1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9
10 JAMES G COLLINS, Case No. 19-cv-01214-NC 11 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION 12 FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT v. 13 Re: Dkt. No. 69 COUNTY OF MONTEREY, 14 Defendant. 15 16 17 Plaintiff James G. Collins seeks summary judgment in this quiet title action over his 18 30-acre parcel of property. See Dkt. No. 69. At issue is whether a conservation and scenic 19 easement granted to defendant County of Monterey by the original owners of the property 20 had been terminated. Because there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the 21 easement was terminated, the Court DENIES Collins’s motion for summary judgment. 22 I. Factual Background1 23 In 1966, the original owners of an undeveloped 30-acre parcel of land in Carmel, 24 California (the “Property”)—also known as the De Amaral Preserve—donated the parcel 25
26 1 Much of the background facts recited by Collins reflect allegations in his second amended complaint. Monterey, however, “largely concurs” with Collins’s statement of 27 facts and previously admitted to those factual allegations. See Dkt. No. 23 (answer to first 1 to the Monterey County Foundation for Conservation (“Foundation”). The Foundation 2 subsequently granted Monterey a Conservation and Scenic Easement Deed (the 3 “Easement”) a year later. See Dkt. No. 69-1, Ex. A. The Easement contains a termination 4 provision, Article 7, which provides in relevant part: 5 In the event that the State of California, or any political subdivision thereof, 6 should pass legislation pursuant to Article XXVIII of the Constitution of the 7 State of California, or should pass legislation such as the California Land 8 Conservation Act of 1965, or other legislation for the purpose of restricting 9 the use of real property to conserve and maintain natural scenic beauty, open 10 space lands, natural resources and agricultural land for plant and animal 11 production, which said legislation shall restrict, or would by agreement . . . 12 restrict, the use of said property for scenic and recreational uses or for the use 13 of natural resources or for the production of food and fiber, the [Foundation], 14 or its successors in interest, shall have the option to have the [Property], or a 15 portion thereof, subjected to the restrictions created by such legislation, free 16 from the restrictions imposed by this conveyance. 17 Should [the Foundation], or its successors in interest, desire to exercise the 18 option to restrict the use of a portion of or all of [the Property] pursuant to 19 such legislation, [the Foundation], or its successors in interest, shall give 20 written notice to [Monterey] of the exercise of such option. 21 22 Upon the giving of such notice, this [Easement], as to the portion of the 23 property subjected to such legislation or which will be subject to such 24 legislation by the agreement of the [Foundation], or its successors in interest, 25 shall immediately cease and determine and revert to and vest in the 26 [Foundation], or its successors in title, upon being subject to such legislation. 27 Id. § 7 (line breaks added). 1 Foundation (“BSIF”). BSIF, in turn, sold the Property to Walter and Loretta Warren in 2 1989. The Warrens recorded a Notice of Termination of the Conservation and Scenic 3 Easement Deed in 1990. See Dkt. No. 69-1, Ex. B (“1990 Termination). The 1990 4 Termination stated that it was “based upon the enactment of the California Coastal Act 5 (Public Resources Code §§ 30,000–30,900) . . . .” Id. at 1. 6 In 1994, Collins, a resident of Kentucky, purchased the Property from the Warrens. 7 Eight years later, Collins began his efforts to obtain permits and authorization to build a 8 home on the Property. Monterey rebuffed his efforts, eventually concluding in 2018 that it 9 could not grant Collins the necessary permits and authorization until the status of the 10 Easement was resolved. During the pendency of this lawsuit, Collins recorded a Notice of 11 Termination of Conservation and Scenic Easement Deed on October 17, 2019. See Dkt. 12 No. 69-1, Ex. F (“2019 Termination”). That notice stated that Monterey County 13 Ordinance § 20.36.040 “qualifie[d] as the legislation under Article 7 of the [Easement].” 14 Id. at 1. 15 II. Legal Standard 16 Under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 56(a), a court “shall grant summary 17 judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 18 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Under Rule 56, the moving party 19 bears the initial burden to demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. 20 Once the moving party meets its burden, then the non-moving party must cite “particular 21 parts of materials in the record” showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Fed. R. Civ. 22 P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). A “genuine issue” exists if a 23 reasonable jury could find for the non-moving party. E.g., Open Text v. Box, Inc., No. 13- 24 cv-04910-JD, 2015 WL 428365, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2015). On summary judgment, 25 the Court does not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence, as these 26 determinations are left to the trier of fact at trial. Bator v. State of Hawaii, 39 F.3d 1021, 27 1026 (9th Cir. 1994). 1 III. Discussion 2 A. Jurisdiction 3 Amicus curiae Gwyn de Amaral and other Carmel residents argue that the Court 4 lacks jurisdiction because this lawsuit no longer presents a case or controversy under 5 Article III of the United States Constitution. See Dkt. No. 75. Although both Collins and 6 Monterey disagree with amici, the Court has “an independent obligation to determine 7 whether” jurisdiction exists. Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006). 8 Amici argue that no case or controversy exists because Monterey is not a truly 9 adverse party, citing Monterey’s “neutral” position as to whether the Easement exists. See 10 Dkt. No. 75-1. Amici, however, overstate Monterey’s neutral posture. Monterey is the 11 grantee of the Easement and has consistently argued that the Easement has not been 12 terminated. See Dkt. No. 80. This position is directly adverse to Collins and an Article III 13 case or controversy therefore exists. 14 B. Quiet Title 15 “The purpose of a quiet title action is to finally settle and determine the parties’ 16 conflicting claims to the property and to obtain a declaration of the interest of each party.” 17 City of Santa Maria v. Adam, 211 Cal. App. 4th 266, 298 (2012). “The quiet title claimant 18 has the burden of proof to show every element of the right claimed.” Id. (citing Tulare 19 Irrigation Dist. v. Lindsay-Strathmore Irrigation Dist., 3 Cal. 2d 489, 547–48 (1935)). A 20 quiet title action requires the claimant to provide: (1) a description of the property; (2) the 21 claimant’s title and basis of the title; (3) the adverse claims to the title; and (4) the date as 22 of which the determination is sought. See Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 761.020. 23 Collins claims that the Easement was terminated in 1990 by the Warrens or, 24 alternatively, by the 2019 Termination. In either case, whether the Easement was 25 terminated turns on the terms of the easement deed. See City of Manhattan Beach v. 26 Superior Court, 13 Cal. 4th 232, 238 (1996) (analyzing terms of a railway easement deed).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9
10 JAMES G COLLINS, Case No. 19-cv-01214-NC 11 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION 12 FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT v. 13 Re: Dkt. No. 69 COUNTY OF MONTEREY, 14 Defendant. 15 16 17 Plaintiff James G. Collins seeks summary judgment in this quiet title action over his 18 30-acre parcel of property. See Dkt. No. 69. At issue is whether a conservation and scenic 19 easement granted to defendant County of Monterey by the original owners of the property 20 had been terminated. Because there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the 21 easement was terminated, the Court DENIES Collins’s motion for summary judgment. 22 I. Factual Background1 23 In 1966, the original owners of an undeveloped 30-acre parcel of land in Carmel, 24 California (the “Property”)—also known as the De Amaral Preserve—donated the parcel 25
26 1 Much of the background facts recited by Collins reflect allegations in his second amended complaint. Monterey, however, “largely concurs” with Collins’s statement of 27 facts and previously admitted to those factual allegations. See Dkt. No. 23 (answer to first 1 to the Monterey County Foundation for Conservation (“Foundation”). The Foundation 2 subsequently granted Monterey a Conservation and Scenic Easement Deed (the 3 “Easement”) a year later. See Dkt. No. 69-1, Ex. A. The Easement contains a termination 4 provision, Article 7, which provides in relevant part: 5 In the event that the State of California, or any political subdivision thereof, 6 should pass legislation pursuant to Article XXVIII of the Constitution of the 7 State of California, or should pass legislation such as the California Land 8 Conservation Act of 1965, or other legislation for the purpose of restricting 9 the use of real property to conserve and maintain natural scenic beauty, open 10 space lands, natural resources and agricultural land for plant and animal 11 production, which said legislation shall restrict, or would by agreement . . . 12 restrict, the use of said property for scenic and recreational uses or for the use 13 of natural resources or for the production of food and fiber, the [Foundation], 14 or its successors in interest, shall have the option to have the [Property], or a 15 portion thereof, subjected to the restrictions created by such legislation, free 16 from the restrictions imposed by this conveyance. 17 Should [the Foundation], or its successors in interest, desire to exercise the 18 option to restrict the use of a portion of or all of [the Property] pursuant to 19 such legislation, [the Foundation], or its successors in interest, shall give 20 written notice to [Monterey] of the exercise of such option. 21 22 Upon the giving of such notice, this [Easement], as to the portion of the 23 property subjected to such legislation or which will be subject to such 24 legislation by the agreement of the [Foundation], or its successors in interest, 25 shall immediately cease and determine and revert to and vest in the 26 [Foundation], or its successors in title, upon being subject to such legislation. 27 Id. § 7 (line breaks added). 1 Foundation (“BSIF”). BSIF, in turn, sold the Property to Walter and Loretta Warren in 2 1989. The Warrens recorded a Notice of Termination of the Conservation and Scenic 3 Easement Deed in 1990. See Dkt. No. 69-1, Ex. B (“1990 Termination). The 1990 4 Termination stated that it was “based upon the enactment of the California Coastal Act 5 (Public Resources Code §§ 30,000–30,900) . . . .” Id. at 1. 6 In 1994, Collins, a resident of Kentucky, purchased the Property from the Warrens. 7 Eight years later, Collins began his efforts to obtain permits and authorization to build a 8 home on the Property. Monterey rebuffed his efforts, eventually concluding in 2018 that it 9 could not grant Collins the necessary permits and authorization until the status of the 10 Easement was resolved. During the pendency of this lawsuit, Collins recorded a Notice of 11 Termination of Conservation and Scenic Easement Deed on October 17, 2019. See Dkt. 12 No. 69-1, Ex. F (“2019 Termination”). That notice stated that Monterey County 13 Ordinance § 20.36.040 “qualifie[d] as the legislation under Article 7 of the [Easement].” 14 Id. at 1. 15 II. Legal Standard 16 Under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 56(a), a court “shall grant summary 17 judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 18 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Under Rule 56, the moving party 19 bears the initial burden to demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. 20 Once the moving party meets its burden, then the non-moving party must cite “particular 21 parts of materials in the record” showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Fed. R. Civ. 22 P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). A “genuine issue” exists if a 23 reasonable jury could find for the non-moving party. E.g., Open Text v. Box, Inc., No. 13- 24 cv-04910-JD, 2015 WL 428365, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2015). On summary judgment, 25 the Court does not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence, as these 26 determinations are left to the trier of fact at trial. Bator v. State of Hawaii, 39 F.3d 1021, 27 1026 (9th Cir. 1994). 1 III. Discussion 2 A. Jurisdiction 3 Amicus curiae Gwyn de Amaral and other Carmel residents argue that the Court 4 lacks jurisdiction because this lawsuit no longer presents a case or controversy under 5 Article III of the United States Constitution. See Dkt. No. 75. Although both Collins and 6 Monterey disagree with amici, the Court has “an independent obligation to determine 7 whether” jurisdiction exists. Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006). 8 Amici argue that no case or controversy exists because Monterey is not a truly 9 adverse party, citing Monterey’s “neutral” position as to whether the Easement exists. See 10 Dkt. No. 75-1. Amici, however, overstate Monterey’s neutral posture. Monterey is the 11 grantee of the Easement and has consistently argued that the Easement has not been 12 terminated. See Dkt. No. 80. This position is directly adverse to Collins and an Article III 13 case or controversy therefore exists. 14 B. Quiet Title 15 “The purpose of a quiet title action is to finally settle and determine the parties’ 16 conflicting claims to the property and to obtain a declaration of the interest of each party.” 17 City of Santa Maria v. Adam, 211 Cal. App. 4th 266, 298 (2012). “The quiet title claimant 18 has the burden of proof to show every element of the right claimed.” Id. (citing Tulare 19 Irrigation Dist. v. Lindsay-Strathmore Irrigation Dist., 3 Cal. 2d 489, 547–48 (1935)). A 20 quiet title action requires the claimant to provide: (1) a description of the property; (2) the 21 claimant’s title and basis of the title; (3) the adverse claims to the title; and (4) the date as 22 of which the determination is sought. See Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 761.020. 23 Collins claims that the Easement was terminated in 1990 by the Warrens or, 24 alternatively, by the 2019 Termination. In either case, whether the Easement was 25 terminated turns on the terms of the easement deed. See City of Manhattan Beach v. 26 Superior Court, 13 Cal. 4th 232, 238 (1996) (analyzing terms of a railway easement deed). 27 As recounted above, the Easement allows the Foundation or its successors in 1 allows termination of the Easement when California or Monterey passes conservation 2 legislation which restricts, or would by agreement restrict, the use of the Property for 3 “scenic and recreational uses or for the use of natural resources or for the production of 4 food and fiber.” Easement § 7. 5 Collins asserts that the passage of either the California Coastal Act, Cal. Pub. Res. 6 Code §§ 30000 et seq., or Monterey County Ordinance § 20.36.040 triggered Article 7 and 7 allowed termination of the Easement. Collins then concludes that because the Property is 8 subject to both the California Coastal Act and Monterey County Ordinance § 20.36.040, 9 the Easement was properly terminated by the Warrens in 1990 or, alternatively, in 2019. 10 The Court need not determine whether the California Coastal Act or Monterey 11 County Ordinance § 20.36.040 are “such legislation” as defined in Article 7, however, 12 because even if they are, Article 7 only allows termination of the Easement if “said 13 legislation shall restrict, or would by agreement . . . restrict, the use of [the Property] for 14 scenic and recreational uses or for the use of natural resources or for the production of food 15 and fiber . . . .” Easement § 7 (emphasis added). In other words, it is not enough that 16 California passed the Coastal Act or that Monterey passed § 20.36.040. Article 7 permits 17 termination of the Easement only if those laws actually restrict the use of the Property or 18 the Foundation’s successors in interest agreed to restrict the use of the Property for scenic 19 and recreational uses or for the use of natural resources or for the production of food and 20 fiber. Collins, however, has provided no evidence of such a restriction or agreement. 21 Therefore, there is a dispute of material fact as to whether the Easement has been 22 terminated. 23 C. Good Faith Purchaser 24 In the alternative, Collins argues that he was a good faith purchaser when he 25 purchased the Property. According to Collins, Cal. Civ. Code § 1107 applies here to 26 terminate the easement. 27 Cal. Civ. Code § 1107 is California’s recording statute. That statute provides that 1 property free and clear of unrecorded interests.” Triple A Mgmt. Co., Inc. v. Frisone, 69 2 Cal. App. 4th 520, 530 (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 1107). But here, the Easement was 3 recorded prior to Collins’s purchase. See Dkt. No. 23 ¶ 10, Dkt. No. 67. Moreover, 4 whether Collins was a good faith purchaser is a disputed issue of fact. 5 D. Statutes of Limitations 6 Next, Collins contends that various statutes of limitations bars Monterey from 7 objecting to his quiet title action. Statutes of limitations, however, are defenses and act to 8 prohibit a party from bringing claims past the limitations period. See Fox v. Ethicon Endo- 9 Surgery, Inc., 33 Cal. 4th 797, 806 (2005). Monterey is not bringing any claim in this case 10 and the statutes of limitations are inapplicable here. 11 E. Equitable Estoppel 12 Finally, Collins argues that equitable estoppel prevents Monterey from challenging 13 the termination of the Easement. 14 “[F]our elements must be present in order to apply the doctrine of equitable 15 estoppel: (1) the party to be estopped must be apprised of the facts; (2) he must intend that 16 his conduct shall be acted upon, or must so act that the party asserting the estoppel had a 17 right to believe it was so intended; (3) the other party must be ignorant of the true state of 18 facts; and (4) he must rely upon the conduct to his injury.” Driscoll v. City of Los Angeles, 19 67 Cal. 2d 297, 305 (1967). Although the government is not immune from estoppel, “it 20 must not be applied if doing so would effectively nullify a strong rule of policy, adopted 21 for the benefit of the public.” Feduniak v. Cal. Coastal Comm’n, 148 Cal. App. 4th 1346, 22 1359 (2007). “The existence of an estoppel is generally a factual question” unless “the 23 facts are undisputed and only one reasonable conclusion can be drawn from them.” Id. at 24 1360. 25 Actual knowledge is not always required for equitable estoppel. Id. at 1361. 26 “[K]nowledge of the pertinent facts may be imputed where the circumstances show that 27 one ought to have known them, and this is especially so when the party to be estopped was 1 || Beach vy. Mansell, 3 Cal. 3d 462, 491 (1970)). When a governmental entity is the estopped 2 || party, estoppel only applies when a government official with authority has knowledge of 3 || the relevant facts. See Strong v. Cnty. of Santa Cruz, 15 Cal. 3d 720, 727 (1975) (no 4 || estoppel where “[t]here [was] no evidence that any county official in authority was aware” 5 || of the underlying facts”). 6 Here, at a minimum, there 1s a dispute of fact as to whether Monterey’s Board of 7 || Supervisors or any county official with authority to challenge the 1990 Termination 8 || actually knew or should have known about the termination. Collins points to tax assessor 9 || maps and county land use plans that omit reference to the Easement. See Dkt. No. 69 at 10 || 19-20. But those documents were not prepared by the Board of Supervisors or other 11 || county officials with authority to challenge the 1990 Termination. Collins provides no 3 12 || evidence that someone with authority had actual or imputed knowledge of the 1990 13 || Termination. Therefore, a dispute of material fact exists as to equitable estoppel. 14 || IV. Conclusion 3 15 The Court DENIES Collins’s motion for summary judgment. 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. 17 18 || Dated: February 20, 2020 h-_———— _ 19 United States Magistrate Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28