OetoN, J.
This action is to recover the penalty, under a city ordinance, for the maintenance of an obstruction by the defendant, consisting of a fence in front of lots 11 and 12, in block 10, on the plat made by one Moses Yilas, in 1842, of section 16, — the school section,— as an addition to the village of Racine, on the east side of Wisconsin street. It is claimed that said fence is within the east side of Wisconsin street, two feet at one corner of said lots, and two feet eight inches at the other corner. The defendant has been present with this fence standing substantially where it is now since 1848, so that if this fence is an obstruction to Wisconsin street it is a very ancient one and the defendant has been guilty of maintaining it over forty years. The following seem to be the facts established by the evidence:
This fractional section 16 was surveyed and platted, under an act of the territorial legislature requiring such duty to be performed by the school commissioners of the [83]*83village of Racine, by one Moses Tilas, a surveyor, and competent to do such work, first, in 1842. The north and south streets on this plat were intended to correspond with, and to be a continuance of, the north and south streets in the old village plat of section 9. The first street north and south was Main street, near the lake; the next, Wisconsin street; and the next, Barnstable street, now called College avenue; the next, Chippewa street, now called Park avenue; the next, Tilla street; the next, Campbell street, now called Grand avenue; and the next, Center street. The blocks were divided into lots as far west as Tilla street and as far south as Twelfth street; and the lots of the defendant were on the southeast corner, between •Wisconsin street and Ninth street, running east and west. In 1845 this plat was resurveyed by the said Tilas, and the lots and streets in the vicinity of the lots in question remained unchanged; and Wisconsin street extended south to the section line, and the blocks not before divided were divided into lots. In 1849, after the state was admitted into the Union, in accordance with R. S. 1849, p. 763, sec. 5, the appraisers of school lands, whose duty it was to plat and appraise school lands, adopted this plat of 1842 as extended in 1845, and filed the same in the office of the secretary of state, as the plat of this fractional school section. On these plats the blocks are 480 feet long north and south, and 240 feet wide east and west, divided into tiers of six lots each, 80 feet wide and 120 feet deep, according to the certificate; but these measurements were not veyy accurate, and varied considerably, as might be expected in surveying through a heavily timbered and wild tract of land. Stone monuments were placed In many places, as required by the statute then in force, and probably many stakes •were stuck, to indicate the fixed lines of the survey; and one stone monument was placed at the southeast corner of lot 12, block 29, which still remains as a fixed point for any [84]*84subsequent surveys. The defendant in 1848 owned the lot next north of his present lots 11 and 12, and he called upon the said Vilas, as a surveyor and the maker of the plat, to determine the west line of his lot on Wisconsin street. There were then fences all along for a considerable distance on the east side of that street north and south, and in front of his lot, and had been for several years. The said Vilas determined and indicated said fence at the southwest corner of lots 11 and 12, between Wisconsin street and Ninth street, as on the- true line. The present fence is on that line, and a fence in front of said lots has been on the same line since and before 1848. This old plat did service and was the basis of all the local surveys of the lines of lots on streets between owners during the settlement and improvement of this part of the city of Racine, down to the year 1881, when the common council of said city adopted a new and arbitrary plan of a resurvey and replatting of this part of the city, and employed surveyors to do the work according to such plan. They fixed the line of Main street according to said stone monument, and then made all the other streets north and south agree with that line, making the streets sixty feet wide, and divided the distance between Main street and Villa street equally between the blocks, as also the distance between Villa street and Center street between the included blocks, dividing the surplus equally between the blocks. By this plan the lines of lots were materially changed, and the location of fences and buildings had to be materially changed to suit the new lines. Monuments were set at various points by this plan and resurvey in 1881, and in 1890 the city engineer, by the order of the common council, ran the lines of Wisconsin street according to said monuments and the newly-found distances, and found that the fence of the defendant was within that street, as above stated. On the' ground of this new line, so found, this action is predicated.
[85]*85As early as 1844 the lots in this part of the city were occupied by lessees or purchasers, and fences were built along Wisconsin street according to stakes set to indicate the lines according to the old plat, and such fences, or many of them, still stand in the same places; and shade trees were set out and buildings erected on or according to such lines. Immediately across Ninth street, south of defendant’s lots, is the lot of Dr. Hoy; and next to his is the lot of I. H. Tinsler; and in 1846 a fence was built on the east side of Wisconsin street in front of their lots and the next half lot south, so that there was about 200 feet of continuous fence along that line, which was built according to stakes set at the corners of the blocks and lots by the said Nilas to indicate the true line according to his plat. In the next block south, Henry S. Durand owned the lots in 1849 or 1850, and found the fences built in front on Wisconsin street as old fences, and found the stakes at the corner of the lots according to which they were built; and they were then identified by the surveyor, Foster, as the stakes set when the plat was made. The said Durand built his buildings, still standing, according to said line so determined; and said fences and buildings correspond with the fence in front of the defendant’s lots. There was also a brick barn built by Mr. Case at an early day, north of these lots, whose water table corresponds with such line. Many survey stakes of the first plat were standing at the corners of the lots and blocks between 1842 and 1850, and then observed and since identified by several witnesses; and they stood on the line of said fences along Wisconsin street.
On these facts the circuit court found that the survey according to said plan of the city council of 1881 was a correct one and should govern in determining the true east line of Wisconsin street, and held the defendant guilty of obstructing said street by said fence, and judgment was rendered against him for a fine of $10 and costs.
[86]*86The ruling question in this case is, Where is the east line of Wisconsin street in front of the lot in question, according to the Tilas plat of 1812? Miner v. Brader, 65 Wis. 537. It is not, Where is such line according to any subsequent survey or plat? All resurveys or subsequent surveys are of no effect except to determine that question. A resurvey that changes lines and distances and purports to correct inaccuracies or mistakes in the old plat is not competent evi-V deuce in the case.
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OetoN, J.
This action is to recover the penalty, under a city ordinance, for the maintenance of an obstruction by the defendant, consisting of a fence in front of lots 11 and 12, in block 10, on the plat made by one Moses Yilas, in 1842, of section 16, — the school section,— as an addition to the village of Racine, on the east side of Wisconsin street. It is claimed that said fence is within the east side of Wisconsin street, two feet at one corner of said lots, and two feet eight inches at the other corner. The defendant has been present with this fence standing substantially where it is now since 1848, so that if this fence is an obstruction to Wisconsin street it is a very ancient one and the defendant has been guilty of maintaining it over forty years. The following seem to be the facts established by the evidence:
This fractional section 16 was surveyed and platted, under an act of the territorial legislature requiring such duty to be performed by the school commissioners of the [83]*83village of Racine, by one Moses Tilas, a surveyor, and competent to do such work, first, in 1842. The north and south streets on this plat were intended to correspond with, and to be a continuance of, the north and south streets in the old village plat of section 9. The first street north and south was Main street, near the lake; the next, Wisconsin street; and the next, Barnstable street, now called College avenue; the next, Chippewa street, now called Park avenue; the next, Tilla street; the next, Campbell street, now called Grand avenue; and the next, Center street. The blocks were divided into lots as far west as Tilla street and as far south as Twelfth street; and the lots of the defendant were on the southeast corner, between •Wisconsin street and Ninth street, running east and west. In 1845 this plat was resurveyed by the said Tilas, and the lots and streets in the vicinity of the lots in question remained unchanged; and Wisconsin street extended south to the section line, and the blocks not before divided were divided into lots. In 1849, after the state was admitted into the Union, in accordance with R. S. 1849, p. 763, sec. 5, the appraisers of school lands, whose duty it was to plat and appraise school lands, adopted this plat of 1842 as extended in 1845, and filed the same in the office of the secretary of state, as the plat of this fractional school section. On these plats the blocks are 480 feet long north and south, and 240 feet wide east and west, divided into tiers of six lots each, 80 feet wide and 120 feet deep, according to the certificate; but these measurements were not veyy accurate, and varied considerably, as might be expected in surveying through a heavily timbered and wild tract of land. Stone monuments were placed In many places, as required by the statute then in force, and probably many stakes •were stuck, to indicate the fixed lines of the survey; and one stone monument was placed at the southeast corner of lot 12, block 29, which still remains as a fixed point for any [84]*84subsequent surveys. The defendant in 1848 owned the lot next north of his present lots 11 and 12, and he called upon the said Vilas, as a surveyor and the maker of the plat, to determine the west line of his lot on Wisconsin street. There were then fences all along for a considerable distance on the east side of that street north and south, and in front of his lot, and had been for several years. The said Vilas determined and indicated said fence at the southwest corner of lots 11 and 12, between Wisconsin street and Ninth street, as on the- true line. The present fence is on that line, and a fence in front of said lots has been on the same line since and before 1848. This old plat did service and was the basis of all the local surveys of the lines of lots on streets between owners during the settlement and improvement of this part of the city of Racine, down to the year 1881, when the common council of said city adopted a new and arbitrary plan of a resurvey and replatting of this part of the city, and employed surveyors to do the work according to such plan. They fixed the line of Main street according to said stone monument, and then made all the other streets north and south agree with that line, making the streets sixty feet wide, and divided the distance between Main street and Villa street equally between the blocks, as also the distance between Villa street and Center street between the included blocks, dividing the surplus equally between the blocks. By this plan the lines of lots were materially changed, and the location of fences and buildings had to be materially changed to suit the new lines. Monuments were set at various points by this plan and resurvey in 1881, and in 1890 the city engineer, by the order of the common council, ran the lines of Wisconsin street according to said monuments and the newly-found distances, and found that the fence of the defendant was within that street, as above stated. On the' ground of this new line, so found, this action is predicated.
[85]*85As early as 1844 the lots in this part of the city were occupied by lessees or purchasers, and fences were built along Wisconsin street according to stakes set to indicate the lines according to the old plat, and such fences, or many of them, still stand in the same places; and shade trees were set out and buildings erected on or according to such lines. Immediately across Ninth street, south of defendant’s lots, is the lot of Dr. Hoy; and next to his is the lot of I. H. Tinsler; and in 1846 a fence was built on the east side of Wisconsin street in front of their lots and the next half lot south, so that there was about 200 feet of continuous fence along that line, which was built according to stakes set at the corners of the blocks and lots by the said Nilas to indicate the true line according to his plat. In the next block south, Henry S. Durand owned the lots in 1849 or 1850, and found the fences built in front on Wisconsin street as old fences, and found the stakes at the corner of the lots according to which they were built; and they were then identified by the surveyor, Foster, as the stakes set when the plat was made. The said Durand built his buildings, still standing, according to said line so determined; and said fences and buildings correspond with the fence in front of the defendant’s lots. There was also a brick barn built by Mr. Case at an early day, north of these lots, whose water table corresponds with such line. Many survey stakes of the first plat were standing at the corners of the lots and blocks between 1842 and 1850, and then observed and since identified by several witnesses; and they stood on the line of said fences along Wisconsin street.
On these facts the circuit court found that the survey according to said plan of the city council of 1881 was a correct one and should govern in determining the true east line of Wisconsin street, and held the defendant guilty of obstructing said street by said fence, and judgment was rendered against him for a fine of $10 and costs.
[86]*86The ruling question in this case is, Where is the east line of Wisconsin street in front of the lot in question, according to the Tilas plat of 1812? Miner v. Brader, 65 Wis. 537. It is not, Where is such line according to any subsequent survey or plat? All resurveys or subsequent surveys are of no effect except to determine that question. A resurvey that changes lines and distances and purports to correct inaccuracies or mistakes in the old plat is not competent evi-V deuce in the case. There are only two questions: (1) Where is the true line fixed by the original plat? (2) Is the fence in question on that line? A resurvey that changes or corrects the old survey and plat can never determine the first question. A resurvey must agree with the old survey and plat to be of any use in determining it. The survey made on the arbitrary plan established by the common council in 1881 does not agree with the old plat in courses or distances, in the dimensions of blocks and lots, or in the lines of the streets. It seems to have been made to correct the old plat, to straighten the streets, and make a better plat than the old one. Resurveys for the lawful purpose of determining the lines of an old survey and plat are generally very unreliable as evidence of the true lines. The fact, generally known and quite apparent in the records of courts, is that two consecutive surveys by different surveyors seldom, if ever, agree; and the greater number of surveys, the greater number of differences and disagreements will occur. When two surveys disagree, the correct one cannot be determined by still another survey. It follows that resurveys are of very little use in such a case as this, except to confuse it. In Miner v. Brader, 65 Wis. 537, there were two surveys, and they disagreed; and the court had to resort to the evidence of a practical location of the lines by monuments. Monuments set by the original survey in the ground, and named or referred to in the plat, are the highest and best evidence. If there are none such, then stakes set by the [87]*87surveyor to indicate corners of lots or blocks or the lines of streets, at the time or soon thereafter, are the next best evidence. The building of a fence or building according to such stakes, while they were present, become monuments after such stakes have been removed or disappeared, and the next best evidence of the true line.
This case d oes not differ materially from Racine v. J. I. Case Plow Co. 56 Wis. 539; State v. Schwin, 65 Wis. 207; Miner v. Brader, 65 Wis. 537; Koenigs v. Jung, 73 Wis. 178, and some other cases in this court, and is ruled by them. The fence in front of this lot was evidently built according to stakes still standing, which were set by the surveyor Yilas; and this fence is on the line with 200 feet of fence built according to the stakes then standing in the blocks on the south side of Ninth street, and fences and buildings in the next block south built according to stakes then standing by Mr. Durand, only three or four years after the plat was made. This fence also agrees with buildings on the north side of said lot, set according to the original survey. This testimony is almost as conclusive that this fence was built on the line of Wisconsin street as if the original stakes of the survey were still standing there to indicate it. When the testimony .is undisputed that this defendant and several witnesses have been there present with these fences forty-five years, and that they have not been materially changed in their location during all that time, the above facts would seem to be the most conclusive evidence that those fences were built on the true line according to the original plat.
In the certificate to the old plat it is stated that a stone monument was set at the southeast corner of lot 12, block 29, in the northwest line of Main street, from which resurveys may be made; and stone monuments were also set at the northeast corner of each of the out lots, or undivided blocks, except those between Main street and the [88]*88lake. All these stone monuments, except the first, are now absent. The line of Main street, determined by the first-named monument as a base line for a resurvey, was used for the resurvey made in the plan of the city council of 1881. But it seems that, having thus determined the line of Main street, all the blocks between that street and Villa street were apportioned, and the blocks between Villa street and Center street were also apportioned, and the lines of the intervening streets were changed accordingly. Such a rule of apportionment may be adopted in a suit between lot owners, where all the private parties in interest are represented, and -where the lots or blocks are less or more than the dimensions called for by the original plat. It is not presumed, in such a case, that there was a defective survey, but only an imperfect measurement of the whole line. Pereles v. Magoon, 78 Wis. 27. To make this principle the basis of a resurvey of the whole plat would cast the lines of private lot owners into general conflict and confusion, and materially affect their rights of property which they had enjoyed for nearly half a century, without their knowledge or consent.
All the defendant needs to show is that the fence in question is on the line of Wisconsin street according to the plat of 1842. That plat became a part of the deeds executed under and in reference to it. Shufeldt v. Spaulding, 37 Wis. 668. The defendant and others in the vicinity obtained their titles and went into possession and made their improvements, set out shade trees, and built their buildings with reference to that plat, soon after it was made, and according to the stakes set out by the surveyor to mark the lines of that street then existing in many places. We are satisfied that the defendant resorted to the best evidence in existence of the true line of Wisconsin street in front of his lots. It is fortunate that this evidence is yet in existence. The time will soon come when it will have been [89]*89lost by the destruction of all monuments, natural or artificial, and by the death of the old inhabitants. . Then resort must be had to evidence of lesser degree to establish ancient boundaries, and long-continued occupation with respect to unchanged lines, and reputation, even, may be the best evidence available. In any case of disputed boundary the testimony, or even the acts, of the surveyor who originally established it, and who pointed out the stakes set by himself to mark the line so many years ago, accompanied by continued use and occupation in recognition of such line, is not only proper, but strong, evidence that such was the true line, and better evidence than a new survey made more than forty years afterwards, which changes such line. Koenigs v. Jung, 73 Wis. 178. That case would seem to justify fully the testimony of Yilas’s statements which were objected to by the respondent in relation to his recognition of the stakes and pointing out the true line in accordance with them. This line so practically located has become an ancient boundary, in favor of which the rules of evidence are and should be liberal.
There have been so many cases similar to this in this court, and all the various questions here involved have been so repeatedly settled, that it is supererogation to again repeat them. In addition to the above cases are the following: Hrouska v. Janke, 66 Wis. 252; Vroman v. Dewey, 23 Wis. 530; Marsh v. Mitchell, 25 Wis. 706; and Nys v. Biemeret, 44 Wis. 104; and many cases in other states are cited in the excellent brief of the learned counsel of the appellant which sustain the same principles. Such cases of the disturbance of the ancient lines and boundaries of streets, lots, and blocks in our cities and villages by arbitrary resurveys under the authority of their officers ought not to be encouraged. The public and private owners have acquiesced in the lines established by the first and original survey and plat, and by practical location and undisturbed [90]*90possession for a great many years, and there does not seem to have been any necessity to disturb them at this late day.
By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded with direction to enter judgment in favor of the defendant.
WiNslow, J., took no part.