OPINION
KIRSCH, Judge
Appellant-defendant Kenneth Cole appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of appellee-codefendant Janice Gohmann. Specifically, Cole asserts that the entry of summary judgment for Gohmann should be reversed because a genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether she breached a duty of care to the plaintiffs-appellees, Jeffrey and Shan-ice Brazell-Dodson (collectively, the “Dod-sons”),1 who were passengers in Cole’s automobile. We agree and reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The Dodsons filed a complaint against Cole seeking damages which arose out of a motor vehicle accident. The facts are not in dispute as to how the accident occurred. The Dodsons were traveling as passengers in a vehicle driven by Cole in Marion County. Cole was headed eastbound, it had been raining, and the streets were still wet. At one point, Cole’s vehicle began to fishtail. Gohmann was traveling westbound and observed Cole’s vehicle spin into her lane. Gohmann first observed Cole’s vehicle when it was two to three car lengths away. Record at 48. Gohmann’s automobile ultimately collided with Cole’s vehicle. Gohmann testified that approximately four seconds had elapsed from the time that she saw Cole’s vehicle begin to [1113]*1113spin until the collision occurred. Record at 48-49.
Cole answered the complaint and defended on the grounds that the injuries may have been caused in whole or in part by Gohmann. The Dodsons amended their complaint to add Gohmann as a defendant in the cause of action. Gohmann then proceeded to file a cross-claim for damages against Cole.
Gohmann filed a motion for summary judgment to dismiss her from the Dodsons’ cause of action. Gohmann asserted that she did not breach any duty of care wed to the Dodsons and, therefore, the negligence claim must fail. Cole opposed the motion, claiming that a genuine issue of material fact remained as to whether Goh-mann breached a duty of care while using a public highway. Following a hearing on the motion, the trial court granted summary judgment for Gohmann and dismissed her from the cause of action with prejudice. In essence, the trial court determined as a matter of law that Gohmann did not breach a duty of care to the Dod-sons. Cole now appeals, claiming that the trial court improperly granted summary judgment in favor of Gohmann.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Cole argues on appeal that there are genuine issues and inferences of fact that preclude summary judgment in favor of Gohmann. Specifically, he contends that a question of fact exists as to whether Goh-mann breached her duty to maintain a proper lookout while operating her vehicle. Cole claims that whether Gohmann exercised such precaution is a question best left for the fact finder to resolve. He further contends that summary judgment was inappropriate because the question of whether Gohmann acted reasonably in operating her vehicle in these circumstances was for the jury to resolve. We must agree.
Once again, we are presented with a case that illustrates the- marked difference in summary judgment procedure in Indiana as compared to federal practice. Under Indiana procedure, the party moving for summary judgment has the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists. Schmidt v. American Trailer Court, Inc., 721 N.E.2d 1251, 1258, (Ind.Ct.App.1999), trans. denied (2000) (citing Jarboe v. Landmark Community Newspapers, 644 N.E.2d 118, 123 (Ind. 1994); Lenhardt Tool & Die Co. v. Lumpe, 703 N.E.2d 1079, 1082 (Ind.Ct.App.1998), trans. denied (2000)). Once the moving party has met this burden with a prima facie showing, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to establish that a genuine issue does in fact exist. Id. In contrast, federal summary judgment procedure requires summary judgment to be granted against a party who fails to establish an essential element of that party’s case as to which that party bears the burden of proof at trial. Id. (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)).
In Celotex, the United States Supreme Court expressly rejected the view that the nonmoving party bears the burden of responding to the summary judgment motion only once the movant has come forward with evidence of the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Id. (citing Celo-tex, 477 U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. at 2552). The Celotex Court stated:
“We think that the position taken by the majority of the Court of Appeals is inconsistent with the standard for summary judgment set forth in Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Under Rule 56(c), summary judgment is proper ‘if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ In our view, the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon [1114]*1114motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, there can be ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact,’ since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. The moving party is ‘entitled to a judgment as a matter of law1 because the nonmov-ing party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of her ease with respect to which she has the burden of proof. ‘[T]h[e] standard [for granting summary judgment] mirrors the standard for a directed verdict under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a)....’ Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
Of course, a party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. But unlike the Court of Appeals, we find no express or implied requirement in Rule 56 that the moving party support its motion with affidavits or other similar materials negating the opponent’s claim. On the contrary, Rule 56(c), which refers to ‘the affidavits, if any,’ suggests the absence, of such a requirement.
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OPINION
KIRSCH, Judge
Appellant-defendant Kenneth Cole appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of appellee-codefendant Janice Gohmann. Specifically, Cole asserts that the entry of summary judgment for Gohmann should be reversed because a genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether she breached a duty of care to the plaintiffs-appellees, Jeffrey and Shan-ice Brazell-Dodson (collectively, the “Dod-sons”),1 who were passengers in Cole’s automobile. We agree and reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The Dodsons filed a complaint against Cole seeking damages which arose out of a motor vehicle accident. The facts are not in dispute as to how the accident occurred. The Dodsons were traveling as passengers in a vehicle driven by Cole in Marion County. Cole was headed eastbound, it had been raining, and the streets were still wet. At one point, Cole’s vehicle began to fishtail. Gohmann was traveling westbound and observed Cole’s vehicle spin into her lane. Gohmann first observed Cole’s vehicle when it was two to three car lengths away. Record at 48. Gohmann’s automobile ultimately collided with Cole’s vehicle. Gohmann testified that approximately four seconds had elapsed from the time that she saw Cole’s vehicle begin to [1113]*1113spin until the collision occurred. Record at 48-49.
Cole answered the complaint and defended on the grounds that the injuries may have been caused in whole or in part by Gohmann. The Dodsons amended their complaint to add Gohmann as a defendant in the cause of action. Gohmann then proceeded to file a cross-claim for damages against Cole.
Gohmann filed a motion for summary judgment to dismiss her from the Dodsons’ cause of action. Gohmann asserted that she did not breach any duty of care wed to the Dodsons and, therefore, the negligence claim must fail. Cole opposed the motion, claiming that a genuine issue of material fact remained as to whether Goh-mann breached a duty of care while using a public highway. Following a hearing on the motion, the trial court granted summary judgment for Gohmann and dismissed her from the cause of action with prejudice. In essence, the trial court determined as a matter of law that Gohmann did not breach a duty of care to the Dod-sons. Cole now appeals, claiming that the trial court improperly granted summary judgment in favor of Gohmann.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Cole argues on appeal that there are genuine issues and inferences of fact that preclude summary judgment in favor of Gohmann. Specifically, he contends that a question of fact exists as to whether Goh-mann breached her duty to maintain a proper lookout while operating her vehicle. Cole claims that whether Gohmann exercised such precaution is a question best left for the fact finder to resolve. He further contends that summary judgment was inappropriate because the question of whether Gohmann acted reasonably in operating her vehicle in these circumstances was for the jury to resolve. We must agree.
Once again, we are presented with a case that illustrates the- marked difference in summary judgment procedure in Indiana as compared to federal practice. Under Indiana procedure, the party moving for summary judgment has the burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists. Schmidt v. American Trailer Court, Inc., 721 N.E.2d 1251, 1258, (Ind.Ct.App.1999), trans. denied (2000) (citing Jarboe v. Landmark Community Newspapers, 644 N.E.2d 118, 123 (Ind. 1994); Lenhardt Tool & Die Co. v. Lumpe, 703 N.E.2d 1079, 1082 (Ind.Ct.App.1998), trans. denied (2000)). Once the moving party has met this burden with a prima facie showing, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to establish that a genuine issue does in fact exist. Id. In contrast, federal summary judgment procedure requires summary judgment to be granted against a party who fails to establish an essential element of that party’s case as to which that party bears the burden of proof at trial. Id. (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)).
In Celotex, the United States Supreme Court expressly rejected the view that the nonmoving party bears the burden of responding to the summary judgment motion only once the movant has come forward with evidence of the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Id. (citing Celo-tex, 477 U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. at 2552). The Celotex Court stated:
“We think that the position taken by the majority of the Court of Appeals is inconsistent with the standard for summary judgment set forth in Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Under Rule 56(c), summary judgment is proper ‘if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ In our view, the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon [1114]*1114motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, there can be ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact,’ since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. The moving party is ‘entitled to a judgment as a matter of law1 because the nonmov-ing party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of her ease with respect to which she has the burden of proof. ‘[T]h[e] standard [for granting summary judgment] mirrors the standard for a directed verdict under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a)....’ Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
Of course, a party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. But unlike the Court of Appeals, we find no express or implied requirement in Rule 56 that the moving party support its motion with affidavits or other similar materials negating the opponent’s claim. On the contrary, Rule 56(c), which refers to ‘the affidavits, if any,’ suggests the absence, of such a requirement. And if there were any doubt about the meaning of Rule 56(c) in this regard, such doubt is clearly removed by Rules 56(a) and (b), which provide that claimants and defendants, respectively, may move for summary judgment ‘with or without supporting affidavits.’ The import of these subsections is that, regardless of whether the moving party accompanies its summary judgment motion with affidavits, the motion may, and should, be granted so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the standard for the entry of summary judgment, as set forth in Rule 56(c), is satisfied. One of the principal purposes of the summary judgment rule is to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses, and we think it should be interpreted in a way that allows it to accomplish this purpose.”
Celotex, All U.S. at 322-24, 106 S.Ct. at 2552-53.
Our supreme court in Jarboe rejected the federal summary judgment approach and explained Indiana’s summary judgment framework as follows:
“The burden imposed at trial upon the party with the burden of proof on an issue is significantly different from that required of a non-movant in an Indiana summary judgment proceeding. Under Indiana’s standard, the party seeking summary judgment must demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of fact as to a determinative issue, and only then is the non-movant required to come forward with contrary evidence.
In this respect, Indiana’s summary judgment procedure abruptly diverges from federal summary judgment practice. Under the federal rule, the party seeking summary judgment is not required to negate an opponent’s claim. The movant need only inform the court of the basis of the motion and identify relevant portions of the record “which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.’ Celotex Corp. v. Catrett (1986), 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265, 272. The burden then rests upon the nonmoving party to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of each challenged element upon which the non-movant has the burden of proof. Id. Indiana does not adhere to Celotex and the federal methodology.”
Jarboe, 644 N.E.2d at 123.
However, we note that Justice Boehm, with Chief Justice Shepard concurring, re[1115]*1115cently expressed his belief that Indiana courts have been too literal in interpreting and applying Jarboe. See Lenhardt Tool & Die Co. Inc. v. Lumpe, 722 N.E.2d 824 (Ind.2000) (Boehm, J., dissenting from denial of transfer). He stated that Jarboe had been construed by the courts in some cases to require the movant to “establish a negative proposition” and that in his view such was “an incorrect reading of Trial Rule 56, and of Jarboe, and leads to unnecessary expense to litigants and unwarranted demands on judicial resources.” Id. at 825. After a thorough review of Celotex, Justice Boehm concluded:
“Under a correct reading of Celotex, the non-moving party is required to point to evidence supporting its claim or defense only after the moving party has either (1) established the non-movant’s inability to prevail as a matter of law or (2) offered evidence that supports the mov-ant’s argument that the non-movant cannot carry its burden of proof at trial. Although under Indiana Trial Rule 56 Jarboe clearly rejected the view that a party seeking summary judgment could simply point to the opponent’s burden of proof at trial and prevail unless the non-movant produced evidence supporting its claim or defense, Jarboe did not disable summary judgment as . a tool to resolve matters as to which there is no genuine issue of material fact. Rather, ... in my view under Indiana Trial Rule 56, as under federal practice, it is sufficient for summary judgment to establish on undisputed facts either that: (1) the non-movant will be unsuccessful as a matter of law or (2) the non-movant will be unable at trial to establish an essential fact on which the non-movant carries the burden of proof.”
Id. at 826-27 (citations omitted).
Justice Boehm then further elaborated that in his view:
“[0]nee the movant has put forward evidence to (1) establish the elements of its claim or defense, or (2) negate an essential element of the non-movant’s claim or defense, or (3) prove that the non-moving party will be unable to present evidence to prove an essential element of its claim or defense, the burden shifts to the non-movant to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue for trial on each challenged element. This does not mean that there is a shift of the burden of persuasion on any element of a claim or defense or that the non-movant must establish its entire case to defeat a motion for summary judgment. It does mean, as Trial Rule 56 provides, that, once the movant meets its burden, the non-movant must articulate specific facts that show an issue of material fact requiring a trial.”
Id. at 827-28 (citations omitted).
In addressing Cole’s claim, we initially observe that to recover on a theory of negligence, the plaintiff must establish: 1) a duty owed to the plaintiff by the defendant to conform her conduct to a standard of care arising from her relationship with the plaintiff; 2) a breach of this duty by the defendant; and 3) an injury to the plaintiff proximately caused by the breach. Jacques v. Allied Bldg. Svcs. of Indiana, 717 N.E.2d 606, 608 (Ind.Ct.App.1999).
Additionally, we note that a motorist must maintain a proper lookout while operating a motor vehicle as a rear sonably prudent person would do in the same or similar circumstances. See Brock v. Walton, 456 N.E.2d 1087, 1091 (Ind.Ct.App.1983). A motorist has a duty to use due care to avoid a collision and to maintain his automobile under reasonable control. Chaney v. Tingley, 174 Ind.App. 191, 195, 366 N.E.2d 707, 710 (1977). The duty to keep a lookout is imposed upon a motorist so that he may become aware of dangerous situations and conditions to enable him to take appropriate precautionary measures to avoid injury. Schultz v. Hodus, 535 N.E.2d 1235, 1238 (Ind.Ct.App.1989), trans. denied.
[1116]*1116In the instant case, there is no question that Gohmann had a duty to use reasonable care and maintain a proper lookout. Cole thus asserts that Gohmann has been unable to demonstrate that she did not breach the duty owed to the plaintiffs. Gohmann argues that Cole has offered no designated evidence demonstrating that Gohmann could have avoided the accident. However, Gohmann as the moving party had the burden of establishing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact with respect to the breach of her duty of care. She has not met this burden.
While we have recognized that a motorist must have sufficient time and distance to take evasive action in order to avoid a collision, Gohmann’s designated material fails to establish that no material question of fact exists regarding whether she failed to maintain a proper speed, failed to timely brake, failed to turn away, or failed to honk her horn in the time period prior to the collision. See Schultz, 535 N.E.2d at 1238. We note that Cole as the non-moving party also failed to come forward with any evidence that Gohmann failed to exercise due care in any of these ways; however, he had no burden under Indiana summary judgment practice to do so. We reject the contention that the only inference to .be drawn from the four second reaction time is that Gohmann did not have sufficient time to react to Cole’s vehicle when it crossed over into her lane. Despite the short period of time that elapsed between the time Gohmann noticed Cole’s vehicle and the collision, the jury must decide whether Gohmann should have been able to honk her horn or blink her lights to give Cole warning of the impact or take other action.
We note that under the federal summary judgment standard, Gohmann would be entitled to summary judgment. However, under Indiana practice Gohmann has not established the absence of a genuine issue of material fact on the breach of duty element of the negligence claim. We further note that it may be the case here that we are interpreting Jarboe too literally. However, until Jarboe is expressly clarified or overruled, we are bound to follow the holding. Finally, while we recognize the wisdom of Justice Boehm’s approach, we are unable to discern how we can construe Jarboe as he does without expressly adopting Celotex, which Jarboe expressly rejects.
As discussed, Gohmann failed to designate materials establishing the absence of a material fact regarding whether she breached a duty of care. Accordingly, summary judgment was improperly granted in favor of Gohmann.
Reversed.2
SULLIVAN, J., concurs.
BAKER, J., dissents with separate opinion.