989) (quoting Sorenson, 614 P.2d at 160). Rather, “[t]he [trial court’s factual] findings must be articulated with sufficient detail so that the basis of the ultimate conclusion can be understood.” Reid v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 776 P.2d 896, 899 (Utah 1989). We have examined the trial court’s memorandum decision and findings of fact and find them to be well-reasoned and fully supported by the record. It was not necessary for the trial court to negate Con-sol’s version of the case point by point. The trial court needed to make only those findings necessary to its decision, which it has done.
Consol alleges that the trial court erred in finding that the State was not es-topped from asserting an 8% royalty rate. This is not the first time we have addressed the estoppel issue in this case. In Plateau Mining Co., the plaintiffs argued that the State’s acceptance of lower royalty rates had estopped it from later collecting a higher royalty rate. 802 P.2d at 730. We rejected this basis for estoppel but remanded the case to give the plaintiffs an opportunity to present other evidence that might support a finding of estoppel. Id. As noted before, on remand the trial court held a two-day bench trial and ultimately found that Consol had not met its burden of proving that the State was estopped.
Consol makes four arguments on appeal in support of its estoppel claim. It contends that (i) the State made representations inconsistent with its later position; (ii) Consol acted with reasonable prudence' and due diligence; (iii) it would suffer injustice if the [522]*522State is not estopped; and (iv) estoppel in this case would have no substantial adverse effect on public policy.
Consol attempts to portray each of these estoppel arguments as raising both legal and factual issues. Upon examination, however, it appears that Consol is primarily arguing that the trial court erred in finding that Consol did not meet its burden of proving estoppel against the State. Consol’s only potential legal question relating to estoppel is the public policy argument. Nevertheless, we do not reach this argument because we dispose of the estoppel issue on other grounds.
We review a trial court’s findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard. Utah R.Civ.P. 52(a). Consol, as the party challenging those findings, has the heavy burden of marshaling all the evidence in support of the trial court’s findings and then showing that those findings are not based on competent, admissible evidence. Cambelt Int’l Corp. v. Dalton, 745 P.2d 1239, 1242 (Utah 1987). Consol has not met its burden of marshaling the facts or of showing that the trial court clearly erred in deciding that the State was not estopped.
We briefly review the applicable law. The equitable doctrine of estoppel has three factual predicates: “ ‘(1) an admission, statement, or act inconsistent with the claim after-wards asserted, (2) action by the other party on the faith of such admission, statement, or act, and (3) injury to such other party resulting from allowing the first party to contradict or repudiate such admission, statement, or act.’ ” Plateau Mining Co., 802 P.2d at 728 (quoting Celebrity Club, Inc. v. Utah Liquor Control Comm’n, 602 P.2d 689, 694 (Utah 1979)).
These requirements are expanded when a party is attempting to estop the State or its agents. “The State may not be es-topped unless injustice would result [if the State is not estopped] and there would be no substantial adverse effect on public policy.” Id.; see also Utah State Univ. v. Sutro & Co., 646 P.2d 715, 718 (Utah 1982). See generally United States v. Kirkpatrick, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 720, 735-37, 6 L.Ed. 199 (1824) (discussing reasons for denying equitable defenses in actions by the government). Moreover, as a prerequisite to a finding of injustice, the party asserting estoppel must show that it acted with “reasonable prudence and diligence” in relying on the State’s representations. Morgan v. Board of State Lands, 549 P.2d 695, 697 (Utah 1976).9
Because we find the issue dispositive, we first address Consol’s assertion that it acted with reasonable prudence and due diligence. It argues that it acted reasonably in determining the appropriate rate and in relying on the State’s alleged representations. It contends that the alternative rate provision was ambiguous and therefore it sought clarification regarding the proper rate from Division personnel. As discussed above, Division personnel told Consol that under the alternative rate provision, it should pay the same rate it was paying the federal government under its federal lease at the same mine.10 Consol had a federal lease at the same mine which at all relevant times carried a 17.5c royalty. It argues that the State represented to it that this 17.5c royalty rate for the federal lease in the same mine represented the “prevailing” rate being paid by “federal lessees of land of similar character under coal leases issued by the United States at that time,” as required by the Lease.
Consol further argues that although it was aware of the FCLAA and the general 8% royalty, a reasonable mine operator, looking at all the federal leases in Utah, would not necessarily have concluded that 8% was the prevailing rate. Therefore, the argument continues, Consol acted reasonably in relying on the Division’s alleged representations.
[523]*523We recognize that there is some evidence supporting Consol’s claim that it acted reasonably and prudently. Nevertheless, the trial court found otherwise, and after examining the record, we do not find that judgment to be clearly in error.11
In particular, the trial court found that Consol’s “only action to determine the correct royalty rate was to talk to employees of the Division as to their understanding of the meaning of the royalty provision - without making any other inquiries.” Consol never sought a written decision from the Board regarding the proper royalty rate.
More important, the trial court found that Consol had failed to inform Division employees and the Board regarding the FCLAA and the 8% royalty. As noted earlier, if there was any doubt as to the appropriate royalty rate, Consol should have disclosed the existence of the FCLAA to the Board and the Division and then sought written clarification. Consol, after withholding information, is not entitled to claim protection under the estoppel doctrine. See Morgan, 549 P.2d at 697 n. 4 (“The doctrine of equitable estoppel does not operate in favor of one who has knowledge of the essential facts or who has convenient and available means of obtaining such knowledge.”).
Consol’s claims of reasonable prudence and due diligence are particularly tenuous given that Consol continued to mine coal and to pay only 17.5$ per ton even after receiving notice from the State of the results of the audit and the 8% royalty rate. In fact, Con-' sol mined an additional 251,245 tons of coal from the Lease, which equalled over half of the total amount mined from the Lease. They cannot successfully claim continued reasonable reliance on representations which, even if once made, the State subsequently disavowed.
In sum, “[ejstoppel is a doctrine of equity purposed to rescue from loss a party who has, without fault, been deluded into a course of action by the wrong or neglect of another.” Id. at 697. Consol is not without fault. Any delusion in this case resulted, at least in part, from its inadequate steps to determine the correct royalty rate and its concurrent failure to disclose all relevant information to the State’s agents. Consol had a legal duty to prepare and forward a certified statement indicating the amount of coal produced and the proper royalty rate.12 We find competent and admissible evidence in the record to support the trial court’s determination that Consol did not act with reasonable prudence and due diligence in fulfilling this duty. Because Consol has failed to meet its burden of proving that it acted with reasonable prudence, which is a necessary prerequisite to estoppel, we need not address the remainder of its estoppel arguments.
Consol next contends that the trial court erred in awarding prejudgment interest. According to Consol, the uncertainty inherent in determining the prevailing federal royalty rate precludes the imposition of prejudgment interest in this case. It relies primarily on Bjork v. April Industries, Inc., 560 P.2d 315 (Utah), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 930, 97 S.Ct. 2634, 53 L.Ed.2d 245 (1977), in which this court restated the general rule as to prejudgment interest:
As to the allowance of interest before judgment, this Court has heretofore spoken, and the law in Utah is clear, viz: where the damage is complete and the amount of [524]*524the loss is fixed as of a particular time, and that loss can be measured by facts and figures, interest should be allowed from that time and not from the date of the judgment. On the other hand, where damages are incomplete or cannot be calculated with mathematical accuracy, such as in case of personal injury, wrongful death, defamation of character, false imprisonment, etc., the amount of damages must be ascertained and assessed by the trier of the fact at the trial, and in such cases prejudgment interest is not allowed.
Id. at 317 (footnote omitted); see also Jorgensen v. John Clay & Co., 660 P.2d 229, 233 (Utah 1983). Consol asserts that this case is analogous to defamation, false imprisonment, and similar cases in which a trier of fact, to some extent, must subjectively estimate when the damages are complete and the amount of those damages. We disagree.
The Lease required Consol to pay the prevailing rate paid by federal lessees of land of similar character. The trial court found that 8% was the prevailing federal rate at all relevant times. Consol has not alleged that it is or was unable to determine the value of the coal mined. Consequently, the amount of unpaid royalties can easily and accurately be determined by multiplying the value of the coal mined during each royalty period by 8% and then deducting the royalty amounts which were timely paid for that period. The damages were complete and ascertainable as of the date each royalty payment became due and owing. Therefore, Consol owes interest on the unpaid portion of the royalty payments from the date each payment became due.
Having determined that an award of prejudgment interest is proper, the next issue becomes the appropriate rate of interest. The trial court awarded prejudgment interest at the 6% rate that was provided for in section 15-1-1 at the time the Lease was signed, which would amount to $460,725.38 in interest.13 The State argues in its cross-appeal that the trial court should have awarded interest and assessed late-payment penalties at the rates provided for in the Board’s rules and regulations.14 If the trial [525]*525court had applied the Board’s rules and regulations regarding interest and penalties, Con-sol would have owed $1,473,856.09 in interest and penalties.15
As noted above, the State argues that because the Lease involved school trust lands, the Board was authorized by statute and compelled by the state and federal constitutions to promulgate its own interest rates and late-payment penalties.16 The State further argues that if Consol had paid the proper royalties when due, the funds would have been deposited in one of the school trust accounts and would have earned the same interest rates as did the other trust funds. These trust funds earned significantly more than the statutory rate for the period in question. The statutory rate of 6%, therefore, fails to return “full value” on the funds derived from the Lease. In response, Consol contends that Utah law did not authorize or require the Board to set rates or penalties and the Lease did not empower the Board to set late-payment interest rates and penalties. We agree with the State.
To provide the necessary background, we review briefly the law governing school trust lands. When Utah attained statehood, Congress granted lands to the State for the support of the common schools. Utah Enabling Act ch. 138, §§ 6, 10, 28 Stat. 107 (1894). The State accepted the conditions and obligations of this grant of federal lands by its adoption of article X, section 3 of the Utah Constitution. Utah Const, art. X, § 3 (1896) (current version at Utah Const, art. X, § 5 (1986)). The State thus holds legal title, as trustee, to the school trust lands and the funds generated by those lands. Duchesne County v. State Tax Comm’n, 104 Utah 365, 140 P.2d 335, 336 (1943).
The State has an irrevocable duty to manage these trust lands for the sole benefit of the common schools and to receive “full value” from any disposition of its school trust lands. Lassen v. Arizona ex rel. Arizona Highway Dep’t, 385 U.S. 458, 466, 87 S.Ct. 584, 588, 17 L.Ed.2d 515 (1967);17 Plateau Mining Co., 802 P.2d at 729; see also Radish v. Arizona State Land Dep’t, 155 Ariz. 484, 497, 747 P.2d 1183, 1196 (1987) (holding unconstitutional a statute fixing flat royalty rate for mineral leases on school trust lands), aff'd, 490 U.S. 605, 109 S.Ct. 2037, 104 L.Ed.2d 696 (1989); cf. Oklahoma Educ. Assoc. v. Nigh, 642 P.2d 230, 236-37 (Okla.1982) (holding unconstitutional a statute establishing maximum rent chargeable for school trust lands). The State may not alter or abrogate this duty, nor may it make any disposition of the property which conflicts with this duty. Trustees of Vincennes Univ. v. Indiana, 55 U.S. (14 How.) 268, 14 L.Ed. 416 (1852). In accordance with the mandate to obtain full value, the State, through its [526]*526agencies and officers, must manage the trust lands in the most “prudent and profitable manner possible.” Colman v. Utah State Land Bd., 17 Utah 2d 14, 403 P.2d 781, 783 (1965).18 To fulfill its duties and responsibilities, the legislature established the Board of State Lands and gave it the power and authority to set policy for all state lands, including school trust lands. See Utah Code Ann. §§ 65-1-1, -14 (1987) (repealed 1988).19
The Board’s authority vel non to set interest rates and penalties on late royalty payments is a question of law, which we review for correctness. See Bennlon v. ANR Prod. Co., 819 P.2d 343, 346 (Utah 1991); Ward v. Richfield City, 798 P.2d 757, 759 (Utah 1990).
As noted above, Consol argues that the Board lacked the authority to promulgate interest rates and penalties for leases and instead asserts that this case is governed by section 15-1-1. We agree with Consol insofar as it contends that under our decision in SCM Land Co. v. Watkins & Faber, 732 P.2d 105 (Utah 1986), section 15-1-1 would apply if the Board lacked authority to set interest rates and penalties. We conclude, however, that the Board had such authority.
At all times relevant to this case, the Board had broad discretionary authority over the governance of all state lands, including school trust lands.20 In particular, the legislature vested the Board with the power to “make and enforce rules and regulations not inconsistent with the provisions of this act for carrying the same into effect.” Utah Code Ann. § 65-1-97 (1987) (repealed 1988). Further, the Code contained provisions specifically authorizing the Board to make rules and regulations governing mineral leases with the State:
Except as otherwise provided by law, the State Land Board shall by rules and regulations prescribe the form of application, the form of the lease, the annual rental, the amount of the royalty and the basis upon which the royalty shall be computed, and such other details as it may deem necessary in the interest of the State.
Utah Code Ann. § 65-1-23 (1987) (emphasis added) (repealed 1988). Our case law is clear that the legislature intended to give the Board particularly wide discretion in the area of state lands. As we noted in McKnight v. State Land Board, 14 Utah 2d 238, 381 P.2d 726, 731 (Utah 1963):
The Land Board has full power and authority to prescribe necessary and proper rules and regulations to accomplish its purposes and objectives as set out by statute .... The provisions of the [act governing state lands] clearly indicate that the Legislature had in mind the distinction between a positive mandate to the Board and a permissive right to take certain actions in its discretion.
Moreover, as the government entity charged with executing the State’s responsibilities as trustee of school trust lands, the Board had “such implied powers as [were] reasonably necessary” to effectuate its constitutional mandate to obtain full value and to prudently and profitably manage school trust lands. See Bennion, 819 P.2d at 350; Williams v. Public Serv. Comm’n, 754 P.2d 41, 50 (Utah 1988).
The Board utilized its discretionary authority to promulgate rules and regulations [527]*527that provided for late-payment interest and penalties. We find the Board’s rules and regulations reasonably necessary, well within its statutory authority, and consistent with its duty to manage school trust lands. These rules serve at least two significant purposes. First, consistent with the State’s constitutional duty to prudently and profitably manage trust lands, they assist in ensuring the proper and timely payment of royalties on mineral leases.21 Second, and perhaps more important, they guarantee that the State receives full value for the trust lands by setting interest rates that reflect the true value of the royalties which Consol withheld in violation of its Lease. .
In short, we conclude that the specific constitutional requirement that the State obtain full value for its school trust lands, in conjunction with the legislature’s broad grant of authority to the Board and our case law indicating that the Board has such further implied powers as are reasonably necessary to carry out its constitutional duties, mandates the conclusion that the Board is empowered to set interest rates and penalties regarding school trust lands. Assuming that the interest rates and penalties were adopted in accordance with laws governing the promulgation of administrative rules and regulations — and Consol has not argued otherwise — the imposition of interest and penalties was a proper exercise of the Board’s authority over school trust lands.22
Finally, Consol’s argument below, which was adopted by the trial court, that [528]*528the regulations changed the terms of the Lease, fads to recognize that the Lease is expressly subject to the laws of Utah.23 The Lease provides that it was “granted subject ... [to] the conditions of the laws of the State of Utah.” Cf. Rosebud Coal Sales Co. v. Andrus, 667 F.2d 949, 951 (10th Cir.1982) (indicating that federal coal leases must be considered in context of federal Mineral Leasing Act). The laws of Utah include not only the statutes which authorize the Board to govern school trust lands, but also the constitutional requirement that the State manage its lands in the most prudent and profitable manner possible and receive full value for its school trust lands. In other words, the Lease is expressly subject to the trust and the State’s regulatory power to enforce the terms of the trust.24 Cf. id.
Further, even if the Lease did not contain an express provision subjecting it to the terms of the trust, Consol took the Lease with notice of, and subject to, the law governing school trust lands and the trust responsibilities of the State. See ASARCO v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 109 S.Ct. 2037, 104 L.Ed.2d 696 (1989). In short, the State has reserved the power to enforce the terms of the Lease and to make other rules and regulations in furtherance of its constitutional duty to manage school trust lands.
On the basis of the above, we hold that the Board’s rules and regulations prescribing interest rates and penalties on late payments were a proper exercise of its broad statutory authority to manage the trust lands and to guarantee that the school trust fund receives full value for the trust property. We remand this case to the trial court to determine, consistent with this opinion and the Board’s rules and regulations, the proper interest charges and late-payment penalties.
We have considered the rest of Consol’s arguments and find them to be without merit. We affirm in part, reverse as to the proper interest rate and penalties, and remand for further proceedings as indicated above.
HOWE and DURHAM, JJ., concur.