J-S30020-24
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : LAKETTA MARIE STATEN : : Appellant : No. 1309 MDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 5, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-28-CR-0000761-2021
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J.E., SULLIVAN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED: OCTOBER 18, 2024
Laketta Marie Staten (“L. Staten”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence1 following her jury convictions for one count each of aggravated
assault, simple assault, conspiracy, and riot.2 For the reasons discussed
below, we affirm.
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 L. Staten was tried with three co-defendants, her sister, Shakira Staten (“S.
Staten”), her brother, Malcolm Staten (“M. Staten”), and her sister’s friend, Angela Douglas (“Douglas”). The jury found all defendants guilty of the same offenses. S. Staten’s appeal is addressed by separate memorandum at Superior Court Docket No. 1326 MDA 2023. This Court previously affirmed the judgments of sentence of M. Staten at No. 226 MDA 2023 and Douglas at No. 594 MDA 2023.
2 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a)(1), 2701(a)(1), 903, 5501(1). J-S30020-24
We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter from
the trial court opinion and our independent review of the certified record.
[In March], 2021, law enforcement officers responded to reports of a possible fight [(“the incident”)] that occurred in the area of East Washington Street in Chambersburg, Franklin County. As paramedics tended to Fawn Baer [“the victim”], she advised law enforcement that [L. Staten, S. Staten, Douglas, and M. Staten (collectively “co-defendants”)], were responsible for the injuries she sustained.
As background leading up to the [i]ncident, three men invaded [M. Staten’s] home [the previous night and/or early morning that day]. The men kicked in [M. Staten’s] front door and suddenly left. After leaving, [M. Staten] walked directly to [the victim’s] house where he observed the men speaking with her. [M. Staten] recorded the men speaking to [the victim] through her window and sent the video to his cousin [Darius Spoonhour, (“Spoonhour”)], sister [the record does not specify which sister], and [others]. [M. Staten] testified it was not his first thought to call law enforcement to report the break-in because he does not trust the police.
The next morning . . ., [the victim] and her friend Asheyla Barbour [(“Barbour”)3] encountered [M. Staten] in front of his home where a verbal exchange took place. After the [exchange], [the victim] and Barbour left the area. [M. Staten] called [the victim] through Facebook and an argument ensued about the men who broke into [M. Staten’s] home. [The victim] and [M. Staten] agreed to meet on Washington Street so [the victim] could explain the previous night’s events.
While en route to Washington Street, [L. Staten] contacted [M. Staten,] and he informed her of his meeting with [the victim]. [L. Staten] expressed her belief that [M. Staten] was being set up and informed him she would be there “in case something happened,” to which [M. Staten] responded[,] “Okay.”
[The victim] and Barbour testified to being followed [by Spoonhour and the co-defendants] and to attempts of co- ____________________________________________
3 Barbour and Malcolm are the co-parents of a child.
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defendants to box in their vehicle as they traveled to Washington Street. [S. Staten] also contacted Barbour [and the victim] through [M. Staten’s as well as Douglas’s] Facebook account[s] and threatened [the victim] and Barbour with violence. Barbour testified[,] “[T]hey were going to get us. They were going to fight us, beat us up.”
Video of the [i]ncident was admitted at trial [(“the video”)4] and shows [the victim’s] vehicle[5] being boxed in by three vehicles occup[ied by] co-defendants along Washington Street. [Co-defendants] exited the vehicles and approached the passenger side of [the victim’s] car, where she was seated as a passenger. Although the [v]ideo does not document every exchange between [the victim] and co-defendants, a commotion can be seen on the far side of [the victim’s] car resulting in her body dropping to the ground. While the commotion was taking place, Paul Shives [(“Shives”)] approached the scene with a friend to make sure everyone was okay. [M. Staten] approached Shives and his friend and kept them from intervening in the [i]ncident. The co-defendants re-entered their vehicles and left the scene once sirens were heard approaching.
Trial Court 1925(a) Opinion, 11/7/23, at 1-4 (record citations and footnotes
omitted; footnotes added).
Following a June 2022 trial, a jury convicted L. Staten of the above-cited
offenses. The trial court sentenced L. Staten to an aggregate term of thirty-
six to seventy-two months in prison. L. Staten filed post-sentence motions
4 None of the trial exhibits, including the video, were forwarded to this Court.
This Court has clearly stated that it is the appellant’s responsibility to ensure that the certified record contains all documents necessary to ensure that this Court is able to review her claims. See Commonwealth v. B.D.G., 959 A.2d 362, 372 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc); Pa.R.A.P. 1926; Pa.R.A.P. 1931. 5 Barbour was driving the victim’s vehicle.
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challenging the sufficiency and weight of the evidence, which the trial court
denied. This timely appeal followed.6
L. Staten raises three issues for our review:
A. Whether the trial court committed revers[i]ble error when it failed to grant a judgment of acquittal basis that the charges of aggravated assault, criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated assault, and riot, were not supported by sufficient evidence to support those convictions?
B. Did the trial court commit revers[i]ble error when it failed to grant [L. Staten] a new trial on the basis that the convictions for aggravated assault, criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated assault and riot were against the weight of the evidence?
C. Did the trial court commit revers[i]ble error when it allowed the testimony of Dr. Matthew Maserati to stand where such testimony related to surgery that he conducted on the victim in this case, but where at no point did his testimony establish a nexus between the charges alleged by the Commonwealth and the surgery performed by Dr. Maserati?
L. Staten’s Brief at 5-6 (capitalization and punctuation regularized).
In her first issue L. Staten challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
underlying her aggravated assault, conspiracy, and riot convictions. See L.
Staten’s Brief at 18-33.
Our standard of review is settled:
[w]e review claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence by considering whether, viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact[]finder to find every element of the ____________________________________________
6 L. Staten and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.The trial court’s November 7, 2023, opinion incorporated by reference its August 15, 2023, opinion denying L. Staten’s post-trial motions, which contains its analysis of her weight and sufficiency of the evidence claims.
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crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Further, a conviction may be sustained wholly on circumstantial evidence, and the trier of fact— while passing on the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence—is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. In conducting this review, the appellate court may not weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for the fact[]finder.
Commonwealth v. Miller, 172 A.3d 632, 640 (Pa. Super. 2017) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted).
A person commits aggravated assault if, inter alia, she “attempts to
cause serious bodily injury to another, or causes such injury intentionally,
knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference
to the value of human life[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1). We have explained
the elements of aggravated assault as follows:
“Serious bodily injury” has been defined as “[b]odily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301. For aggravated assault purposes, an “attempt” is found where an “accused who possesses the required, specific intent acts in a manner which constitutes a substantial step toward perpetrating a serious bodily injury upon another.” An intent ordinarily must be proven through circumstantial evidence and inferred from acts, conduct or attendant circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Fortune, 68 A.3d 980, 984 (Pa. Super. 2013) (some
internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
A person may be found guilty of conspiracy if “with the intent of
promoting or facilitating its commission [s]he: (1) agrees with such other
person or persons that they or one or more of them will engage in conduct
which constitutes such crime or an attempt or solicitation to commit such
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crime; or (2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the planning or
commission of such crime or of an attempt or solicitation to commit such
crime.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903(a).
To prove the existence of a criminal conspiracy, the Commonwealth
must demonstrate the defendant: “(1) entered an agreement to commit or
aid in an unlawful act with another person or persons, (2) with a shared
criminal intent and, (3) an overt act was done in furtherance of the
conspiracy.” Commonwealth v. Chambers, 188 A.3d 400, 410 (Pa. 2018)
(citations omitted). “Once the conspiracy is established beyond a reasonable
doubt, a conspirator can be convicted of both the conspiracy and the
substantive offense that served as the illicit objective of the conspiracy.” Id.
at 410 (citations omitted). Moreover, the essence of criminal conspiracy is
the agreement between co-conspirators, which can be proved directly or,
more often, circumstantially, but is not established by mere association or
presence at the crime scene. We have explained:
[M]ere association with the perpetrators, mere presence at the scene, or mere knowledge of the crime is insufficient to establish that a defendant was part of a conspiratorial agreement to commit the crime. There needs to be some additional proof that the defendant intended to commit the crime along with his co- conspirator. Direct evidence of the defendant’s criminal intent or the conspiratorial agreement, however, is rarely available. Consequently, the defendant’s intent as well as the agreement is almost always proven through circumstantial evidence, such as by the relations, conduct or circumstances of the parties or overt acts on the part of the co-conspirators. Once the trier of fact finds that there was an agreement and the defendant intentionally entered into the agreement, that defendant may be liable for the overt
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acts committed in furtherance of the conspiracy regardless of which co-conspirator committed the act.
Commonwealth v. Golphin, 161 A.3d 1009, 1018–19 (Pa. Super. 2017)
(citations omitted).
A person is guilty of riot if “ [s]he participates with two or more others
in a course of disorderly conduct . . . with intent to commit or facilitate the
commission of a felony or misdemeanor[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5501(1). As it
pertains to riot, “the proof of group action contemplated is not the common
intent to commit a felony or misdemeanor, but rather the actor’s participation
with two or more others in a course of disorderly conduct.” Commonwealth
v. Johnson, 612 A.2d 1382, 1384 (Pa. Super. 1992) (footnote and emphasis
omitted). “It has long been held that group action is the essence of riot.” Id.
at 1384 n.1. Finally disorderly conduct is defined as, “if, with intent to cause
public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk
thereof, [s]he: (1) engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent or
tumultuous behavior[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5503(a)(1).
Concerning her aggravated assault conviction, L. Staten argues because
the victim did not suffer serious bodily injury, the Commonwealth was required
to prove she intended her actions to result in serious bodily injury or death,
and it failed to do so.7 See L. Staten’s Brief at 20. L. Staten maintains the
7 L. Staten relies on Commonwealth v. Robinson, 817 A.2d 1153 (Pa. Super. 2003), in which the Court overturned the aggravated assault conviction (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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testimony of the victim and Barbour was inconsistent. See id. at 23-24. L.
Staten notes the assault only lasted for a few seconds, she did not use a
weapon, and there was no direct evidence that L. Staten only stopped
assaulting the victim because of the imminent arrival of the police. See id.
at 27-28.
Regarding conspiracy, L. Staten claims there was “scant evidence” of an
agreement among her and her co-defendants. Id. at 29. She notes the
Commonwealth did not produce cell phone records, text messages, or any
other type of electronic messages evidencing a conspiratorial agreement. See
id. L. Staten concedes she was related to, and/or friends with, the co-
defendants but “mere association” with them is insufficient to establish
conspiracy. Id. at 30.
Lastly, with respect to riot,8 L. Staten argues “there was never any
evidence that any two of the defendants were working together to commit
any[]thing that could be described as ‘disorderly conduct.’” Id. at 32. L.
Staten avers the Commonwealth improperly “bootstrapped” various disparate
of a conspirator to a robbery during which one of the robbers struggled with the victim to take her backpack and hit her in the back with the butt of a handgun. See at 1157. In overturning Robinson’s aggravated assault conviction, the Court concluded the conspirators’ intent was robbery, not aggravated assault, especially where no one fired the gun at the victim. See id. at 1158-61.
8 L. Staten was not charged with, nor convicted of, disorderly conduct. However, she does not dispute her actions during the incident met the definition of disorderly conduct.
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events that occurred that day with the assault in order demonstrate riot. See
id.
The trial court found the evidence sufficient to prove L. Staten’s guilt.
It stated the victim:
was pulled from the car, thrown to the ground, and blows were inflicted on her neck and head with no other goal than the blows themselves. Co-defendants landed far more than a single blow to [the victim’s] back: several blows struck her neck and head. By [L. Staten’s] own assertion, the assault on [the victim] lasted between seven and eleven seconds. The assault on [the victim] only ended after co-defendants heard sirens approaching.
*****
[Barbour] testified that [Douglas] and “the Staten sisters” were standing over [the victim] while she was on the ground and were hitting her. [Barbour] testified she saw [L. Staten] physically strike [the victim]. . . .
In viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, [the trial court finds] sufficient evidence was presented for the jury to find that [L. Staten] intended to cause serious bodily injury to [the victim] and took a substantial step towards doing so.
Trial Court Opinion Denying L. Staten’s Post-Sentence Motions, 8/15/23, at 8-
9 (citations omitted).
The court rejected L. Staten’s attempt to analogize this case to
Robinson, noting that this case did not involve a robbery, the conspirators’
clear, single goal was to inflict blows on the victim, and the attackers’ actions
did not undermine their attempt to cause serious bodily injury: they only
ceased their attack when they heard police approaching.
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The trial court also rejected L. Staten’s assertion that the evidence was
insufficient to sustain her conviction for conspiracy. It explained:
[the victim] testified that she had not had any previous disagreements with [L. Staten], [S. Staten], or [Douglas]. [L. Staten] contacted [M. Staten] and told him she wanted to go with him to meet [the victim] “in case something happens.” [M. Staten] agreed to her coming to Washington Street. While [L. Staten] makes the argument that [the victim] had no prior relationship with [her, S. Staten, or Douglas], we find that this evidence further [shows] the sole motivation the three co- defendants had in participating in this crime was through their relationship to [M. Staten]. [The victim] confirmed she ha[d] no active disagreements with [L. Staten, S. Staten, or Douglas] at the time of this incident.
The Commonwealth presented evidence that [L. Staten] was present [at the incident] through the testimony of [the victim], Barbour, and Shives.[9] Additionally, Barbour [and the victim] testified [S. Staten] made [] threatening call[s] to [them] using [M. Staten’s and Douglas’s] Facebook account[s]. . . .
[L. Staten’s] vehicle arrived on Washington Street [and boxed in the victim’s vehicle,] and she promptly exited her vehicle once [the victim’s] vehicle struck her vehicle [while trying to escape]. [L. Staten] approached [the victim’s] car and began striking [the victim’s] vehicle. She then began striking [the victim] once she was pulled from her vehicle, along with [S. Staten and Douglas]. Taken in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, it is reasonable for a jury to infer that [L. Staten] was present on Washington Street through her connection to co- defendants and conclude that [L. Staten’s] participation in an assault on [the victim] with the other participants is supported by the record.
Id. at 10-11 (record citations omitted).
9 As noted above, Shives was a witness who attempted to intervene in the
incident. He testified on behalf of the Commonwealth.
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The trial court also explained L. Staten’s challenge to her conviction for
riot is premised on her claim the evidence was insufficient to sustain her
conviction for conspiracy. See id. at 12. Thus, it found the evidence sufficient
to sustain her conspiracy conviction, her challenge to the riot conviction lacked
merit. See id.
The record supports the trial court’s analysis. L. Staten views the
evidence in the light most favorable to herself, not the Commonwealth, and
attempts to isolate the assault from the events which occurred the evening
before and that morning. See L. Staten’s Brief at 18-33. A reviewing court
“evaluate[s] the entire trial record and all evidence actually received, in the
aggregate and not as fragments isolated from the totality of the evidence.”
Commonwealth v. Nixon, 801 A.2d 1241, 1243 (Pa. Super. 2002). Viewing
all the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict
winner, see Miller, 172 A.3d at 640, the evidence was sufficient to sustain L.
Staten’s convictions. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a)(1), 903(1), and 5501(1).
L. Staten’s first issue does not merit relief.10
10 L. Staten’s challenge to the alleged inconsistencies in the testimony of the
victim and Barbour goes to the weight not sufficiency of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. Wilson, 825 A.2d 710, 713-14 (Pa. Super. 2003) (review of sufficiency of evidence does not include assessment of credibility of testimony; such claim goes to weight of evidence).
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In her second issue, L. Staten challenges the weight of the evidence
underlying her convictions for aggravated assault, conspiracy, and riot. See
L. Staten’s Brief at 33-36.
Our standard of review for a weight of the evidence claim is well-settled:
The essence of appellate review for a weight claim appears to lie in ensuring that the trial court’s decision has record support. Where the record adequately supports the trial court, the trial court has acted within the limits of its discretion.
A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial court. A new trial should not be granted because of a mere conflict in the testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have arrived at a different conclusion. Rather, the role of the trial judge is to determine that notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.
An appellate court’s standard of review when presented with a weight of the evidence claim is distinct from the standard of review applied by the trial court. Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Mucci, 143 A.3d 399, 410-11 (Pa. Super. 2016)
(quotation marks and citations omitted). A weight of the evidence challenge
only has merit where the evidence is so tenuous, vague, and uncertain the
verdict shocks the conscience of the trial court. See Commonwealth v.
Sullivan, 820 A.2d 795, 806 (Pa. Super. 2003).
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L. Staten claims that neither the victim nor Barbour was a credible
witness because there were discrepancies between their testimony. See L.
Staten’s Brief at 35. L. Staten also contended the women did not sufficiently
explain their actions over the course of the day of the incident. See id. L.
Staten again complains that the evidence did not show any agreement
between her and the other co-defendants. See id. at 36.
The trial court disagreed.
[L. Staten’s] challenge to the weight of the evidence as to her convictions for aggravated assault, riot, and conspiracy to commit aggravated assault is based on the credibility of the Commonwealth’s witnesses; specifically [the victim] and [Barbour]. [L. Staten] primarily points out several events that Commonwealth’s witnesses are unable to explain[.] . . . However, [L. Staten] does not state how a difference in the testimony of [the victim] and [Barbour] applies to the elements of the crimes. While [M. Staten’s] testimony conflicted with testimony from the Commonwealth’s witnesses, [the trial court] cannot sit as an additional juror and impose [its] assessment of credibility or whether [it] agree[s] with the verdict.
[L. Staten] next argues that there was no evidence presented to prove communications between co-defendants before they appeared on Washington Street. [The trial court] find[s] this misstates the record. [M. Staten] testified that he informed [L. Staten] that he was going to Washington Street to meet with [the victim] and she informed [M. Staten] that she would be going with him “just in case.” [M. Staten] responded[,] “Okay.” As criminal conspiracy “may be proven inferentially by showing the relation, conduct, or circumstances of the parties, and any overt acts of the alleged co-conspirators,” it is reasonable for the jury to find that the relationship between co-defendants, the communication between [M. Staten] and [L. Staten] and their concerted efforts on Washington Street showed a plan to assault [the victim].
While [the trial court] agree[s] there was some conflicting evidence presented at trial[,] [it] cannot sit as an additional juror.
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In reviewing the facts, as the jury found them, [the court] find[s] no particular facts so clearly of greater weight that in ignoring them [the court] den[ies] justice to [L. Staten]; furthermore, [the court’s conscience was] not shocked by the verdicts of guilt.
Trial Court Opinion Denying L. Staten’s Post-Sentence Motions, 8/15/23, at
14-16 (citations omitted, capitalization omitted).
We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in reaching its
determination that the verdict did not shock its conscience. The
Commonwealth presented evidence that L. Staten conspired with the co-
defendants to assault the victim, assaulted her, and committed riot. That the
jury, sitting as finder of fact, chose to believe the testimony provided by the
victim and the Commonwealth’s witnesses and not to credit L. Staten’s theory
of the case was entirely within its province. L. Staten essentially requests this
Court re-weigh the evidence and assess the credibility of the witnesses
presented at trial. This we cannot do, as it is a task that is beyond our scope
of review. The jury, as finder of fact, had the duty to determine the credibility
of the witnesses and evidence presented at trial. See Commonwealth v.
Collins, 70 A.3d 1245, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2013) (stating that “[a]n appellate
court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the finder of fact”). Although
L. Staten challenged the victim’s and Barbour’s testimony regarding the
incident, she did not so undermine the Commonwealth’s evidence as to render
it so tenuous, vague, and uncertain as to shock the trial court’s conscience.
Accordingly, we decline to disturb the trial court’s rejection of L. Staten’s
challenge to the weight of the evidence.
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In her third and final claim, L. Staten challenges the trial court’s decision
to admit the testimony of Dr. Maserati, who treated the victim following the
incident. See L. Staten’s Brief at 38-55.
Our standard of review regarding the admissibility of evidence is an abuse of discretion. The admissibility of evidence is a matter addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court and . . . an appellate court may only reverse upon a showing that the trial court abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion is not a mere error in judgment but, rather, involves bias, ill will, partiality, prejudice, manifest unreasonableness, or misapplication of law.
Collins, 70 A.3d at 1251–52 (citations omitted).
L. Staten argues the trial court abused its discretion because Dr.
Maserati’s post-incident treatment of the victim constituted improper expert
testimony from a fact witness, was irrelevant to the charges, and was unduly
prejudicial. See L. Staten’s Brief, at 36-55. L. Staten did not object to any
particular portion of his testimony, instead complaining he was an improper
witness and should not have been allowed to testify. See id.; see also N.T.,
6/8/22, at 98-100.
The trial court found L. Staten waived this claim because she did not
object to Dr. Maserati’s testimony in a timely fashion. See Trial Court 1925(a)
Opinion, 11/7/23, at 6-12.
It is settled law that failure to make a timely, contemporaneous
objection waives the claim on appeal. See Commonwealth v. Radecki, 180
A.3d 441, 465 (Pa. Super. 2018) (holding Radecki waived his objection to a
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witness’s testimony when he did not object until after the witness finished the
portion of the testimony he later assigned as error). See id.
Here, as the trial court explains, L. Staten was aware prior to trial that
the Commonwealth was planning on calling Dr. Maserati and had received
several hundred pages of medical records relating to his testimony. See Trial
Court 1925(a) Opinion, 11/7/23, at 8. Despite this, L. Staten never filed a
motion in limine to preclude his testimony. See id.
Dr. Maserati was called as a witness on the afternoon of the third day
of trial. See N.T., 6/8/23, at 79. After the testimony of the first witness that
day, a lengthy discussion ensued between all counsel and the trial court
regarding scheduling issues. See id. at 35-53. During that discussion, the
fact that Dr. Maserati would be testifying that afternoon was mentioned
repeatedly; L. Staten asserted no objection to his testimony. See id.
Following that conference and a voir dire of the jury regarding scheduling
problems, another witness briefly testified. See id. at 55-68. A second
conference between the trial court and counsel regarding scheduling ensued.
See id. at 68-76. The Commonwealth again mentioned Dr. Maserati would
be testifying and again, L. Staten raised no objection. See id. There was
another break after the conference.
When the afternoon session began, the Commonwealth moved to admit
the victim’s medical records concerning her treatment with Dr. Maserati; none
of the co-defendants objected to its admission. See id. at 78-79. Dr. Maserati
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then began to testify. He testified to his credentials, his treatment of the
victim, including her visits with him, the tests he ordered, and the surgery he
performed on the victim. See id. at 79-95. It was only at that point that
counsel for M. Staten, joined by counsel for the other co-defendants raised an
objection. See id. at 95.
Thus, as the above indicates, L. Staten had ample opportunity to timely
object to Dr. Maserati’s testimony and did not do so. Accordingly, she waived
this issue on appeal. See Radecki, 180 A.3d at 455. L. Staten’s third issue
does not merit relief.
For the reasons discussed above, L. Staten’s issues are either waived or
meritless. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 10/18/2024
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