FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 16, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court AKINLABI COLEMAN,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 19-1039 (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-03140-LTB) ASSOCIATE WARDEN JEFF LONG; (D. Colo.) WARDEN HENSEN; JOHN DOE(S), Intelligence Officers; INVESTIGATOR GENERAL,
Defendants - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before BRISCOE, McHUGH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Plaintiff-Appellant Akinlabi Coleman, a state prisoner proceeding pro se,
appeals the district court’s dismissal of his civil rights lawsuit as frivolous, pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). Plaintiff alleged that Defendants violated his
Fourteenth Amendment due process rights by revoking his visitation and telephone
privileges for one year without a hearing, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. district court found that Plaintiff’s lawsuit was frivolous because Plaintiff does not
have a protected liberty interest in visitation and telephone privileges. Although the
district court certified that Plaintiff’s appeal would not be taken in good faith, see 28
U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), Plaintiff timely filed a notice of appeal and a motion to proceed
in forma pauperis. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we dismiss
Plaintiff’s appeal as frivolous and deny his motion to proceed in forma pauperis.
I
Coleman is an inmate in the custody of the Colorado Department of
Corrections. On December 19, 2017, he was notified by Associate Warden Jeff Long
that his “visiting and telephone privileges . . . [would] be[] suspended in accordance
with Administrative Regulation 300-01 and w[ould] remain suspended through
12/18/2018.” ROA at 12. The notice accused Plaintiff of being involved with
“attempts to procure and introduce illicit substances into the Sterling Correctional
Facility, for the purposes of possession, sale and distribution.” Id.
On December 27, 2017, Plaintiff wrote to Warden Hensen to “ask that [he] . . .
reinstate [Plaintiff’s] visiting and phone privileges.” Id. at 11. Plaintiff explained
that marijuana was found on his cell-mate’s person during a search outside Plaintiff’s
cell, that no drugs were found in Plaintiff’s cell, and that Plaintiff’s drug test came
back clean. Id. at 10. Plaintiff’s privileges were not reinstated. See id. at 6.
On December 6, 2018, Plaintiff filed the present lawsuit against Warden
Hensen, Associate Warden Long, and unnamed intelligence officers, for violating his
Fourteenth Amendment due process rights, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Id. at
2 4–5. Plaintiff proceeded in forma pauperis in the district court. See id. at 17–19.
Before Defendants were served, the district court dismissed Plaintiff’s case “as
legally frivolous,” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). Id. at 24. The district
court found Plaintiff’s “due process claim [to] lack[] merit because the suspension of
[Plaintiff’s] telephone and visitation privileges does not implicate a constitutionally
protected liberty interest.” Id.
II
“Lawful imprisonment necessarily makes unavailable many rights and
privileges of the ordinary citizen,” but “a prisoner is not wholly stripped of
constitutional protections when he is imprisoned for crime.” Wolff v. McDonnell,
418 U.S. 539, 555 (1974).
The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause protects persons against deprivations of life, liberty, or property; and those who seek to invoke its procedural protection must establish that one of these interests is at stake. A liberty interest may arise from the Constitution itself, by reason of guarantees implicit in the word “liberty,” or it may arise from an expectation or interest created by state laws or policies. Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221 (2005) (citations omitted).
It cannot “seriously be contended . . . that an inmate’s interest in unfettered
visitation is guaranteed directly by the Due Process Clause” of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Ky. Dep’t of Corrs. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989). “The
denial of prison access to a particular visitor ‘is well within the terms of confinement
ordinarily contemplated by a prison sentence.’” Id. at 461 (quoting Hewitt v. Helms,
459 U.S. 460, 468 (1983)). Accordingly, Plaintiff does not derive a liberty interest in
3 visitation and telephone privileges from the Constitution. See, e.g., Cleveland v.
Martin, 590 F. App’x 726, 732 (10th Cir. 2014); Rackley v. Blevins, 596 F. App’x
620, 624 (10th Cir. 2014).
Nor do Colorado’s policies and regulations create a liberty interest in visitation
and telephone privileges. “State policies or regulations will not create the basis for a
liberty interest in the conditions of confinement so long as they do not ‘impose
atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of
prison life.’” Estate of Dimarco v. Wyo. Dep’t of Corrs., 473 F.3d 1334, 1339 (10th
Cir. 2007) (brackets omitted) (quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995)).
“Withdrawing visitation privileges is a proper and even necessary management
technique to induce compliance with the rules of inmate behavior.” Overton v.
Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 134 (2003). The “withdrawal of visitation privileges for a
limited period as a regular means of effecting prison discipline . . . . is not a dramatic
departure from accepted standards for conditions of confinement.” Id. at 137 (citing
Sandin, 515 U.S. at 485). Therefore, the district court correctly found that Defendant
lacks a liberty interest in his visitation and telephone privileges.1
1 Plaintiff’s complaint only explicitly references a due process claim. ROA at 5.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 16, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court AKINLABI COLEMAN,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 19-1039 (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-03140-LTB) ASSOCIATE WARDEN JEFF LONG; (D. Colo.) WARDEN HENSEN; JOHN DOE(S), Intelligence Officers; INVESTIGATOR GENERAL,
Defendants - Appellees. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before BRISCOE, McHUGH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Plaintiff-Appellant Akinlabi Coleman, a state prisoner proceeding pro se,
appeals the district court’s dismissal of his civil rights lawsuit as frivolous, pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). Plaintiff alleged that Defendants violated his
Fourteenth Amendment due process rights by revoking his visitation and telephone
privileges for one year without a hearing, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. district court found that Plaintiff’s lawsuit was frivolous because Plaintiff does not
have a protected liberty interest in visitation and telephone privileges. Although the
district court certified that Plaintiff’s appeal would not be taken in good faith, see 28
U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), Plaintiff timely filed a notice of appeal and a motion to proceed
in forma pauperis. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we dismiss
Plaintiff’s appeal as frivolous and deny his motion to proceed in forma pauperis.
I
Coleman is an inmate in the custody of the Colorado Department of
Corrections. On December 19, 2017, he was notified by Associate Warden Jeff Long
that his “visiting and telephone privileges . . . [would] be[] suspended in accordance
with Administrative Regulation 300-01 and w[ould] remain suspended through
12/18/2018.” ROA at 12. The notice accused Plaintiff of being involved with
“attempts to procure and introduce illicit substances into the Sterling Correctional
Facility, for the purposes of possession, sale and distribution.” Id.
On December 27, 2017, Plaintiff wrote to Warden Hensen to “ask that [he] . . .
reinstate [Plaintiff’s] visiting and phone privileges.” Id. at 11. Plaintiff explained
that marijuana was found on his cell-mate’s person during a search outside Plaintiff’s
cell, that no drugs were found in Plaintiff’s cell, and that Plaintiff’s drug test came
back clean. Id. at 10. Plaintiff’s privileges were not reinstated. See id. at 6.
On December 6, 2018, Plaintiff filed the present lawsuit against Warden
Hensen, Associate Warden Long, and unnamed intelligence officers, for violating his
Fourteenth Amendment due process rights, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Id. at
2 4–5. Plaintiff proceeded in forma pauperis in the district court. See id. at 17–19.
Before Defendants were served, the district court dismissed Plaintiff’s case “as
legally frivolous,” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). Id. at 24. The district
court found Plaintiff’s “due process claim [to] lack[] merit because the suspension of
[Plaintiff’s] telephone and visitation privileges does not implicate a constitutionally
protected liberty interest.” Id.
II
“Lawful imprisonment necessarily makes unavailable many rights and
privileges of the ordinary citizen,” but “a prisoner is not wholly stripped of
constitutional protections when he is imprisoned for crime.” Wolff v. McDonnell,
418 U.S. 539, 555 (1974).
The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause protects persons against deprivations of life, liberty, or property; and those who seek to invoke its procedural protection must establish that one of these interests is at stake. A liberty interest may arise from the Constitution itself, by reason of guarantees implicit in the word “liberty,” or it may arise from an expectation or interest created by state laws or policies. Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221 (2005) (citations omitted).
It cannot “seriously be contended . . . that an inmate’s interest in unfettered
visitation is guaranteed directly by the Due Process Clause” of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Ky. Dep’t of Corrs. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989). “The
denial of prison access to a particular visitor ‘is well within the terms of confinement
ordinarily contemplated by a prison sentence.’” Id. at 461 (quoting Hewitt v. Helms,
459 U.S. 460, 468 (1983)). Accordingly, Plaintiff does not derive a liberty interest in
3 visitation and telephone privileges from the Constitution. See, e.g., Cleveland v.
Martin, 590 F. App’x 726, 732 (10th Cir. 2014); Rackley v. Blevins, 596 F. App’x
620, 624 (10th Cir. 2014).
Nor do Colorado’s policies and regulations create a liberty interest in visitation
and telephone privileges. “State policies or regulations will not create the basis for a
liberty interest in the conditions of confinement so long as they do not ‘impose
atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of
prison life.’” Estate of Dimarco v. Wyo. Dep’t of Corrs., 473 F.3d 1334, 1339 (10th
Cir. 2007) (brackets omitted) (quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995)).
“Withdrawing visitation privileges is a proper and even necessary management
technique to induce compliance with the rules of inmate behavior.” Overton v.
Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 134 (2003). The “withdrawal of visitation privileges for a
limited period as a regular means of effecting prison discipline . . . . is not a dramatic
departure from accepted standards for conditions of confinement.” Id. at 137 (citing
Sandin, 515 U.S. at 485). Therefore, the district court correctly found that Defendant
lacks a liberty interest in his visitation and telephone privileges.1
1 Plaintiff’s complaint only explicitly references a due process claim. ROA at 5. But because Plaintiff proceeds pro se, “we liberally construe his pleadings.” Requena v. Roberts, 893 F.3d 1195, 1205 (10th Cir. 2018). Plaintiff alleges that the revocation of his visitation and telephone privileges interfered with his “communication with [his] family[, which] is a big part of [his] mental health well- being” and “a part of [his] drive to continue to be pro-active in [his] programming” at prison. ROA at 11. Insofar as Plaintiff alleges a violation of his right to familial association, see Wirsching v. Colorado, 360 F.3d 1191, 1198, 1201 (10th Cir. 2004), Plaintiff has failed to state a claim because he does not allege that Defendants Continued . . . 4 “Because [Plaintiff] has failed to present any legal theory which could
conceivably refute the district court’s disposition, his appeal is frivolous under 28
U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)([i]).” Davis v. Kan. Dep’t of Corrs., 507 F.3d 1246, 1249
(10th Cir. 2007). We deny Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis because,
in his one-sentence brief, Plaintiff “has failed to show the existence of a reasoned,
nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in support of the issues raised on appeal.”
Rolland v. Primesource Staffing, L.L.C., 497 F.3d 1077, 1079 (10th Cir. 2007).
The district court dismissed Plaintiff’s action as frivolous. We do the same.
Therefore, “both dismissals count as strikes.” Jennings v. Natrona Cty. Det. Ctr.
Med. Facility, 175 F.3d 775, 780 (10th Cir. 1999), overruled on other grounds by
Coleman v. Tollefson, 135 S. Ct. 1759, 1763–64 (2015).
III
Plaintiff’s appeal is DISMISSED as frivolous and Plaintiff’s motion to proceed
in forma pauperis is DENIED. Plaintiff is assigned two strikes: one for his frivolous
action in district court, and a second for his frivolous appeal.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe Circuit Judge
targeted his familial relationships when revoking his visitation and telephone privileges, Cordova v. City of Albuquerque, 816 F.3d 645, 654–56 (10th Cir. 2016). 5