J-S24034-24
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : v. : : : BRADY COLLIN DISTEFANO : : Appellant : No. 1365 WDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 11, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-32-CR-0000416-2017
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : BRADY COLLIN DISTEFANO : No. 1366 WDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 11, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-32-CR-0000416-2017
BEFORE: BOWES, J., SULLIVAN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED: September 17, 2024
At docket number 1365 WDA 2023, Brady Collin DiStefano (“DiStefano”)
appeals from the judgment of sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas
of Indiana County following his plea of nolo contendere to the sole charge of
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-S24034-24
involuntary manslaughter, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2504(a). Specifically, DiStefano
challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence.
At docket number 1366 WDA 2023, the Commonwealth cross-appeals
averring the trial court erred in modifying the costs imposed upon DiStefano
from $5,146.92 to $2,646.92.1 After a careful review, we reverse the trial
court’s reduction of costs and reinstate the costs in the amount of $5,146.92.
In all other respects, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: DiStefano,
Caleb Zweig (“Zweig”), and Trevor King (“King”) were students at Indiana
University of Pennsylvania and fraternity brothers. On February 3, 2017, the
three men attended an off-campus party, and as they walked home, DiStefano
and Zweig engaged in a brief physical altercation, which resulted in Zweig’s
death.
The Commonwealth charged DiStefano with criminal homicide and
aggravated assault. DiStefano filed an omnibus pretrial motion, which
included a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in which DiStefano alleged the
evidence presented at the preliminary hearing did not suffice to state a prima
facie case against him. The trial court agreed, and on November 13, 2017,
the trial court entered an order dismissing both of DiStefano’s charges.
1 As indicated infra, this Court consolidated DiStefano’s and the Commonwealth’s notices of appeal.
-2- J-S24034-24
The Commonwealth appealed to this Court, which affirmed, in part, and
remanded for further proceedings. Commonwealth v. DiStefano, 1785
WDA 2017, 2018 WL 5076959 (Pa.Super. filed 10/18/18) (unpublished
memorandum). Specifically, this Court held the trial court correctly concluded
that the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient evidence to establish a
prima facie case of criminal homicide against DiStefano but that the trial court
erred in finding the Commonwealth failed to present a prima facie case of
aggravated assault against DiStefano.
On remand, DiStefano filed a motion in limine requesting that the trial
court preclude the Commonwealth from presenting at his trial any evidence
regarding Zweig’s death. In making this request, DiStefano noted the
homicide charge had been dismissed, and he argued the probative value would
be outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. On November 14, 2019, the
trial court granted, in part, and denied, in part, DiStefano’s motion.
Specifically, the trial court indicated it would permit the Commonwealth to
present evidence that Zweig is deceased “to explain his absence to the jury at
trial and why the expert testimony from a forensic pathologist is being
presented.” Trial Court Order, 11/14/19, at 3. However, the trial court ruled
that, since it dismissed the criminal homicide charge, “no evidence shall be
permitted to prove that [DiStefano] caused [Zweig’s] death.” Id.
The Commonwealth appealed to this Court arguing the trial court abused
its discretion in finding that any evidence concerning the causation of Zweig’s
-3- J-S24034-24
death was irrelevant and unduly prejudicial. This Court agreed with the
Commonwealth, reversed the trial court’s order, and remanded for further
proceedings. Commonwealth v. DiStefano, 236 A.3d 93 (Pa.Super. 2020),
reversed, Commonwealth v. DiStefano, 265 A.3d 290 (Pa. 2021).
DiStefano filed a petition for allowance of appeal to our Supreme Court,
which held this Court misapplied the relevant standard of review in reversing
the trial court’s order. Thus, on December 22, 2021, the Supreme Court
vacated this Court’s judgment, reinstated the trial court’s order, and
remanded for further proceedings. See id.
Thereafter, following jury selection, the parties reached a plea
agreement, and on March 21, 2023, DiStefano, represented by counsel,
entered a plea of nolo contendere to an amended charge of involuntary
manslaughter, a misdemeanor of the first degree.2 The plea agreement left
sentencing to the discretion of the trial court.
On June 16, 2023, DiStefano proceeded to a sentencing hearing at which
the Commonwealth presented testimony from nine people, who made victim
impact statements. Specifically, Jono Sirovatka, a friend of Zweig, described
Zweig as “kind, loyal, compassionate, generous, loving, smart, ambitious,
funny, athletic, thoughtful, and handsome.” N.T., 6/16/23, at 5. He testified
2 During the plea hearing, the Commonwealth moved to amend the information to replace the charge of aggravated assault with the charge of involuntary manslaughter. Given the plea agreement, the trial court granted the motion to amend. N.T., 3/21/23, at 3.
-4- J-S24034-24
that Zweig’s death “had a profound and irreversible effect on [him].” Id. at
7. Sirovatka indicated he has been diagnosed with “complicated grief or
persistent complex bereavement disorder” resulting from Zweig’s unexpected
death. Id.
David Meit, a friend of the Zweig family, indicated he has watched
Zweig’s father, as well as his siblings, suffer from depression and anxiety
brought about by Zweig’s death. Id. at 11. Tracy Zweig Monaco, who is
Zweig’s aunt, testified the death of Zweig has had an “immeasurable” impact
on her life, and she now suffers from panic attacks. Id. at 30. She described
Zweig’s father as “heartbroken” and “merely existing” since Zweig’s death.
Id. at 31.
Marisa Monaco, Erica Monaco, and Rachel Monaco, who are Zweig’s first
cousins, testified that Zweig “radiated warmth, compassion, and kindness[.]”
Id. at 12. After Zweig’s death, they observed Zweig’s father “existing as a
shell of himself through life, in agonizing pain without his son[.]” Id. They
also observed their mother, who is Zweig’s aunt, suffering from anxiety and
stress after Zweig’s death. Id. at 13. They indicated that Zweig’s death left
“inescapable emptiness and darkness in the family[.]” Id. at 17. They
indicated they suffered from anxiety and depression after Zweig’s death. Id.
at 27.
Lily Zweig, who is Zweig’s sister, described Zweig as funny and
described the pain she has suffered since his death. Id. at 34-35. David
-5- J-S24034-24
Zweig, who is Zweig’s father, testified that the delay in his son receiving
justice has caused the surviving family pain. Id. at 40. He testified he suffers
from PTSD and depression with little joy in his life. Id. at 42. He asked the
trial court to afford restitution for the financial hardship caused by DiStefano’s
actions and noted the Commonwealth had restitution documents as evidence.
Id. Vera Sabbah Luxner, a family friend, asked for justice for the Zweig
family. Id. at 36.
After hearing the victim impact statements, the trial court entered into
evidence several defense exhibits, including several statements written in
support of DiStefano. Id. at 50. For instance, in the letters, DiStefano’s
National Guard leader described DiStefano as a “role model” and someone
who followed direction. Id. at 69. DiStefano’s high school teacher described
DiStefano as “a kind man.” Id. at 71. A family friend described DiStefano as
a “respectful” visitor in her home. Id. at 72. A relative described DiStefano
as “a good student, peaceful, law-abiding, [and] a hardworking young man[.]”
Id. at 73. DiStefano’s current work supervisor described DiStefano as
dedicated, responsible, and considerate. Id. at 74. DiStefano also offered into
evidence his record while he served his country via the National Guard. Id.
Moreover, several people testified on behalf of DiStefano during
sentencing. For instance, his mother, Deanna DiStefano, testified DiStefano
is “a kind, sweet man,” and he is “not a monster.” Id. at 53. She testified
he has remorse and, if he could, he would change the events of February 3,
-6- J-S24034-24
2017. Id. Sheri McCleester, who is DiStefano’s aunt, testified he is “a
blessing to our family.” Id. at 54. She described him as kind and loving. Id.
Donna Gillin, who is DiStefano’s grandmother, testified that he has done
many “good things” in his life, and it is “unfortunate that something like this
occurred.” Id. at 55. She indicated DiStefano is “not a threat to anybody.”
Id. She noted his military service. Eric DiStefano, who is DiStefano’s father,
testified that DiStefano is not a monster, but he is a “kind, loving, affection,
and very unselfish human being.” Id. at 56. He noted that, after Zweig’s
death, DiStefano was upset and had a hard time dealing with the loss of his
friend. Id. He also noted that, after Zweig’s death, DiStefano continued to
serve in the National Guard, married, fathered two children, and became a
good provider. Id. at 57. He asked for leniency in sentencing.
Ryley Shriver, who is DiStefano’s wife, testified they have two children,
and DiStefano works very hard to support the family. Id. She has watched
DiStefano mature. Id. at 58. She described him as a “loving, supportive, and
caring person” who “loves his children more than anything[.]” Id.
DiStefano made a statement on his own behalf. He indicated that Zweig
was “a very good friend [and]…very important to [him].” Id. at 59. He
acknowledged the grieving process has been difficult for the Zweig family, and
he indicated he was very sorry for their loss. Id. He noted that, now that he
has children, he can’t imagine what the Zweig family is going through. Id.
DiStefano acknowledged that he put himself in a “bad situation” the night of
-7- J-S24034-24
Zweig’s death, and he is willing to accept whatever punishment the trial court
imposes. Id.
The Commonwealth reminded the trial court of the sentencing guidelines
for involuntary manslaughter, as well as the criminal history of the case. Id.
at 61. The Commonwealth noted that the defense’s exhibit regarding
DiStefano’s service in the National Guard indicated that, as to DiStefano’s
reenlistment eligibility, it was a “RE-3.” Id. The Commonwealth indicated
“RE-3” means “you’re not welcome back in the military. It is waivable, but
you’re not welcome back.” Id. at 62. Further, the Commonwealth noted
that, during his statement, DiStefano never faced the Zweig family or
apologized for his actions. Id.
Defense counsel reminded the trial court that, on the night of the
incident, both Zweig and DiStefano were intoxicated. Id. Defense counsel
noted that, after Zweig’s death, DiStefano cooperated with the police, he gave
a statement, he allowed the police to take photographs of his body, and he
voluntarily gave the police his phone. Id. at 64, 68. He indicated that
DiStefano is a “God-fearing man,” and there is no evidence that he “was a
violent person, a troublemaker, a person that liked to fight.” Id. at 66. In
fact, he averred that DiStefano’s character is to the contrary. Id.
Defense counsel indicated DiStefano has taken the justice system and
his case very seriously. Id. at 67. He has always been respectful to the court
and all parties involved. Id. Defense counsel indicated DiStefano is not a
-8- J-S24034-24
violent person, and he has been a law-abiding citizen. Id. at 69. He noted
that DiStefano never received any discipline, reports of misconduct, or
detentions while in high school or college. Id. He served six years in the
National Guard’s military police with no discipline, and, in fact, he received
medals, badges, and commendations. Id. at 70. DiStefano explained the
“RE-3” designation does not mean that he cannot reenlist with the National
Guard; but rather, he would be ineligible to serve in the military police division
because of his current plea. Id.
Defense counsel requested the trial court impose a lenient sentence so
that DiStefano can continue providing for his family. Id. at 71. He noted that
DiStefano has no traffic violations or any other charges since Zweig’s death.
Id. Also, DiStefano has not violated his bail conditions, including using
alcohol. Id. Defense counsel pointed to DiStefano’s presentence investigation
report, which reveals DiStefano has a long history of employment, and he
currently works as a mail carrier for the United States Post Office. Id. at 72,
74. Defense counsel informed the trial court that DiStefano underwent an
alcohol assessment, and he abided by all recommendations. Id. at 78.
Defense counsel argued that DiStefano is not a danger to the
community, there is little risk of recidivism, and he is amenable to treatment.
Id. at 75, 81. Regarding DiStefano’s rehabilitative needs, defense counsel
argued there is nothing to be served by DiStefano being sentenced in the
aggravated range. Id. at 75. However, defense counsel argued that many
-9- J-S24034-24
factors call for a mitigated range sentence. Id. He noted DiStefano’s offense
gravity score is 6, and his prior record score is 0. Id.
Defense counsel asked that the trial court impose solely probation or
county intermediate punishment. Id. at 77. He noted DiStefano desires to
“save” his employment and remain a productive member of society. Id. He
also noted that, if the trial court orders restitution, DiStefano needs to work
to pay the restitution. Id.
At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced
DiStefano to nine months to two years less one day in county jail to be
followed by a consecutive term of two years of reporting probation. The trial
court noted this was “within the standard range of the sentencing guidelines.”
Id. at 88. Defense counsel asked whether DiStefano was precluded from
applying for work release. Id. at 89. The trial court responded that “work
release will not be granted in this matter. It’s [the trial court’s] intention that
[DiStefano] serve the nine months.” Id. The trial court ordered DiStefano to
pay the costs of prosecution, which totaled $5,146.92, as well as a $500.00
fine. Additionally, the trial court ordered DiStefano to pay $15,427.84 in
restitution to David Zweig (the victim’s father) and $7,713.79 to the Victim
Compensation Assistance Program.
On June 26, 2023, DiStefano filed a timely, counseled post-sentence
motion seeking a modification of his sentence. Specifically, as it pertains to
his sentence of nine months to two years less one day in prison, to be followed
- 10 - J-S24034-24
by two years of reporting probation, DiStefano alleged the trial court abused
its discretion in imposing an excessive sentence without properly considering
the requirements of 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b). DiStefano further suggested the
trial court abused its discretion in failing to consider and/or not imposing work
release, thus rendering the sentence unreasonable. As it pertains to the order
of restitution, DiStefano alleged the award was excessive. He also averred
the costs imposed by the trial court were not all “necessary expenses,” and
he sought a modification of the costs.
The Commonwealth filed a brief in opposition to DiStefano’s post-
sentence motion, and on July 10, 2023, the trial court held a hearing on
DiStefano’s post-sentence motions. By order and opinion filed on October 11,
2023, the trial court granted, in part, and denied, in part, DiStefano’s post-
sentence motion. Specifically, the trial court granted DiStefano’s request for
the modification of costs. In this respect, the trial court held the following:
[A] portion of the challenged [costs] is the $2,500.00 consultation fee to Dr. Jennifer Hammers. The [trial] court finds that the Commonwealth has not met its burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the expense incurred as a fee to Dr. Hammers was a necessary cost of prosecution, as her name was not on the Commonwealth’s final witness list for trial. The [trial] court grants the motion to modify the sentence of costs. The [trial] court will amend the order dated June 16, 2023, to reflect costs in the amount of $2,646.92.
Trial Court Opinion, filed 10/11/23, at 9. The trial court denied DiStefano’s
post-sentence motion in all other respects. The trial court’s October 11, 2023,
order specifically provided the June 16, 2023, sentencing order was amended
- 11 - J-S24034-24
to provide as follows: “The defendant shall pay costs of prosecution in the
amount of $2,646.92; In all other respects, the [trial] court’s order dated June
16, 2023, shall remain in full force and effect.” Trial Court’s Order, filed
10/11/23, at 1.
On November 6, 2023, DiStefano filed a timely counseled notice of
appeal, and, on that same date, the Commonwealth filed a timely cross-
appeal.3 This Court consolidated the appeals. By orders entered on November
7, 2023, the trial court directed DiStefano and the Commonwealth to file Rule
1925(b) statements, both parties timely complied, and the trial court filed a
brief Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion indicating it was relying on its October 11,
2023, opinion.
On appeal, DiStefano presents the following in his “Statement of the
Questions Involved” (verbatim):
Whether the trial court abused its discretion in imposing a sentence of not less than 9 months nor more than 2 years less one day, followed by a consecutive probationary term of 2 years for the crime of involuntary manslaughter by ignoring [DiStefano’s] rehabilitative needs as provided at 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b), and so deviated from the fundamental norms of the sentencing code, and by categorically refusing work release notwithstanding that [DiStefano] was statutorily eligible for work release pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9813(d)?
DiStefano’s Brief at 7 (unnecessary capitalization and suggested answer
omitted).
3 We note that, pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 721, the Commonwealth was permitted to file an appeal in this matter.
- 12 - J-S24034-24
In its cross-appeal, the Commonwealth presents the following issues in
its “Statement of the Questions Involved” (verbatim):
I. [DiStefano] has failed to establish that a substantial question exists or that the sentencing court abused its discretion when the sentencing court imposed a guideline sentence of incarceration for a period of not less than 9 months nor more than 2 years less one day, followed by a consecutive probationary term of 2 years for the crime of involuntary manslaughter and denied work release. II. The Commonwealth submits that an error of law and an abuse of discretion occurred when the sentencing court modified [DiStefano’s] sentence of costs.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 8 (unnecessary capitalization and bold omitted).
Initially, we address DiStefano’s issue within which he intertwines two
sentencing claims.4 DiStefano contends the trial court abused its discretion in
imposing a sentence of not less than nine months nor more than two years
less one day, to be followed by a probationary term of two years, without
consideration of DiStefano’s rehabilitative needs as mandated by 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9721(b).
Further, DiStefano contends that, in imposing a term of total
confinement without considering and/or permitting work release, the trial
court abused its discretion in failing to impose an individualized sentence.
DiStefano specifically acknowledges that he is not entitled to work release;
4 The Commonwealth’s first issue is intertwined with DiStefano’s first issue.
Essentially, the Commonwealth’s first issue is presented as a counter argument in the Commonwealth’s role as the appellee.
- 13 - J-S24034-24
however, he requests we “remand for resentencing with direction [to the trial
court] to consider work release pursuant to [42 Pa.C.S.A. §] 9813(a).”
DiStefano’s Brief at 19. In this vein, he avers:
[T]he [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion when, taking into consideration [DiStefano’s] lack of a criminal record, his employment history, his military service, and his family situation, it categorically refused to consider work release pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 9813(a) even though that refusal abnegated his rehabilitation and mandate to pay restitution. Under such circumstances, the sentence of not less than 9 months nor more than 2 years less one day was unreasonable.
Id. at 18.
As it pertains to DiStefano’s claim that the trial court imposed an
excessive sentence without consideration of his rehabilitative needs as
mandated by 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b), this is a challenge to the discretionary
aspects of DiStefano’s sentence. Commonwealth v. Derry, 150 A.3d 987,
991 (Pa.Super. 2016) (citation omitted).
Moreover, as it pertains to DiStefano’s claim the trial court erred in
failing to permit work release, we note that work release is a sentencing option
set forth in the Pennsylvania County Intermediate Punishment Act (“the PCIP
Act”), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9801-9813. Specifically, the PCIP Act relevantly
provides the following:
§ 9813. Work release or other court order and purposes (a) Generally.--Notwithstanding any provision of law, if any offender has been sentenced to undergo imprisonment in a county jail for a term of less than five years, the court, at the time of sentence or at any time thereafter upon application made in accordance with this section, may enter an order making the offender eligible to leave the jail during necessary and reasonable
- 14 - J-S24034-24
hours for the purpose of working at his employment, conducting his own business or other self-employed occupation, including housekeeping and attending to the needs of family, seeking employment, attending an educational institution, securing medical treatment or for other lawful purposes as the court shall consider necessary and appropriate.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9813(a) (bold in original).
Here, assuming, arguendo, Appellant is statutorily eligible for work
release,5 it is well-settled that the grant of work release is within the trial
court’s discretion. See id. (“…the court,…may enter an order making the
offender eligible to leave the jail during necessary and reasonable hours for
the purpose of working at his employment.…”). See also Commonwealth
v. Williams, 868 A.2d 529, 534 (Pa.Super. 2005) (explaining that it is within
the trial court’s discretion to permit work release to a statutorily eligible
offender). Accordingly, DeStefano’s claim that the trial court erred in failing
to consider and/or permit work release, thus failing to impose an
5 The PCIP Act further sets forth what constitutes an “eligible offender.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9802 (definitions). Specifically, the PCIP Act provides an “eligible offender” is “a person convicted of an offense who would otherwise be sentenced to a county correctional facility, who does not demonstrate a present or past pattern of violent behavior and who would otherwise be sentenced…to total confinement pursuant to section 9725 (relating to total confinement).” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9802. Also, the PCIP Act provides that “eligible offender” does not include an offender with a current conviction or a prior conviction within the past ten years for certain enumerated crimes. See id. However, involuntary manslaughter, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2504(a), is not included within this list.
- 15 - J-S24034-24
individualized sentence, raises a challenge to the discretionary aspects of
DiStefano’s sentence.
“[C]hallenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not entitle
an appellant to review as of right.” Derry, 150 A.3d at 991 (citation omitted).
Rather, before reaching the merits of such claims, we must determine:
(1) whether the appeal is timely; (2) whether [the] [a]ppellant preserved his issues; (3) whether [the] [a]ppellant’s brief includes a concise statement of the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal with respect to the discretionary aspects of sentence; and (4) whether the concise statement raises a substantial question that the sentence is inappropriate under the sentencing code.
Commonwealth v. Corley, 31 A.3d 293, 296 (Pa.Super. 2011) (citation
omitted). Here, assuming, arguendo, all of these requirements have been
met, we conclude DiStefano’s sentencing claims are meritless.
Our standard of review concerning the discretionary aspects of
sentencing is as follows:
Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather, the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.
Commonwealth v. Hyland, 875 A.2d 1175, 1184 (Pa.Super. 2005).
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b) offers the following guidance to the trial court’s
sentencing determination:
[T]he sentence imposed should call for confinement that is consistent with the protection of the public, the gravity of the
- 16 - J-S24034-24
offense as it relates to the impact on the life of the victim and on the community, and the rehabilitative needs of the defendant.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b).
Furthermore,
Section 9781(c) specifically defines three instances in which the appellate courts should vacate a sentence and remand: (1) the sentencing court applied the guidelines erroneously; (2) the sentence falls within the guidelines, but is “clearly unreasonable” based on the circumstances of the case; and (3) the sentence falls outside of the guidelines and is “unreasonable.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(c). Under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(d), the appellate courts must review the record and consider the nature and circumstances of the offense, the sentencing court’s observations of the defendant, the findings that formed the basis of the sentence, and the sentencing guidelines. The weighing of factors under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b) is exclusively for the sentencing court, and an appellate court may not substitute its own weighing of those factors. The primary consideration, therefore, is whether the court imposed an individualized sentence, and whether the sentence was nonetheless unreasonable for sentences falling outside the guidelines, or clearly unreasonable for sentences falling within the guidelines, pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(c).
Commonwealth v. Bricker, 41 A.3d 872, 875-76 (Pa.Super. 2012) (citations
When imposing sentence, a court is required to consider the particular circumstances of the offense and the character of the defendant. In considering these factors, the court should refer to the defendant’s prior criminal record, age, personal characteristics and potential for rehabilitation. Where presentence reports exist, we shall…presume that the sentencing judge was aware of relevant information regarding the defendant’s character and weighed those considerations along with mitigating statutory factors.
Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 761 (Pa.Super. 2014)
(quotation marks and quotation omitted).
- 17 - J-S24034-24
Moreover, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9725 sets forth the following regarding a
sentence of total confinement:
§ 9725. Total confinement The court shall impose a sentence of total confinement if, having regard to the nature and circumstances of the crime and the history, character, and condition of the defendant, it is of the opinion that the total confinement of the defendant is necessary because: (1) there is undue risk that during a period of probation or partial confinement the defendant will commit another crime; (2) the defendant is in need of correctional treatment that can be provided most effectively by his commitment to an institution; or (3) a lesser sentence will depreciate the seriousness of the crime of the defendant.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9725 (bold in original).
Regarding work release, this Court has explained:
The Legislature’s intent [behind the PCIP Act] was: “to give judges another sentencing option which would lie between probation and incarceration with respect to sentencing severity; to provide a more appropriate form of punishment/treatment for certain types of non-violent offenders; to make the offender more accountable to the community; and to help reduce the county jail overcrowding problem while maintaining public safety.”
Williams, 868 A.2d at 534 (citations omitted).
In the case sub judice, to the extent DiStefano contends the trial court
abused its discretion in failing to consider the imposition of work release, we
find no merit. Simply put, the record reveals that, upon DiStefano’s request
regarding work release, the trial court responded that “work release will not
be granted in this matter. It’s [the trial court’s] intention that [DiStefano]
- 18 - J-S24034-24
serve the nine months.” N.T., 6/16/23, at 89. Thus, the trial court considered,
but rejected, DiStefano’s request for work release.
Moreover, as it relates to the reasons the trial court imposed a sentence
of not less than nine months nor more than two years less one day, to be
followed by a probationary term of two years, as well as the reasons it rejected
DiStefano’s request for work release, the trial court relevantly stated the
following on the record in imposing DiStefano’s sentence:
[T]he offense of involuntary manslaughter has an offense gravity score of 6 and [DiStefano] has a prior record score of zero. And, therefore, the standard range of sentencing guidelines provide for a sentence of 3 to 12 months in that standard range. Now, I’m confident that all of the parties knew all of those facts and knew that standard range. *** I firmly believe that justice is found by giving the parties the certainty that they bargained for, which is sentencing in the standard range of the sentencing guidelines.
Id. at 84.
Additionally, in denying DiStefano’s post-sentence motion regarding his
claims the trial court imposed an excessive sentence without consideration of
his rehabilitative needs, as well as failed to impose an individualized sentence
in denying his request for work release, the trial court indicated the following:
Prior to sentencing, the Indiana County Probation Office prepared a presentence investigation report at the request of the [trial] court; the report was received and reviewed by the [trial] court. It is important to note that the standard range of the sentencing guidelines, as set forth in the presentence report, provided for a minimum period of incarceration of 3-12 months. The [trial] court also notes that numerous impact letters were received and reviewed by the [trial] court prior to sentencing. The
- 19 - J-S24034-24
impact letters were authored by family members and friends of Caleb Zweig. The [trial] court also received and reviewed letters authored by family members and friends of [DiStefano]. A sentencing hearing was conducted by the [trial] court on June 16, 2023. During the hearing, [the trial] court received additional letters and documents from the Commonwealth and [DiStefano]; the [trial] court also received oral statements from family members and friends of the victim and family members and friends of [DiStefano]. After careful consideration of all matters presented, the [trial] court ordered that [DiStefano] undergo a period of incarceration in the Indiana County Jail of not less than 9 months nor more than 2 years less 1 day followed by a consecutive probationary term of 2 years. *** [DiStefano] challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence. [DiStefano] pled nolo contendere to Involuntary Manslaughter, a misdemeanor of the first degree. [DiStefano] has a prior record score of 0. Therefore, the Basic Sentencing Matrix, as applied to this matter, provides for a minimum period of incarceration of 3-12 months within the standard range of the sentencing guidelines. The [trial] court’s sentence of incarceration for a period of not less than 9 months nor more than 2 years less 1 day is clearly within the standard range of the sentence guidelines. And when the [trial] court imposes a sentence that is within the standard range of the sentencing guidelines, the “aggrieved party” must demonstrate that the sentence is clearly unreasonable. See Commonwealth v. Drumgoole, 491 A.2d 1352 (Pa.Super. 1985)[.] The [appellate court], in the case of Drumgoole, stated the following: In determining whether a particular sentence is ‘clearly unreasonable’ or ‘unreasonable,’ the [] court must consider the defendant’s background and characteristics as well as the particular circumstances of the offense involved, the trial court’s opportunity to observe the defendant, the presentence investigation report, if any, the Sentencing Guidelines as promulgated by the Sentencing Commission, and the ‘findings’ upon which the trial court based its sentence. Id. at 1354.
- 20 - J-S24034-24
Further, the [appellate] court has stated that “[w]here the sentencing judge had the benefit of a presentence investigation report, it will be presumed that he or she was aware of the relevant information regarding the defendant’s character and weighed those consideration along with mitigating statutory factors.” Commonwealth v. Finnecy, 135 A.3d 1028, 1038 (Pa.Super. 2016)[.] [DiStefano] requests that the [trial] court modify the [length] of the sentence imposed and approve work release. The [trial] court must deny this motion. As stated above, the [trial] court had the benefit of a presentence investigation [report]. The [trial] court carefully considered all of the information provided prior to the sentencing hearing and at the sentencing hearing, and the [trial] court set forth its reasoning and basis for the sentence[.] The [trial] court acknowledges that from the date of the incident until the date of the sentencing hearing, [DiStefano] has made positive changes; for example, [DiStefano] obtained gainful employment, he got married, and he had children. However, the [trial] court cannot ignore that [DiStefano’s]…actions led to the death of Caleb Zweig. Therefore, the [trial] court firmly believes that a sentence of a period of total confinement must be ordered because “a lesser sentence will depreciate the seriousness of the crime of the defendant.” See 42 Pa.C.S.A. [§] 9725(3). The [trial] court finds that the sentence imposed remains appropriate.
Trial Court Opinion, filed 10/11/23, 1-5 (some citations and quotation marks
We find no abuse of discretion. Specifically, contrary to DiStefano’s
assertion, in imposing a sentence of not less than nine months nor more than
two years less one day, to be followed by a probationary term of two years,
as well as in denying DiStefano’s request for work release, the trial court
considered DiStefano’s rehabilitative needs under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b).
Further, the trial court, which acknowledged DiStefano’s presentence
investigation report, considered the mitigating circumstances, including
- 21 - J-S24034-24
DiStefano’s lack of a criminal record, employment history, military service,
and family situation. The trial court imposed an individualized sentence, and
we conclude the sentence is not “clearly unreasonable.” See Bricker, supra.
Thus, we find no merit to DiStefano’s sentencing challenges.
Next, we turn to the Commonwealth’s issue presented in its cross-
appeal. The Commonwealth submits the trial court erred in modifying the
costs for which DiStefano was responsible. Specifically, the Commonwealth
contends that, pursuant to 16 P.S. § 1403, it proved, by a preponderance of
the evidence, that the fee of Dr. Jennifer Hammers, who is a forensic
pathologist, was necessary to the prosecution under the facts and
circumstances of this case.
Relevantly, our Legislature has provided the following: “Expenses
incurred by district attorney…In any case where a defendant is convicted
and sentenced to pay the costs of prosecution and trial, the expenses of the
district attorney in connection with such prosecution shall be considered a part
of the costs of the case and be paid by the defendant.” 16 P.S. § 1403 (bold
in original).6
6 We note that, on May 8, 2024, effective in 60 days, our Legislature repealed
16 P.S. § 1403 and replaced it with 16 Pa.C.S.A. § 14303, which relevantly provides: “If a defendant is convicted and sentenced to pay the costs of prosecution and trial, the expenses of the district attorney in connection with the prosecution shall be considered a part of the costs of the case and shall be paid by the defendant.” 16 Pa.C.S.A. § 14303. See PA LEGIS 2024-14, 2024 Pa. Legis. Serv. Act 2024-14 (S.B. 945). In the case sub judice, (Footnote Continued Next Page)
- 22 - J-S24034-24
Costs of prosecution attributable to the defendant “are those which are
necessary for prosecution when considered in light of the peculiar facts and
circumstances of each case[.]” Commonwealth v. Cutillo, 440 A.2d 607,
609 (Pa.Super. 1982). The Commonwealth must provide the defendant with
“a reasonably specific bill of costs and show how the costs were necessary to
the prosecution.” Commonwealth v. Coder, 415 A.2d 406, 410 (Pa. 1980).
The Commonwealth bears the burden of justifying, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the imposition of costs on a defendant is proper. See
Commonwealth v. Gill, 432 A.2d 1001, 1004 (Pa.Super. 1981).
Here, the trial court originally directed DiStefano to pay a total of
$5,146.92 for the costs of prosecution. DiStefano filed a timely post-sentence
motion challenging the imposition of costs, and on July 10, 2023, the trial
court held a hearing on DiStefano’s post-sentence motion.
During the post-sentence hearing, Alexis Rieger, the office manager at
the District Attorney’s Office, testified she documented the costs incurred by
the prosecution in this matter. N.T., 7/10/23, at 42. As it pertains to Dr.
Hammers, Ms. Rieger testified Dr. Hammers, who is a forensic pathologist,
reviewed “material pertinent to forming medicolegal opinions[.]” Id. at 48.
DiStefano was sentenced prior to the effective date of 16 Pa.C.S.A. § 14303. The parties do not dispute that 16 P.S. § 1403 is applicable to the instant matter.
- 23 - J-S24034-24
Dr. Hammers billed the District Attorney’s Office $2,500.00 for her services.
Id. Ms. Rieger provided this bill to the Clerk of Courts as part of the necessary
costs associated with the prosecution. Id. She provided the bill well before
the time of sentencing. Id. at 49.
Moreover, during the post-sentence hearing, District Attorney Robert F.
Manzi, Jr., who was the prosecuting attorney in this matter, asked DiStefano
whether he would stipulate that all of the witnesses named did appear and
were necessary witnesses for the prosecution. Id. at 55. The District Attorney
indicated that, if DeStefano would not so stipulate, he would put the witnesses
on the stand or otherwise provide testimony to that effect. Id. DiStefano’s
attorney indicated “Yes” to the stipulation. Id. The trial court took notice of
the parties’ stipulation. Id. at 57. Specifically, the trial court noted “[c]osts,
we’re talking about fact witnesses, expert witnesses, stipulation that those are
necessary.” Id.
Thereafter, in ruling on DiStefano’s post-sentence motion, the trial court
relevantly indicated the following regarding costs:
A portion of the challenged amount is the total cost of transportation and lodging of the witnesses who were subpoenaed to testify at trial; this amount is $2,162.92. The [trial] court finds that these costs were necessary costs of prosecution, as these witnesses were subpoenaed to testify. The [trial] court notes that the plea in this matter was entered on the day after jury selection and just prior to the beginning of trial, therefore the transportation and lodging costs were actually and understandably incurred. Another portion of the challenged amount is the $2,500.00 consultation fee to Dr. Jennifer Hammers. The [trial] court finds that the Commonwealth has not met its burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the expense incurred as a fee
- 24 - J-S24034-24
to Dr. Hammers was a necessary cost of prosecution, as her name was not on the Commonwealth’s final witness list for trial.
Trial Court Opinion, filed 10/11/23, at 9.
Accordingly, the trial court granted DiStefano’s post-sentence motion to
modify costs and, subtracting the $2,500.00 consultation fee to Dr. Hammers,
directed DiStefano to pay $2,646.92 in costs.
The Commonwealth argues the trial court has misconstrued the record.
Specifically, the Commonwealth notes the docket entries reveal that on March
13, 2023, which is prior to the day DiStefano’s trial was set to commence and
his plea of nolo contendere occurred, the Commonwealth filed an amended
pretrial statement and amended witness list, which added Dr. Hammers as an
expert witness for trial. See Commonwealth’s Brief at 22.
Our review of the certified record confirms the Commonwealth’s
assertion. Specifically, the Commonwealth filed the following on March 13,
2023:
Commonwealth’s Amended Pretrial Statement AND NOW, comes the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania by and through Robert F. Manzi, Jr., District Attorney, and respectfully submits the following Amended Witness List: Commonwealths’ Amended Witness List The Commonwealth’s amended witness list add[s] [an] expert witness as follows: Doctor Jennifer Hammers **** 8th Avenue Beaver Falls, PA 15010
- 25 - J-S24034-24
Commonwealth’s Amended Pretrial Statement and Witness List, filed 3/13/23,
at 1 (underline in original).
Accordingly, since the sole reason provided by the trial court for holding
Dr. Hammers’ fee was not a necessary cost of prosecution, i.e., her name was
not on the Commonwealth’s final witness list for trial, is not supported by the
record, we reverse the trial court’s October 11, 2023, modification of costs
and reinstate the original amount of costs, $5,146.92, which includes Dr.
Hammers’ fee.
For all of the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s reduction of
costs and reinstate the original costs in the amount of $5,146.92. In all other
respects, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence reversed, in part, and affirmed, in part.
DATE: 09/17/2024
- 26 -