In the United States Court of Federal Claims No. 17-673C, No. 17-674C, and No. 17-676C CONSOLIDATED (Filed: February 21, 2019) ) CONNECTICUT YANKEE ATOMIC ) POWER CO., et al., ) ) Partial Summary Judgment; Rule 56; Plaintiffs, ) Rule 54(b); Partial Judgment ) v. ) ) THE UNITED STATES, ) ) Defendant. ) ) ORDER ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND ENTRY OF PARTIAL FINAL JUDGMENT
Pursuant to Rule 56 of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”),
plaintiffs Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company (“Connecticut Yankee”), Maine
Yankee Atomic Power Company (“Maine Yankee”), and Yankee Atomic Electric
Company (“Yankee Atomic”)(collectively, “Yankees” or “Plaintiffs”) on July 24, 2018
moved for partial summary judgment seeking judgment for $103,272,459 in undisputed
damages the Yankees have incurred as a result of the government’s continuing breach of
the Standard Contract for Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel and/or High-Level Radioactive
Waste (“Standard Contract”). (ECF No. 28). The Yankees have also asked this court to
enter a partial judgment under Rule 54(b), in the amount of these undisputed damages.
The government has stipulated that it owes the Yankees $103,272,459 in damages as a
result of its continuing breach of the Standard Contract. However, the government argues that an entry of partial final judgment under Rule 54(b) is not appropriate because the
government contests its liability for approximately $1 million in additional damages on
the grounds that these damages were not incurred because of the ongoing breach of
contract or if they were incurred because of the ongoing breach those damages should
have been mitigated by the plaintiffs. According to the government, because the claim for
the disputed damages is not separate from the claim for the stipulated damages, the
plaintiffs’ motion for partial final judgment under Rule 54(b) should not be granted.
I. BACKGROUND
This case is now the fourth in what will be likely a series of many more cases over
the government’s continuing breach of the Standard Contract at the three different sites
owned by the Yankees. The government was initially found liable for breach of the
Standard Contract by this court in 1998 when it failed to pick up and dispose of the
Yankees’ spent nuclear fuel (“SNF”). The liability determination was affirmed by the
Federal Circuit in 2000. Yankee Atomic Elec. Co. v. United States, 42 Fed. Cl. 223
(1998); Maine Yankee Atomic Power Co. v. United States, 225 F.3d 1336, 1341-42 (Fed.
Cir. 2000). As a consequence of that liability determination and the government’s
continuing breach, every few years the Yankees have filed a lawsuit focused on the
amount of damages the Yankees have incurred in maintaining facilities to store the
nuclear waste the government has failed to take and permanently store. This current
lawsuit was filed on May 22, 2017. In this action, the Yankees seek damages relating to
storing the spent nuclear fuel and for business costs allegedly covered by the court’s
2 liability determination for the period between January 1, 2013 through December 31,
2016.
On July 24, 2018 the Yankees moved for partial summary judgment and entry of
partial judgment with regard to the $103,272,459 in damages that the government agrees
it owes the Yankees for the government’s continuing breach of contract. On August 14,
2018, the government filed its response to the Yankees’ motion for summary judgment
and did not contest that the Yankees incurred the amount claimed. It did, as noted above,
contest the Yankees’ request for a Rule 54(b) judgment in that amount.
After the completion of the briefing on the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary
judgment on August 21, 2018, the court indicated that it would not rule on the Yankees’
motion or request for a judgment under Rule 54(b) until the parties submitted their joint
stipulations of fact as required by the court’s pre-trial schedule. On December 18, 2018,
the parties filed their joint stipulations of fact and law (ECF No. 55). In their joint
stipulations, the parties agreed that the Yankees incurred $103,272,459 in damages as a
result of the government’s continuing breach of the Standard Contract. The joint
stipulations also revealed that the remaining $1 million in damages still at issue are not
factually or legally related to the undisputed amount.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
RCFC 56(a). A genuine dispute is one that could permit a reasonable jury to enter a
3 verdict in the non-moving party’s favor, and a material fact is one that could affect the
outcome of the lawsuit. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
B. Entry of Partial Judgment Under Rule 54(b).
Rule 54(b) provides that “[w]hen an action presents more than one claim for relief
. . . or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final judgment
as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly
determines that there is no just reason for delay.” Recognizing that litigation has become
increasingly complex, “[i]n the interest of sound judicial administration, Congress
enacted Rule 54(b) to ‘relax[] the restrictions upon what should be treated as a judicial
unit for the purposes of appellate jurisdiction.’” W.L. Gore & Assocs. Inc. v. Int’l Med.
Prosthetics Research Assocs. Inc. 975 F.2d 858, 861 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (quoting Sears,
Roebuck & Co. v. Mackey, 351 U.S. 427, 432 (1956)).
In Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. General Elec. Co., the Supreme Court explained that
there was a two-part test to determine whether partial judgment under Rule 54(b) is
warranted. 446 U.S. 1 (1980). First, the court must “determine that it is dealing with a
‘final judgment’” Id. at 7. A final judgment contains two components: first “[i]t must be
a ‘judgment’ in the sense that it is a decision upon a cognizable claim for relief,” and
second “it must be ‘final’ in the sense that it is ‘an ultimate disposition of an individual
claim entered in the courts of a multiple claim action.’” Id. Second, the court must find
that there is no just reason for delay and “take into account the judicial administrative
interests as well as the equities involved.” Id. at 8.
4 The Federal Circuit has explained that the “separateness of the claims for relief”
for the purposes of Rule 54 “is a matter to be taken into account in reviewing the trial
court’s exercise of discretion in determining that there is no just reason to delay the
appeal.” W.L. Gore, 975 F.2d at 862 (citation omitted). The Federal Circuit has further
explained that “[e]ven for claims that arise out of the same transaction or occurrence,
sound case management may warrant entry of partial final judgment.” Intergraph Corp.
v.
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In the United States Court of Federal Claims No. 17-673C, No. 17-674C, and No. 17-676C CONSOLIDATED (Filed: February 21, 2019) ) CONNECTICUT YANKEE ATOMIC ) POWER CO., et al., ) ) Partial Summary Judgment; Rule 56; Plaintiffs, ) Rule 54(b); Partial Judgment ) v. ) ) THE UNITED STATES, ) ) Defendant. ) ) ORDER ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND ENTRY OF PARTIAL FINAL JUDGMENT
Pursuant to Rule 56 of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”),
plaintiffs Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company (“Connecticut Yankee”), Maine
Yankee Atomic Power Company (“Maine Yankee”), and Yankee Atomic Electric
Company (“Yankee Atomic”)(collectively, “Yankees” or “Plaintiffs”) on July 24, 2018
moved for partial summary judgment seeking judgment for $103,272,459 in undisputed
damages the Yankees have incurred as a result of the government’s continuing breach of
the Standard Contract for Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel and/or High-Level Radioactive
Waste (“Standard Contract”). (ECF No. 28). The Yankees have also asked this court to
enter a partial judgment under Rule 54(b), in the amount of these undisputed damages.
The government has stipulated that it owes the Yankees $103,272,459 in damages as a
result of its continuing breach of the Standard Contract. However, the government argues that an entry of partial final judgment under Rule 54(b) is not appropriate because the
government contests its liability for approximately $1 million in additional damages on
the grounds that these damages were not incurred because of the ongoing breach of
contract or if they were incurred because of the ongoing breach those damages should
have been mitigated by the plaintiffs. According to the government, because the claim for
the disputed damages is not separate from the claim for the stipulated damages, the
plaintiffs’ motion for partial final judgment under Rule 54(b) should not be granted.
I. BACKGROUND
This case is now the fourth in what will be likely a series of many more cases over
the government’s continuing breach of the Standard Contract at the three different sites
owned by the Yankees. The government was initially found liable for breach of the
Standard Contract by this court in 1998 when it failed to pick up and dispose of the
Yankees’ spent nuclear fuel (“SNF”). The liability determination was affirmed by the
Federal Circuit in 2000. Yankee Atomic Elec. Co. v. United States, 42 Fed. Cl. 223
(1998); Maine Yankee Atomic Power Co. v. United States, 225 F.3d 1336, 1341-42 (Fed.
Cir. 2000). As a consequence of that liability determination and the government’s
continuing breach, every few years the Yankees have filed a lawsuit focused on the
amount of damages the Yankees have incurred in maintaining facilities to store the
nuclear waste the government has failed to take and permanently store. This current
lawsuit was filed on May 22, 2017. In this action, the Yankees seek damages relating to
storing the spent nuclear fuel and for business costs allegedly covered by the court’s
2 liability determination for the period between January 1, 2013 through December 31,
2016.
On July 24, 2018 the Yankees moved for partial summary judgment and entry of
partial judgment with regard to the $103,272,459 in damages that the government agrees
it owes the Yankees for the government’s continuing breach of contract. On August 14,
2018, the government filed its response to the Yankees’ motion for summary judgment
and did not contest that the Yankees incurred the amount claimed. It did, as noted above,
contest the Yankees’ request for a Rule 54(b) judgment in that amount.
After the completion of the briefing on the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary
judgment on August 21, 2018, the court indicated that it would not rule on the Yankees’
motion or request for a judgment under Rule 54(b) until the parties submitted their joint
stipulations of fact as required by the court’s pre-trial schedule. On December 18, 2018,
the parties filed their joint stipulations of fact and law (ECF No. 55). In their joint
stipulations, the parties agreed that the Yankees incurred $103,272,459 in damages as a
result of the government’s continuing breach of the Standard Contract. The joint
stipulations also revealed that the remaining $1 million in damages still at issue are not
factually or legally related to the undisputed amount.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
RCFC 56(a). A genuine dispute is one that could permit a reasonable jury to enter a
3 verdict in the non-moving party’s favor, and a material fact is one that could affect the
outcome of the lawsuit. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
B. Entry of Partial Judgment Under Rule 54(b).
Rule 54(b) provides that “[w]hen an action presents more than one claim for relief
. . . or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final judgment
as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly
determines that there is no just reason for delay.” Recognizing that litigation has become
increasingly complex, “[i]n the interest of sound judicial administration, Congress
enacted Rule 54(b) to ‘relax[] the restrictions upon what should be treated as a judicial
unit for the purposes of appellate jurisdiction.’” W.L. Gore & Assocs. Inc. v. Int’l Med.
Prosthetics Research Assocs. Inc. 975 F.2d 858, 861 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (quoting Sears,
Roebuck & Co. v. Mackey, 351 U.S. 427, 432 (1956)).
In Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. General Elec. Co., the Supreme Court explained that
there was a two-part test to determine whether partial judgment under Rule 54(b) is
warranted. 446 U.S. 1 (1980). First, the court must “determine that it is dealing with a
‘final judgment’” Id. at 7. A final judgment contains two components: first “[i]t must be
a ‘judgment’ in the sense that it is a decision upon a cognizable claim for relief,” and
second “it must be ‘final’ in the sense that it is ‘an ultimate disposition of an individual
claim entered in the courts of a multiple claim action.’” Id. Second, the court must find
that there is no just reason for delay and “take into account the judicial administrative
interests as well as the equities involved.” Id. at 8.
4 The Federal Circuit has explained that the “separateness of the claims for relief”
for the purposes of Rule 54 “is a matter to be taken into account in reviewing the trial
court’s exercise of discretion in determining that there is no just reason to delay the
appeal.” W.L. Gore, 975 F.2d at 862 (citation omitted). The Federal Circuit has further
explained that “[e]ven for claims that arise out of the same transaction or occurrence,
sound case management may warrant entry of partial final judgment.” Intergraph Corp.
v. Intel Corp., 253 F.3d 695, 699 (Fed. Cir. 2001). In this connection, the Federal Circuit
has also held, however, that where claims are intertwined such that the court could face
the same issue twice on appeal, entry of judgment under Rule 54(b) is not proper. See
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. United States, 346 F. App’x 589, 591 (Fed. Cir.
2009) and Boston Edison Co. v. United States, 299 F. App’x 956, 958 (Fed. Cir. 2008).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment is Appropriate For the Undisputed Damages
The Yankees argue that summary judgment is appropriate with respect to their
claims for the undisputed portion of damages that resulted for the government breach of
the Standard ontract. As explained above, the government does not contest that the
Yankees incurred $103,272,459 in damages as a result of the continuing breach of the
Standard Contract. As there is no genuine material issue of fact in dispute regarding
liability or the amount of damages above, the court hereby GRANTS the Yankees’
motion for partial summary judgment.
B. Entry of Partial Judgment under Rule 54(b) is Appropriate for the Undisputed Amount of Damages
5 i. The Judgment is “Final”
Regarding the Yankees’ request for entry of a final judgment under Rule 54(b) in
the amount of $103,272,459, the court finds that where, as here, the uncontested damages
and the disputed damages are not factually or legally related and there is no possibility of
conflicting determinations regarding the $103,272,459, that amount is “final” for the
purposes of Rule 54(b). This case is virtually identical to Entergy Nuclear Palisades v.
United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 225, 228-29 (2015) where this court held that it was proper to
treat “the uncontested portion” of the plaintiff’s damages as “resolved" or final for the
purposes of Rule 54(b) even though there were remaining categories of damages in
dispute.
This situation, is, as the Yankees correctly point out, also directly analogous to the
situations presented in Stockton E. Water Dist. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 80, 82-83
(2015) and Bell BCI Corp. v. United States, 91 Fed. Cl. 664, 666 (2010) where the trial
court entered partial final judgment for the portion of the damages in breach of contract
cases that the Federal Circuit upheld on a appeal while it continued to litigate the
disputed damages following a remand.
The court rejects that government’s contention that Rule 54(b) is not appropriate
because the Yankees have only “one claim for breach of contract” and thus judgment on
the uncontested amount must wait for a ruling on the contested amounts. The
government’s argument makes little sense here where there will be continuing litigation
for years on the same “claim” for a continuing breach of the Standard Contract. The court
finds that this case is analogous to the decisions in Stockton E. Water Dist. and Bell BCI
6 Corp. where the court entered partial final judgments on the damages affirmed by the
Federal Circuit while the remaining damage claims were still being litigated.
ii. There is No Just Reason For Delay of Entry of Final Judgment for the Uncontested Amounts of Damages.
The Yankees argue, and the court agrees, that there is no just reason for delay for
entry of a final judgment. Where, as here, the government has stipulated to its liability
for a specific dollar amount of damages and prejudgment interest is not available, justice
requires that the Yankees receive their payments without delay. See Sys. Fuels, Inc. v.
United States, 666 F.3d 1306, 1310-11 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (plaintiff cannot collect interest
for breach of contract in Spent Nuclear Fuel cases).
In this regard, the court finds that the government’s concern that there is a just
reason for delay because of some risk of inconsistent judgments or duplicative issues on
appeal is without support. The decisions in Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v.
United States, 346 F. App’x 589, 591 (Fed. Cir. 2009) and Boston Edison Co. v. United
States, 299 F. App’x 956, 958 (Fed. Cir. 2008), as noted above, do not counsel against
entering a Rule 54(b) judgment in this case. In those two SNF cases, the Federal Circuit
held that entry of a Rule 54(b) judgment was not appropriate where successor plaintiffs
were involved and their interests were intertwined. Here, as discussed above, conflicting
contract interpretations or liability for damage categories is not at issue.
In addition, in Curtiss-Wright the Supreme Court held that in balancing the
equities it is appropriate to consider the negative effects of requiring plaintiffs to fully
litigate the entire case before receiving any payment. Curtiss-Wright, 446 U.S. at 11
7 (noting that absent Rule 54(b) judgment, the plaintiff would not be paid for “many
months, if not year: due to the prolonged expected length of litigation). Here the
Yankees are owed over $100,000,000. Trial on the remaining damages is not scheduled
until June 2019 and thus a decision is many months away. In such circumstance, the lack
of prejudgment interest cannot be ignored. This court has recognized that when an award
does not accrue pre- or post-judgment interest, “[t]o permit the Plaintiffs to receive its
due based upon the final and irreversible portion of the judgment undeniably serves the
ends of justice.” Am. Sav. Bank v. United States, 83 Fed.Cl. 555, 559 (2008). In view of
the foregoing, the court finds that justice favors the entry of a final partial judgment.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above the court now GRANTS the Yankees’ partial motion
for summary judgment with respect to the $103,272,459 in costs the Yankees incurred
because of the government’s continuing breach of the Standard Contract. Additionally,
there being no just reason for delay, the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in favor
of the plaintiffs in the following sums pursuant to Rule 54(b):
Connecticut Yankee: $40,740,462
Maine Yankee: $34,432,687
Yankee Atomic: $28,099,310
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Nancy B. Firestone NANCY B. FIRESTONE Senior Judge