J-S29007-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA Appellee
v.
FREDERICK SMITH,
Appellant No. 729 WDA 2015
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered April 14, 2015 In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0002180-2013 CP-02-CR-0002182-2013
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., PANELLA, J., and FITZGERALD, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED MAY 24, 2016
Appellant, Frederick Smith, appeals from the post-conviction court’s
April 14, 2015 order denying his petition under the Post Conviction Relief Act
(PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546. Appellant presents claims of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel. After careful review, we conclude that one of
Appellant’s issues requires further examination at an evidentiary hearing.
Accordingly, we vacate the PCRA court’s order and remand for further
proceedings.
On April 28, 2014, Appellant entered a negotiated guilty plea (in two
separate, but related, cases) to one count of statutory sexual assault, 18
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-S29007-16
Pa.C.S. 3122.1(a)(2) (defendant eight years older but less than 11 years
older than the complainant), and one count of conspiracy to commit
intimidation of a witness, 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 903 and 4952. That same day,
Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of 18 to 36 months’
incarceration, a consecutive period of 4 years’ probation, and a 25-year sex
offender registration requirement under the Sex Offender Registration and
Notification Act (SORNA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.10-9799.41. Appellant did not
file a direct appeal from his judgment of sentence.
On June 23, 2014, Appellant filed a timely, pro se PCRA petition and
counsel was appointed. Counsel filed an amended petition on Appellant’s
behalf in December of 2014. After the Commonwealth filed an answer to
Appellant’s petition, the PCRA court issued a Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 notice of its
intent to dismiss the petition without a hearing. Appellant did not file a
response, and the court issued an order on April 14, 2015, dismissing
Appellant’s petition. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, and also
timely complied with the PCRA court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. The PCRA court
subsequently filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion.
Herein, Appellant presents three issues for our review:
1. Was plea counsel ineffective in permitting [Appellant] to enter an unintelligent and unknowing plea, for the following reasons:
A. Plea counsel failed to ensure a ruling on [Appellant’s] motion in limine prior to entry of his plea and, as such, [Appellant] did not know whether he would be able to
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present at trial the mistake of age defense he has clung to throughout these proceedings.
B. The colloquy failed to cover certain areas deemed mandatory for a knowing and intelligent plea, more specifically, the elements of conspiracy and intimidation of a witness, that [Appellant] had a right to trial by jury and [a] presumption of innocence and that the court was not bound by the terms of the plea agreement unless the agreement was accepted by the court.
C. The factual basis for the crime of intimidation of a witness set forth in the colloquy was inadequate and did not establish [Appellant’s] guilt of the offense.
Appellant’s Brief at 3.
First, “[t]his Court’s standard of review from the grant or denial of
post-conviction relief is limited to examining whether the lower court’s
determination is supported by the evidence of record and whether it is free
of legal error.” Commonwealth v. Morales, 701 A.2d 516, 520 (Pa. 1997)
(citing Commonwealth v. Travaglia, 661 A.2d 352, 356 n.4 (Pa. 1995)).
Where, as here, a petitioner claims that he received ineffective assistance of
counsel, our Supreme Court has stated that:
[A] PCRA petitioner will be granted relief only when he proves, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his conviction or sentence resulted from the “[i]neffective assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place.” Generally, counsel’s performance is presumed to be constitutionally adequate, and counsel will only be deemed ineffective upon a sufficient showing by the petitioner. To obtain relief, a petitioner must demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the petitioner. A petitioner establishes prejudice when he demonstrates “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have
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been different.” … [A] properly pled claim of ineffectiveness posits that: (1) the underlying legal issue has arguable merit; (2) counsel’s actions lacked an objective reasonable basis; and (3) actual prejudice befell the petitioner from counsel’s act or omission.
Commonwealth v. Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 532-33 (Pa. 2009) (citations
omitted).
We also are mindful of the following legal principles applicable to a
claim of counsel’s ineffectiveness in the context of a guilty plea:
The standard for post-sentence withdrawal of guilty pleas dovetails with the arguable merit/prejudice requirements for relief based on a claim of ineffective assistance of plea counsel, under which the defendant must show that counsel's deficient stewardship resulted in a manifest injustice, for example, by facilitating entry of an unknowing, involuntary, or unintelligent plea.
This standard is equivalent to the “manifest injustice” standard applicable to all post-sentence motions to withdraw a guilty plea.
Commonwealth v. Morrison, 878 A.2d 102, 105 (Pa. Super. 2005).
In Appellant’s first claim, he contends that his plea counsel acted
ineffectively by permitting him to enter his guilty plea prior to the trial
court’s ruling on a motion in limine filed by counsel. Essentially, in that
motion, Appellant requested that the court permit him to present a mistake-
of-age defense at trial. He argues that the court’s ruling on his motion “was
of great importance” to his defense, and because he entered his plea without
knowing how the court would rule on that motion, his plea was unknowing
and unintelligent. Appellant’s Brief at 10. Thus, Appellant maintains that
counsel acted ineffectively by not waiting for a ruling on the motion in limine
before permitting Appellant to plead guilty.
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In response to Appellant’s argument, the Commonwealth stresses that
“[A]ppellant himself stated [at the plea proceeding] that he wanted to
withdraw his motion in limine so that he could resolve his case with a guilty
plea.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 10. The Commonwealth then quotes the
following portion of the plea hearing:
THE COURT: [T]here was a motion with regard to the charge in the case had the case gone [to] a trial. The defense had submitted a motion in limine indicating the defense had a mistake of age [defense] in this case, correct?
[The Commonwealth]: Yes, that motion is pending.
THE COURT: At this point given the plea, [defense counsel], you have spoken with [Appellant] and he understands that I have not yet ruled on that and he would be withdrawing that motion today.
[Defense Counsel]: Yes, I will request that you withdraw that motion.
THE COURT: [Appellant], do you understand that, right?
[Appellant]: Yes.
THE COURT: And I ask that because on previous occasions you had indicated to me that you were dissatisfied with the previous attorney. Disagreed with that attorney regarding motions that were being filed and so on. So I want to make sure that you’re satisfied with this plea agreement. You understand that by entering a plea you are withdrawing any motion to file, and specifically I believe that is the only motion pending at this time; do you understand that?
N.T. Plea Hearing, 4/28/14, at 5-6. Additionally, later in the colloquy, the
court once again referenced the outstanding motion in limine, reiterating
that it involved Appellant’s ability to raise a mistake-of-age defense. Id. at
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17-18. The court asked if Appellant had “talked to [defense counsel] about
that[,]” and if he understood that the motion had not yet been ruled on. Id.
at 18. Appellant again indicated that he understood and that he had
discussed the issue with defense counsel. Id.
In light of Appellant’s statements at the plea proceeding, we agree
with the Commonwealth that Appellant has failed to demonstrate that his
plea counsel acted ineffectively regarding the motion in limine. The record
confirms that Appellant knew about that outstanding motion, understood
that it implicated his ability to present a mistake-of-age defense, had
discussed the motion with defense counsel, and was choosing to withdraw it
in order to plead guilty. Thus, Appellant has failed to demonstrate that
counsel’s act of allowing him to enter a guilty plea prior to the court’s ruling
on his motion in limine amounted to “a manifest injustice,” or that his plea
was “unknowing, involuntary, or unintelligent….” Morrison, 878 A.2d at
105.
Next, Appellant argues that “plea counsel was ineffective in allowing
Appellant to enter a plea when the plea colloquy failed to cover all of the
requisite areas for a knowing and intelligent plea.” Appellant’s Brief at 12
(unnecessary capitalization and emphasis omitted). Of particular relevance
to Appellant’s claim, the Comment to Pa.R.Crim.P. 590 requires the trial
court to ask whether the defendant understands “the nature of the charges
to which he or she is pleading guilty[,]” “that he or she has the right to trial
by jury[,]” “that he or she is presumed innocent until found guilty[,]” and
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“that the judge is not bound by the terms of any plea agreement tendered
unless the judge accepts such agreement[.]” Pa.R.Crim.P. 590 (Comment).
Appellant argues that, here, the colloquy was deficient because the court
failed to “cover the elements of either conspiracy or intimidation of a
witness[,]” and also did not inform Appellant of his “right to trial by jury and
that he would be presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt….” Appellant’s Brief at 13. Also, Appellant maintains that the court
failed to state that it was “not bound by the terms of any plea agreement
tendered unless the court accept[ed] such agreement.” Id. According to
Appellant, these deficiencies in the colloquy “affect[ed] the knowing and
voluntary nature of the entire plea[,]” and “plea counsel was ineffective in
permitting Appellant to enter a plea of guilty in the face of the inadequate
colloquy.” Id. at 14.
In reviewing Appellant’s challenge to the plea colloquy, and his related
attack on counsel’s effectiveness, we keep in mind that:
In order for a guilty plea to be constitutionally valid, the guilty plea colloquy must affirmatively show that the defendant understood what the plea connoted and its consequences. This determination is to be made by examining the totality of the circumstances surrounding the entry of the plea. Thus, even though there is an omission or defect in the guilty plea colloquy, a plea of guilty will not be deemed invalid if the circumstances surrounding the entry of the plea disclose that the defendant had a full understanding of the nature and consequences of his plea and that he knowingly and voluntarily decided to enter the plea.
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Commonwealth v. Yeomans, 24 A.3d 1044, 1047 (Pa.Super.2011) (quoting Commonwealth v. Fluharty, 429 Pa.Super. 213, 632 A.2d 312, 314–15 (1993)).
Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 108 A.3d 821, 832 (Pa. 2014). Additionally,
as Appellant acknowledges, “a written plea waiver form may supplement the
oral colloquy” and, therefore, “an examination of both a written guilty plea
rights form and the oral colloquy” is permitted when assessing the adequacy
of a plea. Appellant’s Brief at 12 (citing Commonwealth v. Moser, 921
A.2d 526, 529 (Pa. Super. 2007)).1
Having examined the totality of the circumstances of Appellant’s plea,
including the record of the oral colloquy and the written colloquy completed
by Appellant, it is clear that the above-stated deficiencies in the colloquy did
not render his plea unknowing or involuntary. First, the written plea
colloquy stated that the court was not bound by the agreement, and ____________________________________________
1 Appellant claims, however, that the one written plea waiver form completed in this case bears only the docket number of his statutory sexual assault case and, therefore, it “cannot be attributed to the plea colloquy for the conspiracy to intimidate charge.” Appellant’s Brief at 12. We disagree. While the two charges to which Appellant pled guilty were assigned separate docket numbers, Appellant repeatedly indicated during the oral colloquy that he understood he was pleading guilty in both cases. The court discussed the written colloquy at length during the plea proceeding, and at no point did Appellant (or plea counsel) indicate that they understood the written colloquy as pertaining only to the statutory sexual assault charge. In any event, the written colloquy informed Appellant of his rights, and the consequences of his waiver thereof; these rights were stated generally and clearly applied to any guilty plea, not just to Appellant’s guilty plea to the offense of statutory sexual assault. Thus, it is reasonable to infer that Appellant believed the written colloquy applied to both charges, and that he understood that the rights and information set forth therein pertained to his guilty pleas at both docket numbers.
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informed Appellant of his rights if the court rejected the plea. “Guilty Plea
Explanation of Defendant’s Rights,” 4/28/14, at 10. The written colloquy
also discussed Appellant’s right to a trial by jury, id. at 3-4, and stated that
“[i]n either the jury trial or non-jury trial before a judge, you enter the
courtroom clothed with the presumption of innocence and that presumption
remains with you until such time, if ever, that all the members of the jury in
a jury trial or judge in a non-jury trial, would find you guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. at 3-4. Appellant stated that he understood. Id.
Further, the written colloquy asked if Appellant had discussed the
elements of each charged offense with defense counsel, to which Appellant
answered, “yes.” Id. at 2. Appellant also indicated that he and counsel
“discussed … how the facts of [his] case prove the elements of each charged
offense.” Id. at 2. At the oral colloquy, both Appellant and plea counsel
confirmed that counsel had discussed with Appellant “the elements of each
offense and what the Commonwealth would have to prove and what
defenses he may have.” Id. at 15, 18, 22. Both Appellant and defense
counsel indicated that Appellant understood all of the information that had
been provided to him, including the elements of the offenses. Id. at 21, 22.
Notably, Appellant did not allege in his PCRA petition, and does not argue on
appeal, that plea counsel misinformed him regarding the elements of the
crimes of conspiracy and/or intimidation of a witness.
In sum, even though the court failed to explicitly state the elements of
conspiracy and intimidation of a witness on the record, Appellant and
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counsel both confirmed that they had discussed them, and Appellant
repeatedly indicated that he understood those offenses. Additionally, the
other areas of inquiry that Appellant contends were improperly omitted from
the oral colloquy were sufficiently discussed in the written colloquy that he
signed. At the oral colloquy, counsel and Appellant confirmed that they went
over the written colloquy “question by question” and that Appellant
understood everything presented in that document. Id. at 24, 26. The
totality of the circumstances surrounding the entry of Appellant’s plea
demonstrate that he fully understood the areas of inquiry that he now
alleges were omitted from the colloquy, and that he chose to knowingly and
voluntarily enter the plea. Consequently, Appellant has not proven that
defense counsel acted ineffectively by permitting him to plead guilty based
on these written and oral colloquies.
In Appellant’s third issue, he argues that defense counsel ineffectively
allowed him to plead guilty to the offense of conspiracy to commit
intimidation of a witness (hereinafter, “conspiracy to intimidate”) where the
factual basis was insufficient to support that charge. Appellant’s claim
pertains only to the elements of intimidation of a witness (rather than
conspiracy). That offense is defined as follows:
(a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if, with the intent to or with the knowledge that his conduct will obstruct, impede, impair, prevent or interfere with the administration of criminal justice, he intimidates or attempts to intimidate any witness or victim to:
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(1) Refrain from informing or reporting to any law enforcement officer, prosecuting official or judge concerning any information, document or thing relating to the commission of a crime.
(2) Give any false or misleading information or testimony relating to the commission of any crime to any law enforcement officer, prosecuting official or judge.
(3) Withhold any testimony, information, document or thing relating to the commission of a crime from any law enforcement officer, prosecuting official or judge.
(4) Give any false or misleading information or testimony or refrain from giving any testimony, information, document or thing, relating to the commission of a crime, to an attorney representing a criminal defendant.
(5) Elude, evade or ignore any request to appear or legal process summoning him to appear to testify or supply evidence.
(6) Absent himself from any proceeding or investigation to which he has been legally summoned.
18 Pa.C.S. § 4952(a).
At the plea proceeding, the Commonwealth provided the following
factual basis for Appellant’s conspiracy to intimidate charge:
[The Commonwealth:] With regard to CC 201302180, the testimony would have been substantially that [Appellant,] while in the intake at the Allegheny County jail, placed a call to a witness the Commonwealth would have presented to testify by the name of Sebrina Malloy.
She would testify that she received that call and we would put those recordings into evidence but that [Appellant] substantially asked her to head up to the Spring Street area giving her the address, make contact with the victim’s mother and ask [the mother] if they would drop the charges saying that [Appellant] was -- and asked [Malloy] to relay that [the victim] told [Appellant] that she was older than 13. That would be the sum of the Commonwealth’s testimony, Your Honor.
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N.T. Plea Hearing at 36-37.2
Appellant offers two arguments regarding why this factual summary
was inadequate. First, he argues that these facts did not “satisfy [section
4952](a)(1), which is the subsection Appellant pleaded guilty to….”
Appellant’s Brief at 16. However, Appellant does not cite to where in the
record it indicates that he specifically pled guilty to conspiracy to intimidate
a witness, as defined in 4952(a)(1). Our review of the criminal information
reveals that the Commonwealth did not specify what subsection of section
4952 Appellant conspired to commit, and alleged facts that would support a
conviction under either 4952(a)(1) or (a)(3).3 Thus, the record belies ____________________________________________
2 At another point during the plea proceeding, the Commonwealth stated the facts underlying Appellant’s conspiracy to intimidate charge, as follows: [The Commonwealth]: [S]hortly after being arrested, [Appellant] made a phone call to his then girlfriend who was charged as a co-defendant in this case. Her name was Sebrina Malloy.
He asked that she go up to the victim’s mother and explain that he was told that the victim was 18 and requested they drop the charges. That did in fact happen and we have jail tapes wherein Ms. Malloy can be heard on the jail tapes approaching that address. The victim’s mother then proceeded to assault Ms. Malloy for even knocking on her door. The Commonwealth’s position on that is it was clearly [Appellant’s] intent that she do something with the charges.
N.T. Plea Proceeding at 4.
3 See Criminal Information, 3/15/13, at 1 (stating that Appellant, “with the intent of promoting or facilitating the crime(s) of Intimidation of a Witness and/or Victim conspired and agreed with Sabrina Malloy that they or one or more of them would engage in conduct constituting such crime(s) or attempt or solicitation to commit such crime(s), and in furtherance thereof (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Appellant’s argument that the factual basis had to be adequate to support a
conviction of conspiracy to intimidate, as defined only by section
4952(a)(1). Appellant offers no argument that the factual basis was
insufficient to demonstrate (a)(3), other than baldly stating the facts did not
prove “any of the other subsections” of section 4952. Appellant’s Brief at
16. Appellant’s underdeveloped argument does not convince us that plea
counsel acted ineffectively by allowing him to plead guilty to the conspiracy
to intimidate charge.
In Appellant’s second claim pertaining to the factual basis to support
his conspiracy to intimidate charge, he alleges that the elements of an
offense under section 4952 “require a person to intimidate or attempt to
intimidate a person.” Id. at 17. Appellant goes on to argue that the
above-stated factual summary fails to prove this element because “[t]he
Commonwealth’s summary does not establish an explicit or implicit threat,
coercion, or inducement to act or refrain from acting.” Id. Appellant adopts
his definition of “intimidation” from this Court’s decision in Commonwealth
v. Brachbill, 527 A.2d 113, 116 (Pa. Super. 1987) (“Brachbill I”) (stating
“the dictionary definition of ‘intimidate’ … is any ‘(u)nlawful coercion;
extortion; duress (or) putting in fear” and “‘to compel or deter by or as if by
_______________________ (Footnote Continued)
committed one or more of the following overt acts: harassed [the witness] at her residence in an attempt to persuade [her] not to testify and/or file charges against” him) (emphasis added).
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threat’”) (citations omitted). However, the portion of Brachbill I relied
upon by Appellant set forth the dictionary definition of the word
“intimidation”; we were not expressly holding that that definition was the
one contemplated by the legislature when using the word “intimidation” in
section 4952.
Moreover, our Supreme Court vacated this Court’s decision in
Brachbill I in Commonwealth v. Brachbill, 555 A.2d 82 (Pa. 1989)
(“Brachbill II”), and Brachbill II was recently disapproved of by
Commonwealth v. Doughty, 126 A.3d 951 (Pa. 2015). In Doughty, our
Supreme Court held that pecuniary inducement, alone, is insufficient to
convict a defendant under section 4952. While the Doughty Court did not
provide an explicit definition of ‘intimidation’ as used in section 4952, it did
clarify that,
intimidation may be accomplished with no words at all, for a mere look or posture can bully, threaten, coerce, frighten, or intimidate beyond question. See, e.g., Clint Eastwood. It is equally true that an offer of benefit can be presented in such a Machiavellian manner as to contain an unarticulated act of intimidation. See, e.g., The Godfather (Paramount Pictures 1972) (“I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse.”). Indeed, one need not go to the movies to understand that people may purposely intimidate in any number of ways, without manifesting bullying or fearsome words, and if they do so with the requisite mens rea, the crime is made out.
Doughty, 126 A.3d at 957.
Here, we disagree with Appellant to the extent he relies on Brachbill I
to suggest that the factual summary underlying his conspiracy to intimidate
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offense was inadequate because it did not demonstrate that he implicitly or
explicitly threatened the witness. However, Doughty clearly supports
Appellant’s general contention that “the elements of the offense [of
intimidation of a witness] require a person to intimidate or attempt to
intimidate a person.” Appellant’s Brief at 17; Doughty, 126 A.3d at 957.
The factual summary provided by the Commonwealth in this case
established that Appellant called Ms. Malloy and asked her to go to the
victim’s house to request that the victim’s mother ‘drop the charges,’ and
explain to the victim’s mother that the victim told Appellant she was older
than 18. Nothing on the face of this factual summary demonstrates that
Appellant intended that Ms. Malloy intimidate the victim’s mother when
making these requests. Moreover, the victim’s mother clearly was not
intimidated by Ms. Malloy, as she assaulted Ms. Malloy on her doorstep.
Accordingly, we find arguable merit in Appellant’s contention that the factual
summary was inadequate to prove the intimidation element of the crime of
conspiracy to intimidate.
We recognize that at the plea proceeding, defense counsel remarked
that he “believe[d] … the intimidation could be that a jury could find … that
merely sending someone to the house is truly intimidation.” N.T. Plea
Hearing at 19. However, we can find no case law addressing the question of
whether ‘sending someone’ to a witness’ home would alone be sufficient to
prove intimidation. Moreover, because the PCRA court did not conduct a
hearing, we do not have any explanation for counsel’s belief, nor the ability
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to assess the reasonableness thereof.4 We also point out that in its opinion,
the PCRA court did not address Appellant’s claim that the Commonwealth’s
factual summary failed to establish intimidation, despite that Appellant
raised that argument in his Rule 1925(b) statement. For these reasons, we
cannot assess the reasonable basis or prejudice prongs of Appellant’s
ineffectiveness claim on the record as it currently stands.
Therefore, we vacate the PCRA court’s order denying Appellant’s
petition and remand for an evidentiary hearing limited to the issue of
whether counsel acted ineffectively by permitting Appellant to plead guilty to
conspiracy to intimidate where the Commonwealth’s factual summary was
arguably inadequate.
Order vacated. Case remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
4 For instance, counsel may have reviewed the discovery and had knowledge of facts bolstering a conclusion that Appellant intended to intimidate the victim’s mother by sending Ms. Malloy to her home.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 5/24/2016
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