Com. v. Dunkowski, A.

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: July 18, 2023
• Docket: 2116 EDA 2022
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

J-A10004-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : ALBERT DUNKOWSKI : : Appellant : No. 2116 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 25, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-CR-0006344-2021

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., KING, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: FILED JULY 18, 2023

Albert Dunkowski brings this appeal from the judgment of sentence

imposed after he pled guilty to default in appearance, stemming from his flight

from the state while he was on bail during a criminal trial. We affirm.

In October 2021, Dunkowski and his wife were on trial for multiple

charges of endangering the welfare of their children. On the second day of

trial, Dunkowski offered direct testimony, and it was agreed by all parties that

Dunkowski would be cross-examined the following morning. The trial court

ordered all parties to return at 9:30 a.m. Dunkowski failed to appear as

directed. When Dunkowski’s whereabouts could not be ascertained, a bench

warrant was issued, and the trial continued in his absence.

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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-A10004-23

Over two weeks later, Dunkowski was apprehended in Maryland. On

October 21, 2021, he was charged with default in required appearance.1 On

April 26, 2022, Dunkowski filed a motion for recusal, which the trial court

denied that day. Dunkowski entered a guilty plea on May 25, 2022, and the

trial court sentenced him to serve a term of incarceration of three to twelve

months. Immediately before the guilty plea and sentencing hearing, the trial

court heard argument on the motion for recusal and, again, denied relief.

Dunkowski filed a timely post-sentence motion arguing that the trial

court should reconsider its decision to deny the motion for recusal. A hearing

was held on July 21, 2022, at the conclusion of which the trial court denied

the motion on the record. This timely appeal followed. Dunkowski asks this

Court to review the trial court’s determination to deny the motion for recusal

and to address a claim that the trial court abused its discretion in fashioning

his sentence.

Dunkowski first argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying his motion for recusal. See Appellant’s Brief at 10-15. He contends

that, because the trial judge had previously sentenced Dunkowski to a term

of incarceration at trial court docket number CR-225-2020 and that matter

was pending on appeal, an appearance of impropriety was presented at the

time Dunkowski appeared for sentencing in the instant case. Dunkowski posits

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5124.

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that “the trial court heard his second case after imposing an unduly harsh

sentence in the first case, which was on appeal at the time.” Id. at 13.

Dunkowski claims that an appearance of impropriety was created, and the

trial court erred in failing to recuse itself.

We note that the analysis of a judge’s ability to be impartial is inherently

a subjective one:

If a party questions the impartiality of a judge, the proper recourse is a motion for recusal, requesting that the judge make an independent, self-analysis of the ability to be impartial. If content with that inner examination, the judge must then decide whether his or her continued involvement in the case creates an appearance of impropriety and/or would tend to undermine public confidence in the judiciary. This assessment is a personal and unreviewable decision that only the jurist can make.

Commonwealth v. Luketic, 162 A.3d 1149, 1158 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation

omitted).

“Our standard of review of a trial court’s determination not to recuse

from hearing a case is exceptionally deferential.” Commonwealth v. Postie,

110 A.3d 1034, 1037 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted). “The party who

asserts a trial judge must be disqualified bears the burden of producing

evidence establishing bias, prejudice, or unfairness necessitating recusal, and

the decision by a judge against whom a plea of prejudice is made will not be

disturbed except for an abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Sarvey, 199

A.3d 436, 454 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted).

“This Court presumes judges of this Commonwealth are honorable, fair

and competent, and, when confronted with a recusal demand, have the ability

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to determine whether they can rule impartially and without prejudice.”

Luketic, 162 A.3d at 1157 (citation and quotation marks omitted). We have

reiterated that “[j]udges in the smaller counties commonly preside over

multiple proceedings involving a given defendant and his or her friends and

family, and that fact, in and of itself, is not indicative of bias.” Sarvey, 199

A.3d at 454 (citation omitted). The party requesting recusal must “produce

evidence establishing bias, prejudice or unfairness [that] raises a substantial

doubt as to the jurist’s ability to preside impartially.” Commonwealth v.

Tedford, 960 A.2d 1, 55–56 (Pa. 2008) (citation omitted). See also

Commonwealth v. Postie, 110 A.3d 1034, 1038 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation

omitted) (holding trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying recusal

motion where court had sat as suppression court because the defendant made

“no argument that his admissions at the suppression hearing were

inadmissible or that trial proceedings were flawed” and, in any event, “a trial

judge is ‘capable of disregarding prejudicial evidence’”).

In his appellate brief, Dunkowski does not argue that the trial judge was

incapable of being impartial. Rather, he argues that the trial judge should have

recused due to an appearance of impropriety. See Appellant’s Brief at 12.

Even if content with the inner examination of the ability to be impartial,

“the judge must then decide whether his or her continued involvement in the

case creates an appearance of impropriety and/or would tend to undermine

public confidence in the judiciary.” Commonwealth v. Kane, 188 A.3d 1217,

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1225 (Pa. Super. 2018). Our case law has recognized several ways a litigant

can establish that a judge should be disqualified due to the appearance of

impropriety. First, a litigant can establish that the jurist can reasonably be

considered to harbor a personal bias against the litigant. See

Commonwealth v. Darush, 459 A.2d 727, 732 (Pa. 1983) (requiring

disqualification of sentencing judge who could not refute an allegation that he

had said “[w]e want to get people like him [appellant] out of Potter County”).

A second method involves establishing that the jurist could reasonably be

considered to have a personal interest in the outcome of the litigant’s case.

See In Interest of McFall, 617 A.2d 707, 713 (Pa. 1992) (holding that a

trial judge, who cooperated with the FBI as an undercover agent following

allegations of bribery, had a real and tangible bias in the criminal cases heard

by her, because she was subject to prosecution for her actions by the

prosecuting authority in each of the cases before). A third way we have

recognized for establishing an appearance of impropriety is a showing that a

jurist has a bias against a particular class of litigants. See Commonwealth

v. Lemanski, 529 A.2d 1085, 1089 (Pa. Super. 1987) (finding that a

defendant adequately supported allegations of personal bias against a

“particular class of litigants” by reference to comments made from the bench

and in a local newspaper regarding an opinion and predetermined policy that

in all drug cases deserve the maximum sentence).

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Here, Dunkowski has not established that the trial judge should be

disqualified based upon an appearance of impropriety. First, Dunkowski has

not established, beyond mere conjecture, that the trial judge harbors a

personal bias against Dunkowski. To support an allegation of a personal bias,

Dunkowski relies upon the trial judge having heard this case after imposing

an “unduly harsh sentence in the first case.” Appellant’s Brief at 13.

Specifically, Dunkowski argues the following to bolster his claim:

The appearance of bias in this situation cannot be understated. The trial court used phrases such as horrific, shocking, and appalling, and repeatedly described [Dunkowski’s] lack of remorse [at the time of sentencing in the first case.] The trial court sentenced [Dunkowski in the first case] beyond the aggravated range of the Sentencing Guidelines and [Dunkowski] filed a Motion to Reconsider and a direct appeal challenging said sentence. In that matter, the trial court simply ignored the mitigation presented by [Dunkowski] and the remorse he repeatedly expressed. For example, [Dunkowski] was 54 years old at the time and only had one prior misdemeanor conviction from 1996. (N.T. 1/18/22, p. 21). [Dunkowski] acknowledged that he failed his children and that he prays for their forgiveness every night. Id. at 41. Yet, the trial court failed to consider this evidence and instead focused solely on the nature of the offenses.

Appellant’s Brief at 13.

However, at the recusal hearing prior to sentencing, the trial judge

offered the following comments, which evinced the trial court’s ability to

disconnect the two cases and not harbor bias against Dunkowski for his

criminal actions in the first case:

Well, I can assure you that I will hear what you have say, and I can assure you that [Dunkowski’s] failure to appear is all I will consider and not all the facts that I considered last time. That case has been heard. It’s been decided by a jury and I have

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imposed a sentence. This is a new case and I can only tell you that I can be fair and impartial. I don’t see any reason why I can’t hear the case, especially when I hear that [Dunkowski is pleading guilty and] it’s only about sentencing that brings us to this point. That’s what I’m hearing.

***

I can assure you, it won’t have any impact upon the sentencing. I will hear what everybody has to say.

N.T., 5/25/22, at 13-14. In addition, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial judge

reiterated that “this [c]ourt reminded [Dunkowski] that the reasons for his

previous sentence were placed on the record at the time and assured

[Dunkowski] that only the facts of the instant matter would be considered

when imposing sentence.” Trial Court Opinion 10/27/22, at 7.

These comments by the trial court reflect that Dunkowski’s allegations

about a personal bias against him are unfounded. Accordingly, we conclude

Dunkowski has failed to support a claim that the trial judge possessed a

personal bias against him in this matter.

Second, Dunkowski has not alleged that the trial court could reasonably

be considered to have a personal interest in the outcome of the case.

Finally, we observe that Dunkowski has not alleged let alone established

an appearance of impropriety by a showing that the trial judge has a bias

against a particular class of litigant, which would include Dunkowski. The trial

judge conducted the appropriate assessment of his ability to preside

impartially and whether he should be disqualified based upon allegations of

an appearance of impropriety. Therefore, we discern no error on the part of

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the trial court in denying Dunkowski’s motion seeking recusal. Accordingly,

Dunkowski’s claim lacks merit.

Last, Dunkowski argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

fashioning his sentence. See Appellant’s Brief at 16-24. Essentially,

Dunkowski asserts that the trial court imposed a sentence that was excessive

without adequately considering all relevant factors, including his rehabilitative

needs, history, and character.

Our standard of review is one of abuse of discretion. Sentencing is a

matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing judge, and a sentence

will not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion. See

Commonwealth v. Shugars, 895 A.2d 1270, 1275 (Pa. Super. 2006).

It is well settled there is no absolute right to appeal the discretionary

aspects of a sentence. See Commonwealth v. Hartle, 894 A.2d 800, 805

(Pa. Super. 2006). Rather, where an appellant challenges the discretionary

aspects of a sentence, the appeal should be considered a petition for allowance

of appeal. See Commonwealth v. W.H.M., 932 A.2d 155, 163 (Pa. Super.

2007).

As we observed in Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162 (Pa.

Super. 2010):

An appellant challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:

We conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was

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properly preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).

Moury, 992 A.2d at 170 (citation and brackets omitted).

The first requirement of the four-part test is met because Dunkowski

timely brought this direct appeal. However, our review of the record reflects

Dunkowski did not meet the second requirement because he did not raise his

challenges to the discretionary aspects of his sentence in his post-sentence

motion or at the time of sentencing. Specifically, Dunkowski did not include

this issue with his timely filed post-sentence motion,2 nor did he raise his

challenge orally at the sentencing hearing. Therefore, we are constrained to

conclude that Dunkowski’s issue is waived, and we are precluded from

addressing its merits.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

2 In his post-sentence motion, Dunkowski sought reconsideration of the trial court’s decision to deny his motion for recusal. See Post-Sentence Motion, 6/6/22. He did not present a challenge to the sentence.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 7/18/2023

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