Clark v. Westbrae Natural, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: April 22, 2021
• Docket: 3:20-cv-03221
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 HOWARD CLARK, Case No. 20-cv-03221-JSC

10 Plaintiff, ORDER RE: MOTION TO DISMISS 11 v. SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT

12 WESTBRAE NATURAL, INC., Re: Dkt. No. 38 Defendant. 13

14 15 The pending motion to dismiss asks whether Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that a label 16 describing soy milk as “vanilla” soymilk misrepresents to reasonable consumers that the product’s 17 vanilla flavor is derived exclusively from the vanilla bean plant.1 The Court previously granted 18 Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. (Dkt. No. 33. 2) 19 Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint is now pending before the 20 Court. (Dkt. No. 38.) Having considered the parties’ briefs and having had the benefit of oral 21 argument on April 15, 2021, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss. Plaintiff has failed to 22 plausibly allege that a reasonable consumer would be misled by Defendant’s label and has failed 23 to state a claim under the UCL’s unlawful prong. 24 BACKGROUND 25 This action challenges Defendant’s labeling of the Product pictured below: 26 1 All parties have consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 27 636(c). (Dkt. Nos. 6, 14.) 1

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17 “Vanilla” representation when he purchased the Product and that “[h]e believed that the vanilla

18 flavor in the Product was exclusively from the vanilla plant.” (Jd. at 4] 11.) However, “scientific 19 testing of the Product on January 31, 2020 by the Mass Spectrometry Facility, Food Innovation 20 Center North, revealed that the Product’s vanilla flavor Product [sic] does not come exclusively 21 from the vanilla plant.” (Ud. at | 23.) The testing identified 35 flavor compounds including 22 || vanillin and maltol, which “are flavoring agents commonly added to food to simulate, resemble or 23 || reinforce the flavor notes and aromas of vanilla from the vanilla plant.” Ud. at [J 25-28.) 24 Plaintiff alleges that “[h]e would not have purchased the Product at a premium price or 25 bought the Product at all had Plaintiff known the truth.” (/d.) Further, according to a 2020 26 || consumer survey, “49.6% percent .. . believed that the term ‘Vanilla’ on the Product means that 27 || that the origin of the Product’s vanilla flavor ‘comes exclusively from ingredients derived from the 28 || vanilla plant, such as vanilla beans or vanilla extract.’” (Ud. at §] 22.)

1 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s labeling violates California’s consumer protection laws 2 including (1) California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et. 3 seq. under the unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent prongs (claims 1 and 2); (2) California’s false 4 advertising law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17500, et. seq. (claim 3); and (3) the California 5 Consumers Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ. Code § 1750 et. seq (claim 4). He seeks 6 damages, restitution, and an injunction to stop Defendant’s allegedly false and misleading 7 marketing practice regarding the Product. The Court previously granted Defendant’s motion to 8 dismiss for failure to state a claim. (Dkt. No. 33.) Plaintiff thereafter filed the now operative 9 Second Amended Complaint and Defendant again moved to dismiss. (Dkt. Nos. 35, 38.) 10 DISCUSSION 11 The SAC repleads the same claims under California’s consumer protection statutes as the 12 First Amended Complaint. Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s claims (1) fail the reasonable 13 consumer test, (2) are preempted, (3) are barred because Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue 14 injunctive relief, and (4) are barred because Plaintiff cannot seek restitution. 15 A. Plaintiff’s Deception Claims 16 False advertising claims under the UCL, CLRA, and false advertising law are governed by 17 the “reasonable consumer” standard. See Williams v. Gerber Prods. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th 18 Cir. 2008). A plaintiff must show that consumers are “likely to be deceived” by the challenged 19 statements. Id. The Court previously held that Plaintiff had not alleged facts that plausibly 20 supported an inference that a reasonable consumer would interpret “vanilla” on the Product’s label 21 to mean that the Product’s flavor is derived exclusively from the vanilla bean. The Court also 22 concluded that “Plaintiff’s barebones allegation regarding the results of a 2020 survey which 23 allegedly showed that 69.5% of 400 consumers believed that ‘the ‘Vanilla’ representation on the 24 Product meant that the Product’s flavor comes exclusively from the vanilla bean’ (see FAC ¶ 2), 25 does not push Plaintiff’s reasonable consumer allegation over the plausibility line.” (Dkt. No. 33 26 at 6.) Plaintiff’s SAC fares no better. 27 First, as this Court and numerous other courts considering challenges to the use of the 1 which suggests to the reasonable consumer that the flavor comes exclusively from the vanilla bean. 2 See, e.g., Twohig v. Shop-Rite Supermarkets, Inc., No. 20-CV-763 (CS), 2021 WL 518021, at *3 3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 11, 2021) (concluding on a motion to dismiss that a reasonable consumer “would 4 understand that ‘vanilla’ is merely a flavor designator, not an ingredient claim” and collecting 5 S.D.N.Y. cases regarding the same); Harris v. McDonalds, No. 20-cv-06533-RS Dkt. No. 40. 6 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2021) (finding that plaintiff had failed to plausibly allege that a reasonable 7 consumer would be misled by McDonald’s labeling of its ice cream as “Vanilla” or “Vanilla 8 Cone” without qualification). 9 Second, there is nothing about the Product’s label which would prompt a reasonable 10 consumer to conclude otherwise. The label just includes the word “Vanilla”; it does not include 11 the words “Made with Aged Vanilla,” see Dailey v. A&W Concentrate Co., No. 20-CV-02732- 12 JST, 2021 WL 777114, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2021); see also Mantikas v. Kellogg Co., 910 13 F.3d 633, 638 (2d Cir. 2018) (plaintiffs plausibly alleged consumers would believe Cheez-it 14 crackers were made predominantly with whole grain where label stated “made with whole grain”); 15 nor does it include any vignettes or images of a vanilla plant or bean, see Budhani v. Monster 16 Energy Company, No. 20-CV-1409 (LJL), 2021 WL 1104988, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 22, 2021); 17 see also Williams, 552 F.3d at 939 (holding that a reasonable consumer could interpret a “fruit 18 juice snack” product with a label picturing different fruits to mean that the product contains the 19 pictured fruits). 20 Third, the results of a consumer survey allegedly completed on December 11, 2020 do not 21 save Plaintiff’s deception claims. (SAC at ¶ 20, Ex. A.) Plaintiff alleges that 403 individuals were 22 shown a picture of the Product and asked: “What does the term ‘Vanilla’ on the above pictured 23 product convey to you about the origin of the vanilla flavor?” The consumers were given multiple 24 choice responses, and 49.6% of the consumers surveyed selected the response that they “believed 25 that the term ‘Vanilla’ on the Product means that that the origin of the Product’s vanilla flavor 26 ‘comes exclusively from ingredients derived from the vanilla plant, such as vanilla beans or 27 vanilla extract.’” (Id. at ¶¶ 21-22; Dkt. No. 35-1 at 7.) At least two other courts have considered 1 support Plaintiffs’ claim.” Twohig, 2021 WL 518021, at *5; Pichardo v. Only What You Need, 2 Inc., No. 20-CV-493 (VEC), 2020 WL 6323775, at *4 n.7 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2020). Both courts 3 concluded that the surveys—which posited nearly the identical questions as were asked here—are 4 flawed. As the Twohig court noted,

5 the survey presumes that the label conveys something about that origin, and it did not give participants the option of stating that they 6 believed that the label conveyed nothing about the origin of the vanilla taste, (id.). While ‘[t]he role of the court at this stage of the 7 proceedings is not in any way to evaluate the truth as to what really happened, but merely to determine whether the Plaintiff’s factual 8 allegations are sufficient to allow the case to proceed,” Doe v. Columbia University, 831 F.3d 46, 59 (2d Cir. 2016), the survey here 9 – designed at the behest of counsel who apparently has brought nearly 100 similar lawsuits challenging the labeling of vanilla flavored 10 products and presumably has given significant thought to the questions – is sufficiently flawed that it does not contribute enough to 11 render the claims plausible. 12 Twohig, 2021 WL 518021, at *5 (footnote omitted). The Court agrees. Plaintiff’s attempt to 13 distinguish the questions in the Twohig and Pichardo surveys is unavailing as any differences are 14 immaterial. See Twohig v. Shop-Rite Supermarkets, Inc., No. 20-CV-763 (CS), Dkt. No. 15- 2 15 (First Amended Complaint, Ex. B) (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2020); Pichardo v. Only What You Need, 16 Inc., No. 20-CV-493 (VEC), Dkt. No. 22-1 (First Amended Complaint, Ex. 1) (S.D.N.Y. July 14, 17 2020). In any event, even without the survey’s flaws, “the survey does not shift the prevailing 18 reasonable understanding of what reasonable consumers understand the word [vanilla] to mean or 19 make plausible the allegation that reasonable consumers are misled by the term [vanilla].” Becerra 20 v. Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc., 945 F.3d 1225, 1231 (9th Cir. 2019); see also Yu v. Dr Pepper 21 Snapple Group, Inc., No. 18-CV-6664, 2020 WL 5910071, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2020) 22 (“adding surveys cannot alone salvage implausible claims” of consumer deception). 23 Fourth, Plaintiff’s reliance on Kang v. P.F. Chang’s China Bistro, Inc., No. 20-55138, 24 2021 WL 463443, at *1 (9th Cir. Feb. 9, 2021), is unpersuasive. In Kang, the district court 25 granted a motion to dismiss on the grounds that the plaintiff had not plausibly alleged that the 26 “defendant’s use of the term ‘krab mix’ in the ingredient list for certain of its sushi rolls [wa]s 27 likely to deceive reasonable consumers into thinking that the sushi rolls contain at least some real 1 plausible that a reasonable consumer might believe that “krab mix” was a mixture of real and 2 imitation crab. Id. In so holding, the Ninth Circuit noted that “[b]ecause the term ‘krab mix’ lacks 3 any commonly understood contrary meaning, we cannot say, in the absence of evidence bearing 4 on the issue, that [plaintiff’s] allegation is implausible on its face.” Id. at *2. 5 Kang might provide support for Plaintiff’s position if he was arguing that a reasonable 6 consumer would interpret “Vanilla” to mean that the soymilk was flavored at least partially by 7 beans from the vanilla plant. But he is not. He contends that a reasonable consumer would 8 interpret the bald word “vanilla” to mean that the soymilk’s vanilla flavor comes exclusively from 9 the vanilla bean plant. (SAC at ¶ 11.) Kang held that a reasonable consumer would not interpret 10 “krabmix” to mean they were purchasing a product made with 100% crab. Id. at *1. Similarly, 11 here, it is not plausible that a reasonable consumer would interpret a product labeled as a “vanilla” 12 product to mean that the vanilla flavor is derived exclusively from the vanilla bean plant. Such an 13 inference is just too far a reach. 14 Finally, Plaintiff alleges that consumers are more likely to be confused here because the 15 vanilla in a competing product, EdenSoy Vanilla Soymilk, has a similar price point and obtains its 16 vanilla flavor exclusively from the vanilla plant. (Id. at ¶¶ 36-37.) Even accepting these 17 allegations regarding EdenSoy’s product as true, there is nothing in the SAC to suggest that 18 consumers are aware that EdenSoy’s vanilla flavoring comes exclusively from the vanilla plant, or 19 that even if they did, that they would make the same assumption regarding the Product here. As 20 such, these allegations fail to “nudge” Plaintiff’s deception claims “across the line from 21 conceivable to plausible.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). 22 Accordingly, as Plaintiff has again failed to plausibly allege that a reasonable consumer 23 would expect that soymilk labelled as “vanilla” derives its vanilla flavor exclusively from vanilla 24 bean, all of his deception claims (claims 2-4) must again be dismissed. 25 B. Plaintiff’s UCL Unlawful Claim 26 Plaintiff’s first claim for relief is under the unlawful prong of the UCL. His unlawfulness 27 claim is based Defendant’s alleged violation of the Sherman Act, and the Federal Food, Drug, and 1 and false advertising laws discussed above. (SAC at ¶¶ 54- 59.) Because the Court has dismissed 2 these latter claims, they cannot serve as a predicate for his UCL violation. See Krantz v. BT Visual 3 Images, LLC, 89 Cal. App. 4th 164, 178 (2001) (holding that UCL claims under the unlawful 4 prong “stand or fall depending on the fate of the antecedent substantive causes of action.”). 5 The Court thus turns to Plaintiff’s contention that the Product is unlawful because it 6 violates 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)(1) and the Sherman Act.3 (Dkt. No. 41 at 24-25.) 7 1. FDCA Regulations 8 Section 101.22 is entitled “Foods; labeling of spices, flavorings, colorings and chemical 9 preservatives.” Section 101.22(i)(1) provides in its entirety:

10 (1) If the food contains no artificial flavor which simulates, resembles or 11 reinforces the characterizing flavor, the name of the food on the principal display panel or panels of the label shall be accompanied by the common or 12 usual name of the characterizing flavor, e.g., “vanilla”, in letters not less than one-half the height of the letters used in the name of the food, except that: 13 (i) If the food is one that is commonly expected to contain a characterizing 14 food ingredient, e.g., strawberries in “strawberry shortcake”, and the food 15 contains natural flavor derived from such ingredient and an amount of characterizing ingredient insufficient to independently characterize the 16 food, or the food contains no such ingredient, the name of the characterizing flavor may be immediately preceded by the word “natural” and shall be 17 immediately followed by the word “flavored” in letters not less than one half the height of the letters in the name of the characterizing flavor, e.g., “natural strawberry flavored 18 shortcake,” or “strawberry flavored shortcake”. 19 (ii) If none of the natural flavor used in the food is derived from the product 20 whose flavor is simulated, the food in which the flavor is used shall be labeled either with the flavor of the product from which the flavor is derived 21 or as “artificially flavored.”

22 (iii) If the food contains both a characterizing flavor from the product whose 23 flavor is simulated and other natural flavor which simulates, resembles or reinforces the characterizing flavor, the food shall be labeled in accordance 24 with the introductory text and paragraph (i)(1)(i) of this section and the 25 3 Because the predicate violation is based on regulations which include no requirement that the 26 public be likely to experience deception, the reasonable consumer standard does not apply. See Silver v. BA Sports Nutrition, LLC, No. 20-CV-00633-SI, 2020 WL 2992873, at *4 (N.D. Cal. 27 June 4, 2020) (citing Bruton v. Gerber Prods. Co., 703 Fed. App’x 468, 472 (9th Cir. 2017) name of the food shall be immediately followed by the words “with other 1 natural flavor” in letters not less than one-half the height of the letters used 2 in the name of the characterizing flavor. 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)(1). As relevant here, this Section states that a manufacturer can label its 3 product as a “vanilla” product so long as it contains no artificial ingredients that provide the 4 vanilla flavor, although there are certain exceptions. 5 Plaintiff’s SAC appears to allege that (1) his testing showed that the Product contains 6 vanillin and maltol, (2) vanillin and maltol are artificial flavors, and (3) therefore the Product is 7 mislabeled under 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)(1). (Dkt. No. 35 ¶¶ 27-31, 55-56.) Defendant’s motion to 8 dismiss explained why Plaintiff’s allegation that vanillin and maltol are artificial ingredients is 9 wrong. (Dkt. No. 38 at 17-19.) In his opposition, Plaintiff backed off from this allegation (Dkt. 10 No. 41 at 23), and at oral argument when the Court asked Plaintiff whether he had a good faith 11 basis for alleging that the vanillin and maltol in the Product were not natural ingredients, Plaintiff 12 demurred, and for good reason. See Barreto v. Westbrae Nat., Inc., No. 19-CV-9677 (PKC), 2021 13 WL 76331, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 7, 2021). Plaintiff has not alleged and cannot plausibly allege 14 that that maltol and vanillin in the Product are artificial flavors; instead, Plaintiff has pivoted to 15 two other theories as to how Defendant’s label violates this FDA regulation even if the maltol and 16 vanillin are natural flavors. Neither is plausible. 17 First, he asserts that the label violates § 101.22(i)(1)(ii). As relevant here, that subsection 18 states that a manufacturer cannot call its product a “vanilla” product without any qualifier if the 19 amount of natural vanilla in the product is “insufficient to independently characterize the food.” 20 In such circumstances, the name of the characterizing flavor, here, vanilla, “shall be immediately 21 followed by the word ‘flavored.’” Id. Plaintiff contends that the vanilla bean in the product is 22 insufficient to independently characterize the Product’s vanilla flavor. As support he identifies the 23 Product test that shows that the flavoring ingredients most present in the Product are vanillin and 24 maltol. (Dkt. No. 35-2 at 6.) But at oral argument, Plaintiff conceded that vanillin is or can be 25 derived from the vanilla bean and that Plaintiff has no good faith basis for alleging that the vanillin 26 in the Product is not from vanilla bean. Thus, the Product test does not make it plausible that the 27 1 Plaintiff attempts to save his claim by arguing that Defendant conceded in its first motion 2 to dismiss that the amount of vanilla bean in its Product is insufficient to independently 3 characterize the Product’s vanilla flavor. In particular, he emphasizes Defendant’s statement that 4 the product has “a touch of natural vanilla” and is “present in small amounts, providing the light 5 hint of vanilla typically used in soymilks.” (Dkt. No. 41 at 23 (citing Dkt. No. 23 at 13).) 6 Defendant’s statements do not support a plausible inference that Defendant’s product does not 7 contain sufficient vanilla bean to independently characterize the vanilla flavor. To the contrary, 8 Defendant instead argued that Plaintiff’s original complaint admitted that the Product adds a 9 combination of flavorings, regardless of whether they have a vanilla taste, to “ensure ‘greater 10 consistency in pricing, availability and quality.’” (Dkt. No. 23 at 12-13.) Defendant then 11 explained: “The inclusion of such flavors does not mean that there is not enough vanilla extract to 12 supply the vanilla taste of the final product, or that the soymilk would still not have that ‘touch’ of 13 vanilla if the other natural flavors were removed. It simply helps produce a satisfying, consistent, 14 high-quality product.” (Id. at 13.) Thus, Defendant argued the exact opposite of what Plaintiff 15 contends it admitted. Defendant’s representation that its Product contains a “touch of natural 16 vanilla” does not support a plausible inference that it does not contain enough natural vanilla to 17 independently characterize the Product’s vanilla flavor. Plaintiff’s reliance on Zaback v. Kellogg 18 Sales Company, Case No. 3:20-cv-00268-BEN MSB, 2020 WL 6381987 (S.D. Cal. October 29, 19 2020) misstates that court’s holding, as Plaintiff conceded after oral argument. (Dkt. No. 48.) 20 Second, at oral argument—but not in his opposition brief—Plaintiff argued that 21 Defendant’s labelling of the Product violates § 101.22(i)(1)(iii). That subsection provides:

22 If the food contains both a characterizing flavor from the product whose flavor is simulated and other natural flavor which simulates, 23 resembles or reinforces the characterizing flavor, the food shall be labeled in accordance with the introductory text and paragraph 24 (i)(1)(i) of this section and the name of the food shall be immediately followed by the words “with other natural flavor”. 25 26 This section means that if, for example, a product does not contain enough real vanilla to 27 independently characterize a product’s vanilla flavor (hence, the product falls within (i)(1)(i)), and 1 then the label must comply with (i)(1)(i) and have the word “natural” precede “vanilla” and it 2 || must also say “with other natural flavor” after the name of the food. But as explained above, 3 || Plaintiff has not alleged and cannot allege that the Product does not have a sufficient amount of 4 || vanilla to independently characterize its vanilla flavor; thus, this subsection does not apply. 5 Plaintiff has therefore not plausibly alleged that Defendant’s labeling violates any federal 6 || regulations. 7 2. Sherman Act 8 With respect to the Sherman Act, Plaintiff lists various provisions which he contends 9 || Defendant violated, but the cited provisions are based on Plaintiff's false advertising claims and 10 || thus fail for the same reasons those claims fail. (SAC at §] 58.) TK

12 Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under the UCL’s unlawful prong based on either the 5 13 FDCA regulations or the Sherman Act. CONCLUSION 3 15 For the reasons stated above, Defendant’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED. Because the a 16 Court has concluded that Plaintiff’s SAC fails to state a claim, it need not and does not address 3 17 || Defendant’s preemption, standing, or restitution arguments. The dismissal is without leave to S 18 || amend as amendment would be futile given that Plaintiff has already filed three different 19 complaints in this lawsuit, plus many times that number of complaints in the other unsuccessful 20 || vanilla labelling lawsuits brought by these same Plaintiff's counsel. Judgment for Defendant and 21 against Plaintiff will be entered in a separate order. 22 This Order disposes of Dkt. No. 38. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 || Dated: April 22, 2021 fot Suttlrly 26 ne. ACQUELINE SCOTT CORL 27 United States Magistrate Judge 28