Mills, J.
The defendant appeals from his convictions on four [591]*591counts of rape of a child with force, G. L. c. 265, § 22A, and six counts of indecent assault and battery on a child under age fourteen, G. L. c. 265, § 13B. We affirm.
1. Background. The eight year old victim was treated in the hospital after a car accident. In response to questions from a social worker, she revealed sexual abuse by the defendant who, at the time, was her mother’s boyfriend. She later described the same events to a police detective. At trial, the victim, then eleven, testified that the abuse, which occurred in the home when the victim’s mother was sleeping or at work, began when she was five years old and continued until the time of the accident. The victim’s testimony indicated that the defendant raped her vaginally and engaged her in oral sex. She also testified that he told her he would “come and get [her]” if she told anyone about the abuse.
Dr. Otterman examined the victim nineteen days after the accident and her initial disclosures to social workers and police. At trial, the doctor testified on behalf of the Commonwealth that although the victim’s examination was normal, the absence of evidence of trauma was “consistent with her disclosures.”1 He also stated on cross-examination that he found no evidence of penetration.
The defendant argues on appeal that Dr. Otterman’s testimony was improperly admitted; he (the defendant) did not receive effective assistance of counsel at trial; testimony of the victim was improperly admitted without a voir dire to determine her competency; and fresh complaint testimony was improperly admitted.
2. Expert testimony. In general, expert testimony in a child sexual abuse case is appropriate to explain to the jury the presence or absence of physical injury. See Commonwealth v. Federico, 425 Mass. 844, 851 (1997) (“In the absence of evidence of physical injury, a medical expert may be able to assist the [592]*592jury by informing them that the lack of such evidence does not necessarily lead to the medical conclusion that the child was not abused” [footnotes omitted]); Commonwealth v. Allen, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 458, 465 (1996) (“An expert may testify about general syndromes associated with sexual abuse”). Such testimony may be especially useful to correct a jury’s “mistaken understanding that certain types of sexual abuse always or nearly always cause physical injury or scarring in the victim[,] [p]articularly where the defendant argues that the absence of any scarring or injury is evidence that the abuse did not occur.” Commonwealth v. Federico, 425 Mass. at 851 n. 13.
However, an expert must not express an opinion whether abuse in fact occurred or comment on the credibility of the victim. See Commonwealth v. Trowbridge, 419 Mass. 750, 759-760 (1995); Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466. Nor is it permissible for an expert to connect general testimony about a syndrome with an opinion about the victim. See Commonwealth v. Dockham, 405 Mass. 618, 628-630 (1989); Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466. Testimony that “the symptoms and physical condition of the child were consistent with the type of nonviolent sexual abuse that the child alleged in this case . . . [comes] impermissibly close to an endorsement of the child’s credibility.” Commonwealth v. Trowbridge, supra at 760. Likewise, an expert’s note that “today’s normal findings do not exclude the possibility of sexual abuse” also may cross over the line into vouching. Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466.
Here, Dr. Otterman did not opine directly on whether the victim in fact had been subjected to abuse; nor did he comment on the victim’s truthfulness. See Commonwealth v. Quincy Q., 434 Mass. 859, 872 (2001). Nonetheless, his statement that the victim’s normal examination was “consistent with her disclosures” improperly connected the victim to the general characteristics of sexually abused children and should not have been admitted. See Commonwealth v. Trowbridge, supra at 760; Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466.
As the defendant objected to the testimony directly after it was elicited and later moved to strike, we review for prejudicial error. We conclude that the error was harmless for the following reasons. First, the erroneously admitted language — “consistent [593]*593with her disclosures” — was but a small portion of the doctor’s entire testimony, the rest of which properly educated the jury about the significance of a lack of physical evidence in sexual abuse cases. Second, the language, though improper, was close to the line of what is permissible in sexual abuse cases, and was not so prejudicial as improper testimony on patterns of disclosure, which goes directly to the victim’s truthfulness. See Commonwealth v. Colon, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 289, 292-293 (2000). Third, the Commonwealth did not highlight the improper language in its closing argument. Fourth, the defendant used the remainder of the doctor’s testimony to his advantage, both on cross-examination and in his closing argument, by placing significant emphasis upon the doctor’s statement that the examination disclosed no evidence of penetration. Finally, the testimony of the child witness was detailed and compelling. In the circumstances, the jury could not have been “substantially swayed” by the few improvidently spoken words in the doctor’s otherwise appropriate testimony. See Commonwealth v. Peruzzi, 15 Mass. App. Ct. 437, 445 (1983).
The defendant also argues that the judge should have excluded the doctor’s testimony on the basis of surprise, materiality, prejudice, and bad faith. However, the defendant should have known the substance of the doctor’s testimony in advance because he had been provided a copy of the doctor’s examination report. Furthermore, the prosecutor made repeated references to the anticipated expert testimony during voir dire of the jury, and defense counsel, in his opening statement, told the jury, “You are also going to hear some medical testimony, I expect, that is going to raise some doubt as to whether or not these events actually occurred.” In the circumstances, the defendant has not shown that he was surprised by the doctor’s testimony.
The defendant’s argument that the judge did not qualify Dr. Otterman as an expert is similarly unavailing. The judge is not required to hold a voir dire before qualifying an expert, see Commonwealth v. Ruiz, 442 Mass. 826, 834 (2004), and the judge’s determination may be inferred from the record. Commonwealth v. Boyd, 367 Mass. 169, 183 (1975). Accordingly, we conclude that the judge’s implicit qualification of the doctor [594]*594as an expert was proper, based upon the doctor’s testimony as to his training and experience and the judge’s rulings on defense counsel’s objections.2 Furthermore, the failure of the judge to issue an unrequested instruction on expert testimony was not error.3 Failure to issue such an instruction is error “only when the judge expressly leaves the matter to the jury,” and such was not the case here. See Leibovich v. Antonellis, 410 Mass. 568, 572 (1991).
3. Ineffective assistance of counsel.
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Mills, J.
The defendant appeals from his convictions on four [591]*591counts of rape of a child with force, G. L. c. 265, § 22A, and six counts of indecent assault and battery on a child under age fourteen, G. L. c. 265, § 13B. We affirm.
1. Background. The eight year old victim was treated in the hospital after a car accident. In response to questions from a social worker, she revealed sexual abuse by the defendant who, at the time, was her mother’s boyfriend. She later described the same events to a police detective. At trial, the victim, then eleven, testified that the abuse, which occurred in the home when the victim’s mother was sleeping or at work, began when she was five years old and continued until the time of the accident. The victim’s testimony indicated that the defendant raped her vaginally and engaged her in oral sex. She also testified that he told her he would “come and get [her]” if she told anyone about the abuse.
Dr. Otterman examined the victim nineteen days after the accident and her initial disclosures to social workers and police. At trial, the doctor testified on behalf of the Commonwealth that although the victim’s examination was normal, the absence of evidence of trauma was “consistent with her disclosures.”1 He also stated on cross-examination that he found no evidence of penetration.
The defendant argues on appeal that Dr. Otterman’s testimony was improperly admitted; he (the defendant) did not receive effective assistance of counsel at trial; testimony of the victim was improperly admitted without a voir dire to determine her competency; and fresh complaint testimony was improperly admitted.
2. Expert testimony. In general, expert testimony in a child sexual abuse case is appropriate to explain to the jury the presence or absence of physical injury. See Commonwealth v. Federico, 425 Mass. 844, 851 (1997) (“In the absence of evidence of physical injury, a medical expert may be able to assist the [592]*592jury by informing them that the lack of such evidence does not necessarily lead to the medical conclusion that the child was not abused” [footnotes omitted]); Commonwealth v. Allen, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 458, 465 (1996) (“An expert may testify about general syndromes associated with sexual abuse”). Such testimony may be especially useful to correct a jury’s “mistaken understanding that certain types of sexual abuse always or nearly always cause physical injury or scarring in the victim[,] [p]articularly where the defendant argues that the absence of any scarring or injury is evidence that the abuse did not occur.” Commonwealth v. Federico, 425 Mass. at 851 n. 13.
However, an expert must not express an opinion whether abuse in fact occurred or comment on the credibility of the victim. See Commonwealth v. Trowbridge, 419 Mass. 750, 759-760 (1995); Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466. Nor is it permissible for an expert to connect general testimony about a syndrome with an opinion about the victim. See Commonwealth v. Dockham, 405 Mass. 618, 628-630 (1989); Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466. Testimony that “the symptoms and physical condition of the child were consistent with the type of nonviolent sexual abuse that the child alleged in this case . . . [comes] impermissibly close to an endorsement of the child’s credibility.” Commonwealth v. Trowbridge, supra at 760. Likewise, an expert’s note that “today’s normal findings do not exclude the possibility of sexual abuse” also may cross over the line into vouching. Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466.
Here, Dr. Otterman did not opine directly on whether the victim in fact had been subjected to abuse; nor did he comment on the victim’s truthfulness. See Commonwealth v. Quincy Q., 434 Mass. 859, 872 (2001). Nonetheless, his statement that the victim’s normal examination was “consistent with her disclosures” improperly connected the victim to the general characteristics of sexually abused children and should not have been admitted. See Commonwealth v. Trowbridge, supra at 760; Commonwealth v. Allen, supra at 466.
As the defendant objected to the testimony directly after it was elicited and later moved to strike, we review for prejudicial error. We conclude that the error was harmless for the following reasons. First, the erroneously admitted language — “consistent [593]*593with her disclosures” — was but a small portion of the doctor’s entire testimony, the rest of which properly educated the jury about the significance of a lack of physical evidence in sexual abuse cases. Second, the language, though improper, was close to the line of what is permissible in sexual abuse cases, and was not so prejudicial as improper testimony on patterns of disclosure, which goes directly to the victim’s truthfulness. See Commonwealth v. Colon, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 289, 292-293 (2000). Third, the Commonwealth did not highlight the improper language in its closing argument. Fourth, the defendant used the remainder of the doctor’s testimony to his advantage, both on cross-examination and in his closing argument, by placing significant emphasis upon the doctor’s statement that the examination disclosed no evidence of penetration. Finally, the testimony of the child witness was detailed and compelling. In the circumstances, the jury could not have been “substantially swayed” by the few improvidently spoken words in the doctor’s otherwise appropriate testimony. See Commonwealth v. Peruzzi, 15 Mass. App. Ct. 437, 445 (1983).
The defendant also argues that the judge should have excluded the doctor’s testimony on the basis of surprise, materiality, prejudice, and bad faith. However, the defendant should have known the substance of the doctor’s testimony in advance because he had been provided a copy of the doctor’s examination report. Furthermore, the prosecutor made repeated references to the anticipated expert testimony during voir dire of the jury, and defense counsel, in his opening statement, told the jury, “You are also going to hear some medical testimony, I expect, that is going to raise some doubt as to whether or not these events actually occurred.” In the circumstances, the defendant has not shown that he was surprised by the doctor’s testimony.
The defendant’s argument that the judge did not qualify Dr. Otterman as an expert is similarly unavailing. The judge is not required to hold a voir dire before qualifying an expert, see Commonwealth v. Ruiz, 442 Mass. 826, 834 (2004), and the judge’s determination may be inferred from the record. Commonwealth v. Boyd, 367 Mass. 169, 183 (1975). Accordingly, we conclude that the judge’s implicit qualification of the doctor [594]*594as an expert was proper, based upon the doctor’s testimony as to his training and experience and the judge’s rulings on defense counsel’s objections.2 Furthermore, the failure of the judge to issue an unrequested instruction on expert testimony was not error.3 Failure to issue such an instruction is error “only when the judge expressly leaves the matter to the jury,” and such was not the case here. See Leibovich v. Antonellis, 410 Mass. 568, 572 (1991).
3. Ineffective assistance of counsel. The defendant argues that trial counsel should have expected expert testimony from the Commonwealth’s witness and should have requested funds to engage an expert. We are not persuaded. Without speculating as to the testimony a defense expert could have provided, see Commonwealth v. Horton, 434 Mass. 823, 834 (2001) (“[unsupported speculation about possible expert evidence fails to sustain” ineffective assistance claim), we note that the defendant’s trial counsel vigorously cross-examined the Commonwealth’s expert and used the elicited testimony in his closing argument. We conclude that his representation was not ineffective. See Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89, 96 (1974).
4. Voir dire on competency of the victim. The defendant argues that the judge erred by not holding a voir dire on the competency of the victim because of her age. However, age is not the entire test for competency, see Commonwealth v. Bergstrom, 402 Mass. 534, 540 n.7 (1988); Commonwealth v. Gamache, 35 Mass. App. Ct. 805, 806 (1994), and the record discloses no evidence or argument as to why this particular eleven year old victim was not competent to testify. The judge did not rule on the motion, and the defendant did not object when the victim was called as a witness. A judge has broad discretion to determine whether a witness is competent. See Commonwealth [595]*595v. Lamontagne, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 213, 218-219 (1997). The judge did not abuse his discretion in allowing the victim to testify, and trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to renew an objection that had dubious merit. See Commonwealth v. Horton, 434 Mass. at 834.
5. Fresh complaint testimony. The defendant argues that a Department of Social Services (department) worker (social worker), testifying as a fresh complaint witness, vouched for the credibility of the victim.4 The defendant raised a timely objection. Fresh complaint testimony is “an out-of-court [statement] seasonably made by the victim after a sexual assault” and is “admissible only to corroborate the complainant’s testimony.” Commonwealth v. Licata, 412 Mass. 654, 657 (1992). The social worker’s testimony, aside from confirming that the victim made a statement about the alleged abuse, also included background information about the social worker’s duties and how she became involved in the case. That background testimony was permissible to set the stage and was properly admitted. See Commonwealth v. Cohen, 412 Mass. 375, 393 (1992). However, the social worker also testified about subsequent steps the department took to investigate the allegations of abuse and seek custody of the victim. Although that testimony went beyond stage setting and should not have been admitted, see ibid., it was not an opinion on the victim’s credibility and cannot be considered improper vouching. See Commonwealth v. Halsey, 41 Mass. App. Ct. 200, 204 (1996). Contrast Commonwealth v. Colin C., 419 Mass. 54, 61 (1994). Moreover, the defendant has not provided, nor do we discern, sufficient basis for concluding that prejudice to the defendant resulted from admission of the [596]*596testimony. See Commonwealth v. Vinnie, 428 Mass. 161, 163, cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1007 (1998).
Judgments affirmed.