Collier v. Buckner
This text of 303 F. Supp. 3d 1232 (Collier v. Buckner) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, M.D. Alabama primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
W. Keith Watkins, CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs Tonya Collier, Donald Lee Alexander, Ginger Lowrey, R.L.P., Brian Burroughs, and Marlo Saunders allege that Alabama Department of Human Resources ("DHR") officials deprived them of procedural due process in violation of
II. INDEX
This Memorandum Opinion is necessarily lengthy for three reasons: less than stellar pleading, less than stellar briefing by all parties on the motion to dismiss, and unduly complicated applicable law. The last reason is likely a partial cause of the first two.
The claims of the six Plaintiffs share some legal and factual issues and concern some of the same Defendants. However, not all Plaintiffs assert claims that arise out of the same transactions and occurrences, and, in many instances, not all Plaintiffs' claims are subject to the same legal standards. Not all of the seven Defendants are implicated in every claim of every Plaintiff. Some defenses apply to multiple counts in the amended complaint; some counts in the amended complaint are the target of multiple defenses; and some defenses are pertinent to only some Defendants.
To avoid the impossible exponential burden of considering each defense in the context of each relevant claim by each relevant Plaintiff against each relevant Defendant, the court limited its analysis by first determining which claims survive the most broadly applicable defenses, then considering more narrowly applicable defenses only with respect to claims that survived the broader analysis. Further, the court considered only defenses to claims that had not already been eliminated at an earlier point in the analysis. As a result, many of Defendants' numerous defenses are not discussed in this Memorandum Opinion because they pertain to claims that are due to be dismissed on other grounds.
To aid the reader, the following index is provided:
I. INTRODUCTION...1238
II. INDEX...1239
III. JURISDICTION AND VENUE...1240
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW...1240
A. Rules 8(a) and 10(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure...1240
B. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim...1241
V. LEGAL CONTEXT...1241
III. FACTS...1244
A. Plaintiff Tonya Collier, a Teacher and Day Care Worker...1244
B. Plaintiffs Donald Lee Alexander, Ginger Lowrey, and R.L.P.: Non-educator Plaintiffs With "Indicated" Dispositions...1245
1. Plaintiff Alexander's "Indicated" Disposition ...1246
2. Plaintiff Lowrey's "Indicated" Disposition ...1246
3. Plaintiff R.L.P.'s "Indicated" Disposition ...1247
C. Plaintiffs Alexander, Brian Burroughs, and Marlo Saunders: Non-educator Plaintiffs With "Not Indicated" Dispositions...1247
IV. DISCUSSION...1248
A. The Amended Complaint...1248
B. Jurisdictional Considerations: Mootness, Standing, and Ripeness...1249
1. Mootness: Plaintiff Collier ...1249
2. Jurisdictional Issues Concerning Claims Arising From "Indicated" Dispositions of Non-educator Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. ...1249
i. Claims for Monetary Damages Connected with "Indicated" Dispositions of *1240Non-educator Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. ...1249
ii. Claims for Prospective Relief of Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey Against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar With Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions ...1250
iii. Claims for Prospective Relief Against Defendants Buckner and Mashego with Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions of Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P.-Constitutional (Article III) Standing ...1251
iv. Claims for Prospective Relief Against Defendants Buckner and Mashego with Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions of Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P.-Prudential Standing ...1255
3. Standing as to Plaintiffs with "Not Indicated" Statuses: Plaintiffs Alexander, Burroughs, and Saunders ...1257
C. Res Judicata/Collateral Estoppel: Plaintiff Lowrey's Remaining Claims...1257
D. Statute of Limitations: Plaintiff Collier's Claims for Monetary Relief and Plaintiff R.L.P.'s Claim for Prospective Relief...1259
1. Plaintiff Collier's Claims for Monetary Relief ...1259
2. Plaintiff R.L.P. ...1260
E. Count I...1261
F. Count II...1262
G. Count III...1263
1. Policy of Refusal to Schedule Hearings Upon Request; Policy Resulting in Failure to Forward Hearing Requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings ...1263
a. Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. ...1263
i. What Process is Due ...1263
ii. Whether Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. Allege Injury to a Constitutionally Protected Interest ...1265
b. Plaintiff Collier ...1267
i. What Process is Due ...1267
ii. Supervisor Liability of Defendants Buckner and Mashego ...1268
2. Policy of Informing Those Requesting Hearings that They Are Only Entitled to a Record Review; Policy of Failing to Provide Information Regarding Methods For Challenging DHR Findings ...1269
3. Introduction of Evidence of Dispositions in Juvenile and Family Courts ...1270
4. Failure to Establish Adequate Expungement Procedures ...1270
5. Failure to Provide Adequate Training and Supervision in Investigation and Initial Dispositions of Child Abuse Reports ...1270
6. Failure of DHR Social Workers to Forward Hearing Requests ...1271
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W. Keith Watkins, CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs Tonya Collier, Donald Lee Alexander, Ginger Lowrey, R.L.P., Brian Burroughs, and Marlo Saunders allege that Alabama Department of Human Resources ("DHR") officials deprived them of procedural due process in violation of
II. INDEX
This Memorandum Opinion is necessarily lengthy for three reasons: less than stellar pleading, less than stellar briefing by all parties on the motion to dismiss, and unduly complicated applicable law. The last reason is likely a partial cause of the first two.
The claims of the six Plaintiffs share some legal and factual issues and concern some of the same Defendants. However, not all Plaintiffs assert claims that arise out of the same transactions and occurrences, and, in many instances, not all Plaintiffs' claims are subject to the same legal standards. Not all of the seven Defendants are implicated in every claim of every Plaintiff. Some defenses apply to multiple counts in the amended complaint; some counts in the amended complaint are the target of multiple defenses; and some defenses are pertinent to only some Defendants.
To avoid the impossible exponential burden of considering each defense in the context of each relevant claim by each relevant Plaintiff against each relevant Defendant, the court limited its analysis by first determining which claims survive the most broadly applicable defenses, then considering more narrowly applicable defenses only with respect to claims that survived the broader analysis. Further, the court considered only defenses to claims that had not already been eliminated at an earlier point in the analysis. As a result, many of Defendants' numerous defenses are not discussed in this Memorandum Opinion because they pertain to claims that are due to be dismissed on other grounds.
To aid the reader, the following index is provided:
I. INTRODUCTION...1238
II. INDEX...1239
III. JURISDICTION AND VENUE...1240
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW...1240
A. Rules 8(a) and 10(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure...1240
B. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim...1241
V. LEGAL CONTEXT...1241
III. FACTS...1244
A. Plaintiff Tonya Collier, a Teacher and Day Care Worker...1244
B. Plaintiffs Donald Lee Alexander, Ginger Lowrey, and R.L.P.: Non-educator Plaintiffs With "Indicated" Dispositions...1245
1. Plaintiff Alexander's "Indicated" Disposition ...1246
2. Plaintiff Lowrey's "Indicated" Disposition ...1246
3. Plaintiff R.L.P.'s "Indicated" Disposition ...1247
C. Plaintiffs Alexander, Brian Burroughs, and Marlo Saunders: Non-educator Plaintiffs With "Not Indicated" Dispositions...1247
IV. DISCUSSION...1248
A. The Amended Complaint...1248
B. Jurisdictional Considerations: Mootness, Standing, and Ripeness...1249
1. Mootness: Plaintiff Collier ...1249
2. Jurisdictional Issues Concerning Claims Arising From "Indicated" Dispositions of Non-educator Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. ...1249
i. Claims for Monetary Damages Connected with "Indicated" Dispositions of *1240Non-educator Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. ...1249
ii. Claims for Prospective Relief of Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey Against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar With Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions ...1250
iii. Claims for Prospective Relief Against Defendants Buckner and Mashego with Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions of Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P.-Constitutional (Article III) Standing ...1251
iv. Claims for Prospective Relief Against Defendants Buckner and Mashego with Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions of Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P.-Prudential Standing ...1255
3. Standing as to Plaintiffs with "Not Indicated" Statuses: Plaintiffs Alexander, Burroughs, and Saunders ...1257
C. Res Judicata/Collateral Estoppel: Plaintiff Lowrey's Remaining Claims...1257
D. Statute of Limitations: Plaintiff Collier's Claims for Monetary Relief and Plaintiff R.L.P.'s Claim for Prospective Relief...1259
1. Plaintiff Collier's Claims for Monetary Relief ...1259
2. Plaintiff R.L.P. ...1260
E. Count I...1261
F. Count II...1262
G. Count III...1263
1. Policy of Refusal to Schedule Hearings Upon Request; Policy Resulting in Failure to Forward Hearing Requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings ...1263
a. Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. ...1263
i. What Process is Due ...1263
ii. Whether Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. Allege Injury to a Constitutionally Protected Interest ...1265
b. Plaintiff Collier ...1267
i. What Process is Due ...1267
ii. Supervisor Liability of Defendants Buckner and Mashego ...1268
2. Policy of Informing Those Requesting Hearings that They Are Only Entitled to a Record Review; Policy of Failing to Provide Information Regarding Methods For Challenging DHR Findings ...1269
3. Introduction of Evidence of Dispositions in Juvenile and Family Courts ...1270
4. Failure to Establish Adequate Expungement Procedures ...1270
5. Failure to Provide Adequate Training and Supervision in Investigation and Initial Dispositions of Child Abuse Reports ...1270
6. Failure of DHR Social Workers to Forward Hearing Requests ...1271
H. Count IV...1271
I. Qualified Immunity and Plaintiff Collier's § 1983 Claims for Monetary Relief...1272
J. Count V-State Law Negligence and Wantonness Claims...1274
K. Count VI...1277
L. Count VII...1277
M. Counts VIII and IX...1279
N. Count X...1279
V. CONCLUSION...1280
III. JURISDICTION AND VENUE
Subject matter jurisdiction is exercised pursuant to
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A. Rules 8(a) and 10(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
"[T]he district court's inherent authority to control its docket and ensure the *1241prompt resolution of lawsuits ... in some circumstances includes the power to dismiss a complaint for failure to comply with Rule 8(a)(2) and Rule 10(b)" of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Weiland v. Palm Beach Cty. Sheriff's Office ,
Pursuant to Rule 8(a)(2), a complaint must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Rule 10(b) requires the following:
A party must state its claims or defenses in numbered paragraphs, each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances. A later pleading may refer by number to a paragraph in an earlier pleading. If doing so would promote clarity, each claim founded on a separate transaction or occurrence-and each defense other than a denial-must be stated in a separate count or defense.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b).
Rules 8(a) and 10(b) are not intended to serve as a difficult hurdle requiring pleading perfection. Instead, they impose a minimum, common sense drafting requirement. A complaint must simply be sufficiently
"discrete[ ] and succinct[ ] so that [the defendant] can discern what [the plaintiff] is claiming and frame a responsive pleading, the court can determine which facts support which claims and whether the plaintiff has stated any claims upon which relief can be granted, and, at trial, the court can determine that evidence which is relevant and that which is not."
Weiland ,
B. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim
When evaluating a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court must take the facts alleged in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Resnick v. AvMed, Inc. ,
V. LEGAL CONTEXT
With certain exceptions not applicable in this case, DHR is the state agency in Alabama responsible for investigation of all reports of suspected child abuse and neglect.
"Once a report of suspected child abuse/neglect has been received, it must be investigated."1
After completing the investigation, the investigating DHR social worker reaches a disposition as to whether the child experienced abuse or neglect and the identity of the person responsible for the abuse or neglect.
The county DHR submits a complete written report of the investigation and disposition to DHR's statewide Central Registry for reports of child abuse and neglect. Ala. Code 1975 § 26-14-7(d) ; Ala. Code 1975 § 26-14-8 ;
All persons who have been assigned an "indicated" disposition are given an opportunity to disagree with DHR's findings "through either a CA/N hearing or an administrative record review."
Only certain persons-for example, those certified to care for children, such as teachers and educators, and those employed by certified child care facilities, such as day care workers-are entitled to *1243a CA/N hearing.3 A CA/N hearing is "an internal investigatory hearing that is fact finding in nature and designed to elicit the facts in an atmosphere that allows the person responsible for the abuse/neglect to contest the evidence presented against him [or her]."
a. The right to present his case himself or be represented by legal counsel or any other person.
b. The right to present written evidence, oral testimony, and witnesses.
c. The right to be provided by the department a short and plain written statement of the matters asserted which will be presented at the hearing.
d. The right to review and copy at cost any written or recorded statement made by the alleged perpetrator to departmental personnel in the course of the child abuse/neglect investigation. This request must be made prior to the date for the hearing.
e. The right to review and copy at cost, before or during the hearing, the written material and other evidence in possession of the department which will be placed into evidence at the hearing.
f. The right to inspect any exculpatory evidence which may be in the possession of departmental investigators, and the right to be informed of such evidence if known by departmental investigators before the hearing; provided, that a request for such evidence is made at least five working days prior to the date set for the hearing.
g. The right to review and copy at cost all non-confidential department documents pertinent to the case, including written policies and rights.
h. The right to cross-examine witnesses testifying at the hearing.
i. The right to request issuance of subpoenas to witnesses and compel attendance. This request must be received no later than ten calendar days prior to the hearing, unless a shorter time is agreed upon by the hearing officer.
j. The right to review and copy at cost all documents in the official hearing file maintained by the hearing officer.
k. The right to have a hearing officer appointed who shall be disinterested, fair, and impartial.
Ala. Code 1975 § 26-14-7.1.
For the majority of Alabama citizens (everyone who is not a teacher, day care worker, or other person who falls within the narrow qualifications for entitlement to a CA/N hearing), only an administrative record review is available to challenge an "indicated" disposition.4
After the conclusion of the CA/N hearing or administrative record review, there are no further procedures available for challenging the merits of an "indicated" disposition. Limited procedures are available, however, for expungement from the Central Registry of "not indicated" and (in narrower circumstances) "indicated" listings.
III. FACTS
A. Plaintiff Tonya Collier, a Teacher and Day Care Worker
Plaintiff Tonya Collier is a former educator who resides in Shelby County, Alabama. Plaintiff Collier alleges that DHR officials and social workers wrongfully deprived her of procedural due process in violation of
By letter dated April 17, 2012, DHR notified Plaintiff Collier that a report of child abuse had been lodged against her and that, upon investigation, DHR had concluded that the facts indicated child abuse had occurred. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 1, 21.) Defendants Corrine Matt and Leslie Henderson were the Shelby County DHR workers who made the "indicated" determination. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 3.)
On April 24, 2012, in response to DHR's letter, Plaintiff Collier notified Defendants *1245Matt and Henderson of her status as a school teacher and requested a hearing to review the "indicated" disposition. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 2; Doc. # 33-1 at 10.) Plaintiff Collier's hearing request was ignored or denied. (Doc. # 28 ¶¶ 16-17.) On November 29, 2012, DHR notified Plaintiff Collier that an administrative record review had resulted in an affirmance of the "indicated" disposition and that the "indicated" status would be placed on the Central Registry. (Doc. # 33-1 at 10; Doc. # 31-4 at 1.)
"At the time the 'indicated' disposition was made by Defendants Matt and Henderson," i.e. , sometime in 2012, Plaintiff Collier was terminated from her teaching position after the "indicated" disposition was disclosed to her employer. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 3.) Plaintiff Collier subsequently obtained employment at a day care center, but, in October 2014, she was terminated from that position after DHR notified the day care of the "indicated" disposition and warned that the day care's license to operate was in jeopardy because of it. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 3.)
Thereafter, Plaintiff Collier retained an attorney, who secured her an administrative hearing approximately one month after she filed this action. (Doc. # 33-1 (May 12, 2015 letter from the Administrative Hearings Office notifying Plaintiff Collier that she would be given a hearing).) At the conclusion of the hearing, the administrative law judge reversed the "indicated" finding and concluded that child abuse was "not indicated."6 (Doc. # 28 ¶ 4.)
B. Plaintiffs Donald Lee Alexander, Ginger Lowrey, and R.L.P.: Non-educator Plaintiffs With "Indicated" Dispositions
Plaintiffs Donald Lee Alexander, Ginger Lowrey, and R.L.P. allege that DHR officials *1246deprived them of procedural due process in violation of
1. Plaintiff Alexander's "Indicated" Disposition
Plaintiff Alexander, a Shelby County, Alabama resident and the father of two minor children, was the subject of a DHR investigation in which DHR's investigators found that child abuse was "indicated."7 (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 5, 28.) Plaintiff Alexander was never notified of any right to a hearing to dispute the report or the "indicated" disposition by introducing evidence or argument. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 5.) However, the April 2, 2014 DHR letter notifying Plaintiff Alexander of the "indicated" disposition stated: "You have the right to an administrative record review." (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 29-30.) The letter was signed by Sara Haag, a Shelby County DHR social worker, and ratified by Defendant Kim Mashego, Director of Shelby County DHR. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 30.)
In response to DHR's letter, Plaintiff Alexander submitted to DHR a written notice that he "denied and disputed the report, the allegations, and the 'indicated['] disposition" and that he wanted to proceed to a hearing to contest the "indicated" disposition. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 31.) He submitted his request for a hearing to Defendant Haag, who did not forward the request to DHR's Office of Administrative Hearings. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 18.) No hearing was scheduled. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 18.) Alexander's name continues to be listed on the Central Registry as the subject of a DHR investigation in which child abuse was "indicated." (Doc. # 28 at 31.) Because of the "indicated" disposition, Alexander is unable to pursue normal activities available to other parents, such as volunteering and being involved in his children's educational and extracurricular activities. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 35.)
2. Plaintiff Lowrey's "Indicated" Disposition
Plaintiff Ginger Lowrey, the mother of two minor children, resides in Jefferson County, Alabama. She was the subject of a DHR investigation of child abuse that led to a finding that child abuse was "indicated." (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 8.) Plaintiff Lowrey was never notified of her right to a hearing to challenge DHR's findings by introducing evidence or argument. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 19.) However, the September 7, 2007 DHR letter notifying Plaintiff Lowrey of the "indicated" disposition stated: "You have the right to an administrative record review." (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 42.) The letter was signed by Defendant Katie Walter, a Jefferson County DHR social worker, and Defendant Toni Dollar, a Jefferson County DHR supervisor. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 42.)
Plaintiff Lowrey notified DHR that she denied and disputed the child abuse allegations and the "indicated" disposition and submitted a written request for a hearing.
*1247(Doc. # 28 at ¶ 44.) The hearing request was not forwarded to DHR's Office of Administrative Hearings. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 45.) No hearing was scheduled, and Plaintiff Lowrey remains on the Central Registry as the subject of a DHR investigation in which child abuse was "indicated." Plaintiff Lowrey wishes to be active in the lives of her children, but, unlike other parents, she is prohibited from volunteering in their school and other activities because of the "indicated" disposition. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 47, 50.)
3. Plaintiff R.L.P.'s "Indicated" Disposition
Plaintiff R.L.P., a minor8 resident of Shelby County, Alabama, was the subject of a child abuse investigation that led to a finding of "indicated" child abuse. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 10.) Plaintiff R.L.P. was never notified of any right to dispute the report or the "indicated" disposition by introducing evidence or argument, or of the procedures by which he might pursue that challenge. (Doc. # 28 ¶ 10.) However, the June 1, 2012 DHR letter notifying Plaintiff R.L.P. of the "indicated" disposition stated: "You have the right to an administrative record review." (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 55, 57.)
The amended complaint does not state whether Plaintiff R.L.P. or his parents notified DHR that they wished to challenge the "indicated" disposition, or whether R.L.P. was afforded an administrative record review. However, in support of their motion to dismiss, Defendants submitted a letter dated April 16, 2013, informing R.L.P. that DHR had "completed [its] administrative record review" on R.L.P.'s case and had "determined that the County Department does have enough credible evidence to support a dispositional finding of 'indicated', i.e. true." (Doc. # 31-6 at 1.) In the letter, DHR notified that the report of child abuse involving R.L.P. would "be entered on the Department's Central Registry ... as an 'indicated' incident." (Doc. # 31-6 at 1.)
Plaintiff R.L.P. continues to be listed on the Central Registry as the subject of a DHR investigation in which child abuse was "indicated." Plaintiff R.L.P. wishes to one day have children, but, if he does, disclosure of the "indicated" status likely will prohibit him from volunteering and participating in his children's school and extracurricular activities the way other parents do. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 60-61.) In addition, Plaintiff R.L.P. is concerned that disclosure will hinder his ability to obtain employment and engage in an occupation. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 61.)
C. Plaintiffs Alexander, Brian Burroughs, and Marlo Saunders: Non-educator Plaintiffs With "Not Indicated" Dispositions
Plaintiffs Alexander,9 Brian Burroughs, and Marlo Saunders are each listed on the *1248statewide Central Registry as the subject of child abuse investigation that led to a "not indicated" disposition. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 7, 12, 13.) Alabama law and DHR regulations and policies do not include any provisions for hearings or record reviews to challenge a "not indicated" disposition before the disposition is included on the Central Registry. Alabama law and DHR regulations do provide, however, for expungement of "not indicated" listings upon request if, after five years after placing the listing on the Central Registry, DHR has received no further reports of child abuse or neglect.
A "not indicated" disposition "shall not be used or disclosed for purposes of employment or other background checks."
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The Amended Complaint
Plaintiffs previously were granted an opportunity to amend the complaint to cure problems of shotgun pleading. (Doc. # 27.) In the order to amend, they were given detailed instructions on how to file a proper complaint. (Doc. # 27.) Plaintiffs were expressly warned that "[c]laims and demands for relief that fail to comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the requirements of [the order to amend] may be subject to dismissal without further opportunities for amendment." (Doc. # 27 at 11.) Claims over which the court has jurisdiction that fail to comply sufficiently with the order to amend to meet the basic notice pleading requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) will be dismissed with prejudice and without further opportunity to amend, as no grounds exist for finding that further opportunities for amendment would be fruitful.10 See Zocaras v. Castro ,
B. Jurisdictional Considerations: Mootness, Standing, and Ripeness
1. Mootness: Plaintiff Collier
After initially being denied a hearing, and after twice losing her employment as a result of DHR's two disclosures of her "indicated" status, Plaintiff Collier was provided a hearing in which she successfully challenged her "indicated" status, which was then changed to a "not indicated" status on the Central Registry.11 (Doc. # 28 at 4.) Plaintiff Collier seeks damages, as well as injunctive and declaratory relief, based on the denial of a hearing to challenge the "indicated" disposition.
Because Plaintiff Collier is no longer under threat of future injury from the "indicated" status, her claims for injunctive and declaratory relief (but not her claims for damages incurred as a result of termination of her employment) are due to be dismissed without prejudice for lack of jurisdiction on grounds that her claims for prospective relief are moot. Adler v. Duval Cty. Sch. Bd. ,
Plaintiff Collier's claims for monetary damages for loss of employment, however, arise out Defendants' past conduct in disclosing her "indicated" statuses to two of her employers. Therefore, Plaintiff Collier's claims for monetary damages are not moot. Hunt v. Aimco Props., L.P. ,
2. Jurisdictional Issues Concerning Claims Arising From "Indicated" Dispositions of Non-educator Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P.
i. Claims for Monetary Damages Connected with "Indicated" Dispositions of Non-educator Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P.
Standing, like the related concepts of mootness and ripeness, is a concept of *1250justiciability that consists of constitutional (jurisdictional) elements and prudential elements. To establish standing in the context of Article III, a plaintiff must allege an (1) "injury in fact-an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical"; (2) that the injury is "fairly traceable" to the challenged act; and (3) that it is "likely, as opposed to merely speculative" that the injury will be "redressed by a favorable decision." Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ,
Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. seek monetary damages from Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Haag, Walter, and Dollar in their individual capacities on grounds that those Defendants are in various ways responsible for the denial of a hearing to challenge their "indicated" statuses. Unlike Plaintiff Collier, who lost two jobs in conjunction with disclosure of her "indicated" status, Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. do not allege that they have already suffered any compensable injury from the fact that their names are listed on the Central Registry or from the disclosure of their "indicated" dispositions to third parties.
Accordingly, all claims of Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. for monetary damages against Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Haag, Walter, and Dollar in their individual capacities in conjunction with "indicated" dispositions are due to be dismissed for lack of standing. Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc. ,
ii. Claims for Prospective Relief of Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey Against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar With Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions
Because prospective relief regulates future conduct, a party establishes an "injury in fact" for standing purposes "if the party alleges, and ultimately proves, a real and immediate-as opposed to a merely conjectural or hypothetical-threat of future injury." Church v. City of Huntsville ,
All Plaintiffs generally assert claims for injunctive relief against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar. However, Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar are not accused of wrongdoing with respect to any Plaintiffs other than Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey. Specifically, Plaintiff Alexander asserts claims against Defendant Haag for failing to notify him of his right to a hearing and failing to forward his hearing request to DHR's Office of Administrative Hearings, and Plaintiff Lowrey asserts claims against Defendants Walter and Dollar for failing to notify her of her right to a hearing and failing to transmit her hearing request to DHR's Office of Administrative Hearings. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 30-32, 43-48.)
As the amended complaint makes clear, Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey are already aware of their due process rights. Further, DHR is already aware of the demands of Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey for due process hearings to challenge their "indicated" statuses. Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar are not alleged *1251to have supervisory or policymaking authority that would make them amenable to an order for prospective relief requiring DHR to provide hearings or amend its policies and procedures to comply with due process requirements for "indicated" dispositions of non-educators like Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey. Therefore, the amended complaint contains no facts that would support a request for prospective relief against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar because there is no reason to conclude that Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey personally would obtain meaningful relief from an order requiring those Defendants to notify them of their due process rights or forward the hearing requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings. Put another way, the amended complaint contains no facts from which it could reasonably be inferred that Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey are at risk of any future injury from the past conduct of Defendants Haag, Walter, or Dollar. Accordingly, the claims of Plaintiffs Alexander and Lowrey against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar for prospective relief from their indicated statuses are due to be dismissed for lack of standing.
Further, because all claims for prospective relief against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar are subject to dismissal for lack of standing, and because (as explained in Section IV.B.2.i.) all claims for monetary relief against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar are also due to be dismissed for lack of standing, all claims against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar, are subject to dismissal, and those Defendants are due to be dismissed from this action.
iii. Claims for Prospective Relief Against Defendants Buckner and Mashego with Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions of Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P.-Constitutional (Article III) Standing
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. lack standing to seek prospective relief. At this point in the analysis, a few observations are necessary to explain the narrowing of the court's consideration of that argument solely to the claims of Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. against Defendants Buckner and Mashego for prospective relief from "indicated" statuses. First, as explained Section IV.B.2.iv., all claims for prospective relief against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar are due to be dismissed for lack of standing. Second, Defendants Matt and Henderson are alleged to have engaged in conduct that only affected Plaintiff Collier, and, as explained in Section IV.B.1., Plaintiff Collier's claims for prospective relief against all Defendants are moot. Third, as will be explained in Section IV.C., Plaintiff Lowrey's claims against Defendant Buckner for prospective relief are due to be dismissed on grounds of res judicata.12 Fourth, Plaintiff Lowrey, who is a Jefferson County resident and was subject to a Jefferson County DHR investigation, has alleged no facts from which it could reasonably be inferred that she has any claim for prospective relief against Defendant Mashego in her official capacity as the Director of the Shelby County DHR. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 8, 15.) Thus, Plaintiff Lowrey's claims for prospective relief against Defendant Mashego are due to be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.
*1252Therefore, of the claims for prospective relief from "indicated" dispositions, only the claims of Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. against Defendants Buckner and Mashego warrant further discussion. Unlike Defendants Matt, Henderson, Haag, Walter, and Dollar, Defendant Buckner (in her official capacity as Commissioner of Alabama DHR) and Defendant Mashego (in her official capacity as the Director of Shelby County DHR) are alleged to have policymaking authority regarding the handling of challenges to "indicated" dispositions of non-educators, including Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. Further, Defendants Buckner and Mashego are alleged to be the DHR authorities whose official acts and omissions prevented, and continue to prevent, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. from challenging their "indicated" dispositions in accordance with constitutional due process requirements. Finally, any prospective relief against Alabama and Shelby County DHR would be appropriately entered against Defendants Buckner and Mashego in their respective official capacities as Directors of Alabama DHR and Shelby County DHR. See Kentucky v. Graham ,
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. lack standing to seek declaratory and injunctive relief to challenge their "indicated" dispositions because those two Plaintiffs face no real threat of future injury. (Doc. # 31 at 18-20.) In support of this argument, Defendants cite City of Los Angeles v. Lyons ,
Unlike the Plaintiff in Lyons , Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. have asserted facts from which it could reasonably be inferred that they face a real, concrete threat of future injury, regardless of whether they will one day be the subject of another DHR investigation. Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. are the subjects of "indicated" dispositions that are currently on the Central Registry. Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. contend that, as a result of actions taken under color of state law and tortious conduct by Defendants Buckner and Mashego in their official capacities, they have been and continue to be deprived of an adequate due process hearing to challenge those "indicated" dispositions. Aside from the administrative record review process, there are no procedures under Alabama law by which a non-educator like Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. could challenge the validity of an "indicated" disposition. Except for the opportunity for an administrative record review, which has already passed and which Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. contend is constitutionally insufficient, it is already a legal certainty that Alabama law and DHR regulations and policies afford Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. no opportunity to challenge the validity of their "indicated" statuses.13
*1253Further, Plaintiffs R.L.P. and Alexander allege that their "indicated" statuses, which are already listed on the Central Registry and which they have not been and never will be afforded due process to challenge, will likely be released to prospective employers or to their children's schools and other organizations conducting extracurricular children's activities at which they wish to volunteer.
not merely freedom from bodily restraint, but also the right of the individual to contract, to engage in any of the common occupations of life, to acquire useful knowledge, to marry, establish a home and bring up children, to worship God according to the dictates of [one's] own conscience, and generally to enjoy those privileges long recognized as essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men.
Meyer v. Nebraska ,
Plaintiff R.L.P. is a minor who has no children. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 60-61.) Despite Plaintiff R.L.P.'s alleged present desire to have children at some unknown date in the future, it remains to be seen whether he will one day become a father. The possibility that disclosure of R.L.P.'s "indicated" status will prevent him from volunteering in his as-yet-unborn children's activities is too remote to satisfy the requirements of Article III. See Texas v. United States ,
However, even as a minor and young adult,14 R.L.P. is at the time of life when citizens ordinarily are faced with decisions directed at choosing a career, such as course selection in school, or deciding on, preparing for, and pursuing a trade or a path to college or the military. Options available to other young people, such as the potential for a teaching or military career, will likely be limited as to R.L.P. if and when his "indicated" status is disclosed.
*1254The uncertainty caused by requiring R.L.P. to wait to resolve his challenge to his "indicated" status will harm him by burdening his choices at a time of life when he would otherwise be most able to set himself on the path to his chosen career. Unlike other young people, R.L.P. must either (1) forgo careers that are closed to persons with "indicated" child abuse listings on the Central Registry, or (2) invest substantially in preparing for a career in such a field on the chance that, after he one day applies for and is denied employment in that field, he then will be able to successfully challenge the lack of due process afforded by the administrative record review that ended in a "final"15 decision in April 2013.
Therefore, even before R.L.P's "indicated" status may be disclosed to potential employers, potential disclosure of his "indicated" disposition is substantially likely to burden his ability "to contract [and] to engage in any of the common occupations of life." Meyer ,
Besides, delaying the availability of an action for prospective relief until the eventual date of rejection from employment is essentially useless to a teenager. As time passes, memories morph and fade, evidence is lost, witnesses move on, and R.L.P.'s designation as a child abuser will gradually ossify into an immutable monument to his own constitutional abuse at the hand of the State. By the time R.L.P. is one day rejected for employment, his remedy will be stone cold and dead.
Plaintiff Alexander, who is currently a parent, alleges that the threat of disclosure of his "indicated" disposition, which is already on the Central Registry, currently interferes with his ability to volunteer and participate in his children's school and extracurricular activities. See Thomas v. Buckner , No. 2:11-CV-245-WKW,
Therefore, Plaintiffs R.L.P. and Alexander have constitutional standing to seek prospective relief from the denial of a hearing to challenge their "indicated" statuses, and, from an Article III standpoint, those claims are ripe for review.
iv. Claims for Prospective Relief Against Defendants Buckner and Mashego with Respect to "Indicated" Dispositions of Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P.-Prudential Standing
The claims of Plaintiffs R.L.P. and Alexander for prospective relief against Defendants Buckner and Mashego meet the prudential requirements of standing.17 In seeking relief from the denial of a hearing to challenge their own "indicated" statuses, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. are seeking relief from injuries that are particular to them and that affect their own personal liberty interests. See Warth v. Seldin ,
This is not a class action. Therefore, particularly as to requests for injunctive or declaratory relief involving DHR's handling of "indicated" dispositions of non-educators who are not parties to this lawsuit,18 determining the scope of prospective relief available to Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. may at some point require consideration of the prudential doctrine that "a party may not ordinarily claim standing to vindicate the constitutional rights of some third party." Thomas v. Buckner , No. 2:11-CV-245-WKW,
In addition to concerns about the vindication of rights of persons not parties to the lawsuit, the prudential aspects of ripeness also require consideration of the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and the hardship to the parties of withholding judicial review. Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus , --- U.S. ----,
Waiting to address prospective relief for Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. until some future date when disclosure of their "indicated" statuses to third parties injures their employment or family interests poses risks (1) of hardship to Plaintiffs of burdens on or damage to their liberty interests in the interim; and (2) of hardship to all parties because, if prospective relief is warranted, evidence will grow stale with unnecessary passing of time, witness memories will fade, DHR personnel will shift, and review of the merits of the "indicated" statuses will become increasingly difficult. In addition, although not dispositive of the issue of prudential jurisprudence, the court notes that third parties-Plaintiff Alexander's family, alleged victims of child abuse by Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P., and (in the event of a meritorious "indicated" disposition) potential future victims-will benefit from the certainty of the earliest possible resolution of Plaintiffs' challenges to their "indicated" statuses.
Having weighed the fitness of the issues for adjudication and the relative harms of waiting until a future date to resolve the issues, the court concludes that Plaintiff Alexander's and Plaintiff R.L.P.'s due process challenges with respect to their "indicated" dispositions satisfy the requirements of prudential ripeness. Those claims " 'are sufficiently mature, and the issues sufficiently defined and concrete, to permit *1257effective decisionmaking by the court.' " Digital Props ,
3. Standing as to Plaintiffs with "Not Indicated" Statuses: Plaintiffs Alexander, Burroughs, and Saunders
Plaintiffs Alexander, Burroughs, and Saunders bring federal and state law claims for monetary, injunctive, and declaratory relief based on allegations that they are entitled to a hearing to contest their "not indicated"21 statuses. However, Plaintiffs Alexander, Burroughs, and Saunders have not alleged that they have suffered or are imminently in danger of suffering any injury as a result of DHR's conclusion that child abuse was "not indicated," the alleged lack of procedures to challenge or expunge22 the "not indicated" status, or the fact that their "not indicated" statuses are maintained on the Central Registry. They have not alleged facts from which it can reasonably be inferred that their "not indicated" statuses have or will be disclosed to any third party or that a hearing would result in any improvement to the "not indicated" status. Further, they have not alleged facts from which it could be reasonably inferred that they are entitled to a hearing to challenge the listing or disclosure of their "not indicated" statuses.
Accordingly, the claims of Plaintiffs Alexander, Burroughs, and Saunders for monetary, injunctive, or declaratory relief arising from the maintenance of their "not indicated" statuses on the Central Registry are due to be dismissed for lack of standing and for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Friends of the Earth ,
C. Res Judicata/Collateral Estoppel: Plaintiff Lowrey's Remaining Claims
Defendants argue that Plaintiff Lowrey's23 claims challenging her "indicated" status are barred by collateral estoppel and/or res judicata. As noted in Section IV.B.2.i., Plaintiff Lowrey's claims for monetary relief are due to be dismissed for lack of standing. Plaintiff Lowrey seeks prospective relief only as to Defendants Buckner and Mashego in their official capacities. However, Plaintiff Lowrey, who was the subject of an "indicated" finding by Jefferson County DHR, (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 8) has alleged no facts indicating that her injuries could be addressed by prospective relief against Defendant Mashego, who is *1258the Shelby County DHR Director. Therefore, Defendants' preclusion defenses to Plaintiff Lowrey's claims will be considered only with respect to her remaining claim for prospective relief against Defendant Buckner in her official capacity.
Defendants have submitted documents24 from a state court proceeding in which Plaintiff Lowrey challenged her "indicated" listing and sought to be removed from the Central Registry as an "indicated" child abuser. The state court complaint was filed on August 4, 2011, against Jefferson County DHR, Jefferson County DHR Director Amanda Rice, Alabama DHR, and Alabama DHR Commissioner Nancy Buckner, in her individual and official capacities. (Doc. # 31-1 at 1.) The state court case terminated with entry of summary judgment on the merits in favor of DHR on May 3, 2012. (Doc. # 31-2 at 1-2.) Lowrey did not appeal the judgment of the Jefferson County Circuit Court.
Alabama's law of res judicata determines whether the Alabama circuit court's judgment precludes Lowrey's federal and state law claims. Amey, Inc. v. Gulf Abstract & Title, Inc. ,
All four res judicata elements are met in this case. Lowrey's remaining claims in this action for declaratory and injunctive relief are directed solely to Defendant Nancy Buckner in her official capacity as Director of Alabama DHR. Nancy Buckner, along with Alabama DHR,25 was also a defendant in the state court action. Plaintiff Lowrey's complaint in the state court action, in which she received an adverse final judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction, challenged the validity of maintaining her "indicated" disposition on the Central Registry and the lack of due process to challenge the "indicated" disposition, and she sought expungement of her "indicated" status from the Central Registry. In this case, Plaintiff Lowrey also seeks an opportunity to challenge her "indicated" status and to have her "indicated" status removed from the Central Registry.26 Thus, the two cases involve the same causes of action for purposes of the res judicata analysis.
*1259Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Lanier ,
Accordingly, Plaintiff Lowrey's claim for prospective relief against Defendant Buckner in her official capacity is due to be dismissed on grounds of res judicata. Because the doctrine of res judicata is applicable, it is unnecessary to consider Defendants' collateral estoppel defense.
D. Statute of Limitations: Plaintiff Collier's Claims for Monetary Relief and Plaintiff R.L.P.'s Claim for Prospective Relief 27
1. Plaintiff Collier's Claims for Monetary Relief
Defendants argue that Plaintiff Collier's § 1983 and state law tort claims for monetary relief28 are barred by the two-year statute of limitations. See Ala. Code 1975 § 6-2-38(l) ("All actions for any injury to the person or rights of another not arising from contract and not specifically enumerated in this section must be brought within two years."); Jones v. Preuit & Mauldin ,
The statute of limitations clock begins to run on a § 1983 claim when the plaintiff "knows or should know (1) that [she has] suffered the injury that forms the basis of [her] complaint and (2) who has inflicted the injury." Chappell v. Rich ,
Defendants argue that the two-year statute of limitations has run on Plaintiff Collier's federal and state law claims because all of the following occurred more than two years prior to the filing of this action: the initial date of the "indicated" listing; the dates on which Plaintiff Collier was originally notified of the "indicated" disposition and of the adverse outcome of a record review; and the date on which Plaintiff Collier was first denied an administrative hearing. Defendants' attempt to measure the running of the statute of limitations from any of those dates is without merit. The statute of limitations did not begin to run on Plaintiff Collier's claims for monetary relief until *1260she was injured by loss of employment due to DHR's disclosure of the "indicated" disposition to her employers. See Campbell v. Pierce Cty., Ga. by & Through Bd. of Comm'rs of Pierce Cty. ,
Plaintiff Collier alleges that she suffered injuries from loss of two different jobs due to DHR's dissemination of her "indicated" status on two distinct occasions. First, Plaintiff Collier alleges that she lost her teaching job sometime in 201229 as a result of DHR's disclosure of her "indicated" status to the Shelby County Board of Education. Second, in October 2014, which was less than two years before the filing of the April 17, 2015 complaint, Plaintiff Collier again lost a job when DHR disclosed her "indicated" listing to her day care employer. See Campbell ,
Defendants have failed to meet their burden to demonstrate that some or all of Plaintiff Collier's claims are barred by their affirmative statute-of-limitations defense. First, they failed to recognize that, by law, none of the dates they proposed triggered the running of the statute of limitations. Second, they entirely failed to address whether DHR's disclosure of Plaintiff Collier's "indicated" status and the resulting loss of Plaintiff Collier's teaching and/or day care job triggered the running of the statute of limitations on some or all of her claims. Therefore, Defendants' motion to dismiss is due to be denied with respect to the statute-of-limitations defense to Plaintiff Collier's claims for monetary damages.
2. Plaintiff R.L.P.
Defendants argue that the statute of limitations has run on the claims of Plaintiff R.L.P. for prospective relief because more than two years prior to the filing of this lawsuit, his causes of action accrued *1261when he received a letter notifying him that a record review had been completed. (Doc. # 31 at 54-55; Doc. # 3-5; Doc. # 31-6.) However, because R.L.P. prominently alleges he was a minor on the date this action was filed, Defendants have not fully cited the correct law regarding the statute of limitations applicable to his claims. Although Alabama's two-year statute of limitations generally applies to § 1983 and state law tort claims,30 Alabama law also contains a tolling provision under which the limitations period begins to run on a minor's claims on the date the minor reaches the age of majority, which, in Alabama, is 19 years of age.
State tolling provisions are considered an integral part of the state's limitations policy and must be applied in § 1983 actions unless otherwise inconsistent with federal law or the purposes of § 1983.31 Bd. of Regents of Univ. of State of N.Y. v. Tomanio ,
Therefore, as a matter of law, even if Plaintiff R.L.P.'s claims accrued on the date of DHR's letter to R.L.P., the limitations period was tolled by § 6-2-8 because he was a minor. R.L.P. filed this action before he reached the age of majority and before the two-year limitations period had even begun to run on his state law and § 1983 claims. Accordingly, with respect to Defendants' statute of limitations defense to R.L.P.'s claims for prospective relief, the motion to dismiss is due to be denied.
E. Count I
Count I of the amended complaint, brought by Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, *1262R.L.P., Burroughs, and Saunders,33 is labeled a "claim for injunctive relief pursuant to
As to the challenges of Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. to their "indicated" statuses, Count I is due to be dismissed as duplicative of Count III, which also seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from the denial of constitutionally adequate due process to challenge "indicated" statuses. As to Plaintiff Lowrey, Count I is due to be dismissed because, for the reasons stated in Section IV.B.2.ii.-ii and Section IV.C., all her claims for prospective relief are due to be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and on grounds of res judicata. As to the claims of Plaintiffs Burroughs and Saunders, and as to Plaintiff Alexander's claims challenging his "not indicated" disposition, Count I is due to be dismissed because, as more fully explained in Section IV.B.3., all claims challenging "not indicated" dispositions are due to be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.
F. Count II
In Count II, Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, R.L.P, Burroughs, and Saunders34 seek a declaratory judgment that Defendants Buckner and Mashego must provide them with a "post-deprivation hearing" before placing their names and information on the Central Registry. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 84-85.)
Plaintiffs allege no facts in conjunction with Count II, except to incorporate the previous 83 paragraphs of the amended complaint (including Count I) in their entirety in violation of the court's order to amend. (Doc. # 27 at 9 ¶ b. ("Plaintiffs may not simply incorporate all factual allegations by reference into every count; rather, Plaintiffs must indicate with clarity which specific factual allegations are material to each specific count.").) See Weiland ,
Count II is due to be dismissed for failure to allege facts sufficient to comply with the notice pleading requirements of Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and for failure to comply with the order to amend. Count II is also due to be dismissed because Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, R.L.P, Burroughs, and Saunders have not demonstrated a constitutional right to have their names withheld from the Central Registry until the conclusion of a hearing. See Campbell ,
G. Count III
Count III, which is titled "deliberate indifference," is a tangle of claims by all Plaintiffs against various Defendants for various due process deprivations on various occasions by various actions and means. For the reasons stated in Section IV.B-D, all claims are due to be dismissed except Plaintiff Alexander's and Plaintiff R.L.P.'s claims for declaratory and injunctive relief from their "indicated" statuses and Plaintiff Collier's claims for monetary damages.35 Therefore, Count III will be analyzed only as to the remaining claims of Plaintiffs Collier, Alexander, and R.L.P. Despite the deficiencies of the amended complaint with respect to Count III, the court finds that, with some effort, Defendants might reasonably ascertain that, in Count III, Plaintiffs Collier, Alexander, and R.L.P. assert the following claims against them.
1. Policy of Refusal to Schedule Hearings Upon Request; Policy Resulting in Failure to Forward Hearing Requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings
Plaintiffs assert that Defendants Buckner and Mashego personally established customs, practices, and policies of systematically refusing to schedule hearings upon request. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 87(i)-(ii).) Plaintiffs also assert that, as a result of policies maintained by Defendants Buckner and Mashego, hearing requests are not transmitted to the Office of Administrative Hearings. Plaintiffs allege that they were deprived of their due process rights because of the policies maintained by Defendants Buckner and Mashego.
a. Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P.
i. What Process is Due
Plaintiffs R.L.P. and Alexander contend that the available administrative record review does not comport with due process *1264and that "DHR systematically affirms the original disposition of 'indicated' following completion of a record review."36 (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 87.i., iv.) Defendants argue that, even so, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. have not demonstrated that they were deprived of constitutionally guaranteed due process. "Where a property interest is at stake, courts have usually held that a pre-deprivation hearing may be required," but where, as here, a liberty interest arising from reputational damage is at stake, "the courts have required only that the claimant be accorded notice of the charges against him and an opportunity to support his allegations and clear his name by argument however brief, and, if need be, by proof, however informal." Campbell ,
Defendants' own exhibits and legal citations on the motion to dismiss demonstrate that the administrative record review process37 does not permit a person with an "indicated" status "the opportunity to present evidence in his defense-to tell his side of the story." Harrison v. Wille ,
Further, the decision at the administrative record review stage is "final," after which the "indicated" disposition is then placed on the Central Registry.
Whether the claims of Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. are characterized as challenging the process available during the pre-deprivation administrative record review (which is the only procedure available to them), or whether their claims are characterized as challenging the total lack of adequate post-deprivation opportunities for review, they have successfully asserted facts from which it could reasonably be inferred that no DHR regulations or policies provide them even an informal opportunity to clear their names by submitting argument and evidence and cross-examining witnesses (which even Defendants concede is required).39 Therefore, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. have sufficiently alleged deprivation of due process. Accordingly, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. have alleged facts sufficient to state claims that Defendants Buckner and Mashego, in their official capacities, propounded DHR policies that deprive them of due process to contest their "indicated" statuses.
ii. Whether Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. Allege Injury to a Constitutionally Protected Interest
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. have not suffered *1266injury to a constitutionally protected liberty interest as required to sustain their § 1983 claims. Without question, an "indicated" disposition is stigmatizing, at least to the extent that the disposition may be published or disseminated. Smith ,
Defendants point out that Plaintiffs R.L.P. and Alexander have not alleged that there already has been public disclosure of the "indicated" dispositions. That argument fails to take into consideration the prospective nature of Plaintiffs' claims for declaratory and injunctive relief, which are intended to prevent future injuries. Adler v. Duval Cty. Sch. Bd. ,
Defendants contend that Plaintiff Alexander has not suffered alteration or extinguishment of a legally protected right or status because he does not allege that he already has suffered loss of employment, salary damage, or any other harm to a liberty interest in employment. (Doc. # 31 at 37.) However, a liberty interest in employment is not the only legally protected interest that may be damaged by stigma. Liberty interests are also inherent in "establishing a home and bringing up children," Meyer ,
Thus, Plaintiff Alexander sufficiently has alleged that the "indicated" status poses a real, imminent threat of distinctly altering his rights to family integrity because the stigma of the "indicated" status will likely make it more difficult for him to participate in his children's education and upbringing. Plaintiff Alexander should not be forced to wait until he is rejected as a participant in his children's education before he can bring a procedural due process claim for prospective relief. The purpose of injunctive and declaratory relief is to avert future harm. Adler ,
Similarly, as explained in Section IV.B.2.iii.-iv., Plaintiff R.L.P. has alleged facts from which it can reasonably be inferred that the potential for disclosure of his "indicated" disposition burdens his liberty interests in the right "to contract [and] to engage in any of the common occupations of life, ... and generally to enjoy those privileges long recognized as essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men." Meyer ,
Accordingly, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. satisfy the "stigma-plus" test, and the motion to dismiss is due to be denied with respect to their requests for prospective relief from the denial of due process to challenge their "indicated" statuses.
b. Plaintiff Collier
Defendants allege that Plaintiff Collier did not have a constitutional right to a pre-deprivation administrative hearing because she did not have a property interest in employment, and that, sometime after her employment was terminated the second time, she was provided with a post-deprivation hearing. Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. ,
The amended complaint does not include allegations that would support the inference that Plaintiff Collier was deprived of a constitutionally protected property interest. For example, the amended *1268complaint does not contain allegations that Plaintiff Collier was a tenured teacher, or that she lost her teacher certification as a result of the disclosure of her "indicated" status. See Logan ,
Because hearings in cases involving only a liberty interest exist to allow the plaintiff to clear her name, the hearing "need not" take place prior to publication of information adverse to the plaintiff's interest. Campbell ,
Under the circumstances, Plaintiff Collier has alleged that she was deprived of her due process right to notice and an opportunity to be heard.
ii. Supervisor Liability of Defendants Buckner and Mashego
Defendants Buckner and Mashego argue that they cannot be held responsible for Plaintiffs' § 1983 claims for monetary relief because supervisor liability only exists if the supervisor personally participated in the alleged constitutional violation or if there is a causal connection between the supervising official's actions and the alleged constitutional deprivation (as, for example, when policies or procedures personally propounded by the supervisor result in deliberate indifference to a plaintiff's due process rights). Braddy v. Fla. Dep't of Labor & Emp't Sec. ,
The facts asserted in Plaintiff Collier's amended complaint are sufficient to support her contention that policies personally *1269propounded by Defendants Buckner and Mashego resulted in deliberate indifference to Plaintiff Collier's right to a hearing and ultimately caused her to lose two jobs. Plaintiff Collier alleges that she was constitutionally entitled to a due process hearing, that she requested and was denied a hearing, and that she was prevented from obtaining the hearing because her hearing request was not transmitted to the Office of Administrative Hearings. Without the failure to schedule a hearing, and/or without the failure of Defendants Matt and Henderson to forward the hearing request, the "indicated" disposition would not have been on the Central Registry and would not have twice been disclosed to Plaintiff Collier's employers, proximately causing them to terminate her employment. Further, Plaintiff Collier alleges that the failure to forward the hearing request and/or failure to schedule the hearing resulted from policies personally propounded by Defendants Buckner and Mashego.
Thus, Plaintiff Collier has alleged sufficient facts to establish a causal connection between the alleged constitutional deprivation and the actions of Defendants Buckner and Mashego. The motion to dismiss is due to be denied as to Plaintiff Collier's § 1983 monetary damages claim against Defendants Buckner and Mashego for propounding policies that deprived her of a hearing.
2. Policy of Informing Those Requesting Hearings that They Are Only Entitled to a Record Review; Policy of Failing to Provide Information Regarding Methods For Challenging DHR Findings
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants Buckner and Mashego have propounded policies whereby, upon DHR's receipt of a request for a hearing, DHR does not inform the requestor of the proper method for contesting an "indicated" status and, instead, "systematically inform[s requestors] that they are only entitled to a 'record review.' " (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 87.ii.) However, despite the alleged deficiencies in the notice of available hearing procedures, Plaintiffs Collier, Alexander, and R.L.P. all requested hearings.42 Therefore, the alleged facts do not support the inference that DHR's policy of not advising them of a right to a hearing proximately caused their injuries or poses a threat of a future injury to them. (Doc. # 28 at ¶¶ 2, 22-25, 30-32.)
Accordingly, with respect to allegations that DHR had a policy of misinforming persons entitled to hearings that they were entitled only to a record review, Count III is due to be dismissed with prejudice as to Plaintiffs Collier, Alexander, and R.L.P. for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and for failure to comply with the order to amend. Twombly ,
Nothing said here should be taken as a ruling on the admissibility of relevant and probative evidence of DHR practices.
3. Introduction of Evidence of Dispositions in Juvenile and Family Courts
Plaintiffs allege that, pursuant to policies maintained by Defendants Buckner and Mashego, "DHR routinely introduces evidence of the 'indicated' and 'not indicated' dispositions in cases brought before the juvenile/family courts and other [c]ourts of this State." (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 87(v).) However, no Plaintiff alleges specific facts showing that he or she was or will be injured by in-court disclosure of an "indicated" or "not indicated" disposition.43 Further, the amended complaint fails to identify specific conduct by any specific Defendant as a cause of any particular routine in-court disclosure of a DHR disposition.
Accordingly, this claim is due to be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and for failure to comply with the order to amend. (Doc. # 27 at 9-10 ¶¶ (e.)-(g.).)
4. Failure to Establish Adequate Expungement Procedures
Plaintiffs allege that "DHR has failed to establish procedures allowing for the prompt expungement of names and information from the Central Registry." (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 87.ix.) The amended complaint fails to identify specific conduct by any specific Defendant as a cause of any insufficiency in the expungement procedures. No Plaintiff alleges that he or she was or is being injured by a thwarted attempt to obtain expungement, and no facts are provided to show how or why the existing expungement procedures44 are inadequate for or unavailable to any particular Plaintiff. Accordingly, as to Plaintiff Collier's claims for money damages and as to Plaintiff Alexander's and Plaintiff R.L.P.'s request for prospective relief to challenge "indicated" statuses, this claim is due to be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and for failure to comply with the order to amend.
5. Failure to Provide Adequate Training and Supervision in Investigation and Initial Dispositions of Child Abuse Reports
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants Buckner and Mashego "failed to provide adequate training and supervision to those agents and employees of the State and County [DHR] who are responsible for the investigation of child abuse/neglect reports and who are responsible for making disposition of those reports, and who are responsible for informing persons of their rights following an 'indicated disposition.' " (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 88.)
The amended complaint's factual allegations of wrongful conduct pertain only to denial of due process to challenge "indicated" statuses after DHR investigations concluded with the initial "indicated" disposition. The amended complaint45 contains no allegations that any DHR workers (including *1271any of the Defendants) acted improperly in investigating child abuse reports or in making the initial determination that child abuse was "indicated."
Plaintiff Collier requested a hearing despite DHR's alleged failure to inform her of her rights; therefore, she has not alleged facts that support an inference that she personally was injured by any failure to train DHR employees in notifying persons of their rights following an "indicated" disposition. Further, there is no basis to conclude that Plaintiffs Alexander or R.L.P., who may never be subject to another investigation and who are already aware of their hearing rights, would personally benefit from prospective relief requiring DHR to improve policies and procedures for training and supervision of DHR workers investigating abuse reports, or for informing persons of their rights to a hearing following an "indicated" disposition.
Accordingly, this claim is due to be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and for failure to comply with the order to amend.
6. Failure of DHR Social Workers to Forward Hearing Requests
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants Matt, Henderson, Haag, Walter, and Dollar failed to transmit hearing requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 89.) As explained in Section IV.B.2.i.-ii., all claims against Defendants Haag, Walter, and Dollar are due to be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Defendants Matt and Henderson are accused of personally failing to forward Plaintiff Collier's hearing requests. Plaintiff Collier has alleged facts sufficient to support a finding she was prevented from obtaining a hearing because Defendants Matt and Henderson did not transmit her hearing request to the Office of Administrative Hearings. Plaintiff Collier also alleges facts from which it could reasonably be inferred that Defendants Matt and Henderson knew or should have known to transmit the hearing request because she was a teacher entitled to a CA/N hearing under Alabama statutory law and DHR regulations and policies, and because the CA/N hearing was the only name-clearing procedure available to her that would satisfy the due process requirement of an opportunity to be heard.
Accordingly, Plaintiff Collier's § 1983 claim for monetary damages against Defendants Matt and Henderson for failing to forward her hearing request survives the motion to dismiss.
H. Count IV
Count IV is entitled "Claim For Money Damages Pursuant To
*1272Defendants argue that Count IV is due to be dismissed as duplicative of Count III. In Count IV, Plaintiffs Collier, Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. allege that their hearing requests were "denied, refused, and/or ignored" because Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Matt, Henderson, Haag, Walter, and Dollar "failed to carry out duties and responsibilities imposed on them by statute, rule, regulation, and policy." (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 97.) Like Count III, Count IV arises out of the deprivation of Plaintiffs' constitutionally protected rights to a hearing. As to prospective relief, Count IV does not contain any allegation or basis for declaratory or injunctive relief that was not already covered by Count III. Therefore, as to claims for prospective relief, Count IV is due to be dismissed as duplicative of Count III.
Further, as explained in Section IV.B.1, Section IV.B.2.i., and Section IV.B.3., except for Plaintiff Collier's claims for monetary damages against Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Matt, and Henderson, all claims for monetary damages are due to be dismissed on grounds of lack of jurisdiction and/or failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. With respect to Plaintiff Collier's claim for monetary damages against Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Matt, and Henderson, Count IV differs materially from Count III because Count IV alleges that Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Matt, and Henderson "denied, refused, and/or ignored" Plaintiff Collier's hearing requests. In contrast, Count III seeks relief (1) against Defendants Buckner and Mashego for personally maintaining policies and procedures that proximately led to the denial of the hearing requests (either by one or more of the named Defendants or by unnamed DHR personnel); and (2) against Defendants Matt and Henderson for failing to forward Plaintiff Collier's hearing request.
Accordingly, Count IV is due to be dismissed except as Plaintiff Collier's claim for monetary relief against Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Matt, and Henderson.
I. Qualified Immunity and Plaintiff Collier's § 1983 Claims for Monetary Relief
Defendants Mashego and Matt46 argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff Collier's47 § 1983 claims for monetary damages.48 (Doc. # 31 at 20.) In § 1983 actions, the doctrine of qualified immunity "offers complete protection for government officials sued in their individual capacities if their conduct 'does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.' " Vinyard v. Wilson ,
"[T]o receive qualified immunity, the public official must first prove that *1273[s]he was acting within the scope of h[er] discretionary authority when the allegedly wrongful acts occurred." Lee v. Ferraro ,
Only if "the defendant establishes that he was acting within his discretionary authority, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that qualified immunity is not appropriate" by showing that the defendant's actions violated a clearly established constitutional right.49 Lee ,
Though Defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity because they did not meet their burden to show that they were engaged in a discretionary function, the court notes that the amended complaint contains sufficient factual allegations to demonstrate that, in failing to forward the hearing request, Defendants Mashego and Matt violated Plaintiff Collier's clearly established constitutional right to a name-clearing hearing. It is well-established (and not disputed by Defendants) that Plaintiff Collier was entitled to a name-clearing hearing that included "an opportunity to support h[er] allegations and clear h[er] name by argument however brief, and, if need be, by proof, however informal." Campbell ,
*1274In Alabama, the only hearing that would have satisfied the basic due process requirements of an opportunity to be heard was a CA/N hearing, which was only available upon timely written request before the listing and disclosure of the "indicated" status. See
Under the circumstances and well-established law,50 the amended complaint is sufficient to support the allegation that Defendants Mashego and Matt were on notice that Plaintiff Collier was entitled to an opportunity to be heard, and that failure to forward the hearing request and/or denying, refusing, or ignoring the request would deprive Plaintiff Collier of her one available opportunity for a due process hearing to clear her name. Instead, Plaintiff Collier was merely given an administrative record review, which does not satisfy the due process requirements of a name-clearing hearing because it does not provide the affected party with any opportunity, not even an informal one, to tell her side of the story by presenting argument and proof. Campbell ,
As Defendants point out, after years of persistence and the assistance of an attorney, Plaintiff Collier was able to eventually convince DHR to reverse course and correct the errors of Defendants Mashego and Matt by giving her an administrative hearing, at which she prevailed. However, the late-provided hearing does not negate that, during the time period when the actions of Defendants Mashego and Matt deprived Plaintiff Collier of her due process right clear her name, she was injured twice (once in 2012 and again in 2014) by DHR's disclosure of her "indicated" disposition.
Therefore, the motion to dismiss is due to be denied with respect to Defendants' qualified immunity defense to Plaintiff Collier's remaining § 1983 claims for monetary relief.
J. Count V-State Law Negligence and Wantonness Claims
Count V is a state law claim for negligence and wantonness. In it, all Plaintiffs seek compensatory and punitive damages *1275from all Defendants for breach of alleged duties to give notice to persons accused of child abuse of the right to a hearing, to inform the Office of Administrative Hearings that an "indicated disposition" was made at the county level, to withhold Plaintiffs' names and information from the Central Registry until the conclusion of a post-deprivation hearing, and to forward Plaintiffs' hearing requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings. In accordance with Section IV.B.2.i., all claims for monetary damages except Plaintiff Collier's are due to be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Therefore, the court will limit its consideration of Count V to whether Plaintiff Collier has stated a claim upon which relief could be granted.
Because Plaintiff Collier was aware of her right to a hearing and requested one despite DHR's lack of notice of her right to do so, it cannot reasonably be inferred from the amended complaint that she was injured because DHR failed to notify her of her right to a hearing or of her right to request one. Further, Plaintiff Collier has also failed to allege any facts from which it can be inferred that she was injured by any Defendant's failure to automatically, and before receiving a request for a hearing, inform the Office of Administrative Hearings that an "indicated" disposition was made at the county level. Accordingly, Count V does not state a claim against any Defendant for failing to notify Plaintiff Collier of the right to a hearing or for failing to automatically alert the Office of Administrative Hearings of an "indicated" disposition.
The facts alleged in the amended complaint do support the conclusion that someone at DHR listed Plaintiff Collier's "indicated" disposition on the Central Registry before DHR afforded her a hearing. However, there are no allegations that any of the named Defendants personally listed Plaintiff Collier's "indicated" status on the statewide Central Registry, and there are no supervisory or vicarious liability theories asserted in Count V against any Defendants, including Defendants Buckner or Mashego. Plaintiff Collier has not demonstrated that Defendants owed her a legal duty not to place her "indicated" disposition on the Central Registry prior to an administrative hearing-only that they had a duty to provide her with a hearing to "clear her name" in conjunction with the release of the "indicated" status to third parties. Campbell ,
Plaintiff Collier does supply sufficient allegations to reasonably place Defendants Matt and Henderson51 on notice of a claim for negligence and wantonness in failing to forward Plaintiff Collier's hearing request. Defendants argue that they are entitled to state agent immunity on Plaintiff Collier's claim. See Ex parte Cranman ,
Alabama law applies a burden-shifting approach to state agent immunity defense. First the defendant must demonstrate that the plaintiff's claims arise from a function that would entitle the state agent to immunity. The arguments of Defendants Matt and Henderson regarding state agent immunity are merely general statements of law and do not specifically address whether forwarding Plaintiff Collier's hearing request was a function that would entitle them to immunity. (Doc. # 31 at 55-62.) Moreover, failing to forward the hearing request does not appear to fall in any of the categories that would entitle them to state agent immunity, such as exercising judgment in administration of a department or discharging duties prescribed by statute or regulation in the manner so prescribed. Hollis v. City of Brighton ,
Even if Defendants Matt and Henderson could demonstrate that their failure to forward Plaintiff Collier's hearing request arose from a function that entitled them to immunity, which they have not done, they still would not be entitled to state agent immunity if they acted " 'willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond [their] authority, or under a mistaken interpretation of the law.' " Ex parte Harris ,
Therefore, construing the allegations of the amended complaint in the light most favorable to Plaintiff Collier, the court finds that she has asserted facts53 from which it could reasonably be inferred that *1277(1) Defendants Matt and Henderson knew or should have known that, under Alabama law and DHR regulations, Plaintiff Collier "must", by right, be afforded a CA/N hearing upon request,
Accordingly, as to Count V, the motion to dismiss is due to be denied with respect to the state agent immunity defense of Defendants Matt and Henderson to Plaintiff Collier's negligence and wantonness claim for monetary damages for failure to forward the hearing request. In all other respects, Count V is due to be dismissed.
K. Count VI
Count VI is a claim for compensatory and punitive damages by all Plaintiffs against all Defendants for fraudulent suppression of the material fact that Plaintiffs were entitled to a hearing. As explained in Section IV.B.1, Section IV.B.2.i., and Section IV.B.3., all Plaintiffs' claims for monetary damages except for Plaintiff Collier's are due to be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Plaintiff Collier requested a hearing despite DHR's failure to notify her of her right to do so; thus, she has failed to allege facts from which it can reasonably be concluded that the failure to notify her of the right to a hearing caused her any injury. Accordingly, all Plaintiff Collier's claims under Count VI are due to be dismissed with prejudice for failure to comply with the requirements of notice pleading and the order to amend, and, because she alleges fraud, for failure to comply with Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) ("In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake."). Therefore, Count VI is due to be dismissed in its entirety.
L. Count VII
Count VII is a state law claim by all Plaintiffs against Defendants Buckner, Mashego, and Dollar in their individual capacities for negligent training, supervision, and retention. Count VII, which seeks only monetary damages, is due to be dismissed as to Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, R.L.P., Burroughs, and Saunders because, as explained in Section IV.B.2.i. and Section IV.B.3, those Plaintiffs' claims for monetary damages are subject to dismissal for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
With respect to negligent retention, Plaintiff Collier alleges that Defendants Buckner and Mashego54 negligently retained *1278employees who were known to have violated state and federal and DHR rules, regulations, and policies. Nowhere in the amended complaint is there a factual allegation that Plaintiff Collier suffered an injury at the hands of an improperly retained DHR employee who was previously known to have a tendency to violate laws, rules, regulations, and procedures.55 See Voyager Ins. Cos. v. Whitson ,
To prevail on a claim of negligent training and supervision, Plaintiff Collier must demonstrate that she was harmed by the tortious conduct of one or more improperly supervised or trained DHR employees. Voyager ,
Defendants Buckner and Mashego assert the defense of state law immunity. A state agent is not entitled to state law immunity if the state agent acted " 'willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond his or her authority, or under a mistaken interpretation of the law.' "56 Harris ,
*1279wrongful conduct and that DHR training and supervision policies were "inadequate to fulfill [DHR's] obligations to protect the public from unconstitutional and unlawful practices by DHR employees and agents." (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 116.) Accordingly, Count VII contains allegations sufficient to support the inference that, in failing to train and supervise DHR employees regarding their responsibilities in handling teachers' hearing requests, Defendants Buckner and Mashego acted "willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond [their] authority, or under a mistaken interpretation of the law." Harris ,
Accordingly, Count VII is due to be dismissed except as to Plaintiff Collier's claims for monetary relief against Defendants Buckner and Mashego for negligent training and supervision of DHR employees regarding the responsibility to forward CA/N requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings.
M. Counts VIII and IX
Count VIII is a state law claim for defamation by Plaintiffs Collier, Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. for wrongfully disclosing their "indicated" dispositions. Count IX is a claim by Plaintiffs Collier, Alexander, Lowrey, and R.L.P. for libel and slander for wrongful disclosure of their "indicated" dispositions. For facts, Plaintiffs rely primarily on incorporation of the preceding 118 paragraphs of the amended complaint. Plaintiffs were ordered that, "with respect to each count, the complaint must clearly and specifically identify each relevant Defendant's alleged acts or omissions in a manner sufficient for each Defendant to know how he or she is alleged to be personally involved with the claim and the factual and legal grounds upon which he or she is alleged to be liable to which Plaintiff." (Doc. # 27 at 10 ¶ f.) Plaintiffs were also specifically ordered not to rely on incorporation of facts by reference so that the court would be able to discern which facts supported which claims. (Doc. # 27.)
As to Plaintiffs Alexander, Lowrey, R.L.P., Burroughs, and Saunders, Counts VIII and IX are due to be dismissed because, as discussed in Sections IV.B.2.i. and IV.B.3., those Plaintiffs' claims for monetary damages are due to be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Although Plaintiff Collier alleges that her "indicated" status was wrongfully57 disclosed to her employers, she does not allege that any particular Defendant was the person who disclosed the "indicated" status. The amended complaint contains no other allegation that any Defendant made any other defamatory, libelous, or slanderous statements that Plaintiff Collier was guilty of child abuse. Counts VIII and IX contain no allegations to support liability of Plaintiffs Buckner or Mashego on grounds of supervisory liability or any other theory. Therefore, as to Plaintiff Collier, Counts VIII and IX are due to be dismissed with prejudice for failure to allege facts sufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and for failure to comply with the order to amend.
N. Count X
Count X is a state law claim for injunctive relief based on "the wrongful acts of Buckner and Mashego" as described (by incorporation) in the preceding 130 paragraphs of the amended complaint. (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 132.) Plaintiffs seek an injunction against the continued maintenance of their names on the Central Registry and an injunction requiring that they be afforded *1280a hearing to challenge their "indicated" dispositions.
An injunction is a remedy, not a separate claim or cause of action. See Martin v. Patterson ,
Count V is a claim for negligence and wantonness in failing to transmit Plaintiffs' hearing requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings, failing to inform the Office of Administrative Hearings of the existence of "indicated" dispositions, and failure to notify Plaintiffs of a right to a hearing. Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P., who are aware of their right to a hearing, have not demonstrated that prospective relief directed at any of those particular allegedly wrongful acts would prevent future injury to them. Count V also includes an allegation that Defendants have a duty to withhold the Plaintiffs' names and information from the Central Registry "prior to the conclusion of a ... hearing." (Doc. # 28 at ¶ 101.) However, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P. have not shown that Defendants owed them a duty to withhold their names or information from the Central Registry prior to the conclusion of a hearing, or that placing them on the Central Registry prior to the conclusion of the hearing creates a threat of injury. See Campbell ,
As to Count VI, for suppression of material fact, Plaintiffs Alexander and R.L.P., who are already aware of their right to a hearing, have failed to state any facts from which it could reasonably be concluded that DHR's past failure to disclose their right to a hearing poses a threat of future injury. Count VII, for negligent hiring and negligent training and supervision, fails to assert facts from which it could reasonably be concluded that prospective relief requiring proper hiring, training, and supervision would prevent future injury to Defendant Alexander or R.L.P. Counts VIII and IX, for defamation, libel, and slander, are not relevant to claims for prospective relief because those claims are based on allegations of past defamatory, libelous, and slanderous statements.
Accordingly, the motion to dismiss is due to be granted as to all requests for injunctive relief on Plaintiffs' state law claims.
V. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, it is ORDERED:
1. The motion to dismiss (Doc. # 31) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, and all claims are DISMISSED
*1281with the following exceptions, which are the only remaining claims:
a. Counts I and II, which are § 1983 claims, are DISMISSED.
b. Count III, a § 1983 claim, is DISMISSED as to all Plaintiffs and Defendants except as follows:
i. with respect to Defendants Buckner and Mashego in their official capacities, Count III remains as to Plaintiff Alexander's and Plaintiff R.L.P.'s claims for injunctive and declaratory relief on grounds that DHR policies and procedures prevent them from obtaining due process hearings to contest their "indicated" statuses;
ii. with respect to Defendants Buckner and Mashego in their individual capacities, Count III remains as to Plaintiff Collier's money damages claim that Defendants Buckner and Mashego maintained policies and procedures that deprived her of a hearing to contest her "indicated" status; and
iii. Count III remains as to Plaintiff Collier's money damages claims that Defendants Matt and Henderson, in their individual capacities, personally failed to forward Plaintiff Collier's hearing requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings.
c. Count IV, a § 1983 claim, is DISMISSED except as to Plaintiff Collier's claim for monetary relief against Defendants Buckner, Mashego, Matt, and Henderson in their individual capacities for denying, refusing, or ignoring Plaintiff Collier's hearing request.
d. Count V, a state law claim for negligence and wantonness, is DISMISSED, except as to Plaintiff Collier's state law money damages claim against Defendants Matt and Henderson in their individual capacities for failure to forward Plaintiff Collier's hearing request.
e. Count VII, a state law claim for negligent retention, supervision, and training, is DISMISSED except as to Plaintiff Collier's claim for monetary damages against Defendants Buckner and Mashego, in their individual capacities, for negligent supervision and training DHR employees the responsibility to forward CA/N hearing requests to the Office of Administrative Hearings.
f. Counts VII and IX, state law claims for defamation, libel, and slander, are DISMISSED.
g. Count X of the complaint, which is not a claim but a request for injunctive relief on Plaintiffs' state law claims, is DISMISSED.
2. Because all claims of Plaintiffs Lowrey, Burroughs, and Saunders have been dismissed by this Order, the Clerk of the Court is DIRECTED to terminate Plaintiffs Lowrey, Burroughs, and Saunders as parties to this action.
3. Because no remaining claims are asserted against Defendants Sara Haag, Katie Walter, and Toni Dollar, the Clerk of the Court is DIRECTED to terminate Defendants Sara Haag, Katie Walter, and Toni Dollar as parties to this action.
DONE this 27th day of March, 2018.
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