NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 9 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CINDY DELISLE; ROBERT No. 19-55794 DOUGHERTY, Individually and On Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, D.C. No. 3:18-cv-02042-GPC-RBB Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v. MEMORANDUM*
SPEEDY CASH,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Gonzalo P. Curiel, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted June 5, 2020** Anchorage, Alaska
Before: CHRISTEN, WATFORD, and BADE, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Speedy Cash appeals the district court’s order denying
its motion to compel arbitration pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 4 and to stay proceedings
pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 3. We have jurisdiction under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1) and 28
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the district court’s decisions on preemption and
the motion to compel arbitration, Blair v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 928 F.3d 819, 824-25
(9th Cir. 2019), as well as its choice of law analysis, Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza
Collection Found., 862 F.3d 951, 959 (9th Cir. 2017).
1. Speedy Cash argues that the district court erred in refusing to enforce
an arbitration provision in loan agreements that included a waiver of the
borrower’s right to seek public injunctive relief in all forums. The district court
concluded that the Plaintiffs-Appellees requested public injunctive relief that the
California Supreme Court deemed non-waivable in McGill v. Citibank, N.A., 393
P.3d 85 (Cal. 2017). Pursuant to California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”)
and Consumers Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Plaintiffs requested an injunction
barring Speedy Cash from issuing loans greater than $2,500 with an annual
percentage rate of interest (“APR”) over 90% and requiring Speedy Cash to issue
“corrective advertising” about prior loans. The district court held that the
requested injunction would benefit the general public because it would prevent
Speedy Cash from continuing to engage in unlawful conduct that threatens future
harm. Based on the record and law as it stood at the time of the district court’s
order, we agree.
In McGill, the California Supreme Court held that a contractual waiver of a
statutory right to seek public injunctive relief in all forums is contrary to California
2 policy and unenforceable under California Civil Code § 3513. 393 P.3d at 93-94.
Public injunctive relief “has the primary purpose and effect of prohibiting unlawful
acts that threaten future injury to the general public.” Id. at 87. Speedy Cash
contends that a public injunction under the UCL and CLRA is cabined to
preventing deceptive advertising and marketing. But McGill explained that public
injunctive relief under the UCL and CLRA aims to restrain any “unlawful act,”
e.g., an unfair, deceptive, or fraudulent business practice, “that threaten[s] future
injury to the general public.” Id. at 87, 89. If charging an APR above 90% on
loans greater than $2,500 is unlawful, then enjoining Speedy Cash from issuing
such loans would benefit the general public by preventing the threat of future
injury. See Blair, 928 F.3d at 830-31 & n.3 (holding that the plaintiffs sought
public injunction by seeking to enjoin the defendant from offering contracts with
unlawful terms). With the facts and law before it, the district court correctly held
that McGill voids the arbitration provision’s public injunction waiver.
During this appeal, however, a California statute took effect that prohibits
finance lenders from issuing loans between $2,500 and $10,000 with charges over
36% calculated as an annual simple interest rate (plus the prior month’s Federal
Funds Rate). See Cal. Fin. Code § 22304.5(a) (effective January 1, 2020). As
pleaded, Plaintiffs seek to enjoin Speedy Cash from issuing loans above $10,000,
but neither of the named Plaintiffs executed loans greater than $10,000, and the
3 operative complaint does not specifically allege that Speedy Cash issued or
continues to issue loans greater than $10,000. Whether the injunction would
prevent a threat of future harm is therefore questionable. Cf. Kilgore v. KeyBank,
Nat’l Ass’n, 718 F.3d 1052, 1062 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc) (concluding that “[t]he
injunctive relief sought . . . for all practical purposes, relates only to past harms
suffered by the members of the limited putative class” when the plaintiff alleged
that the defendant no longer engaged in the unlawful conduct). Because this
intervening law possibly impacts the analysis, we remand to the district court.1 See
White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Ariz., Dep’t of Game & Fish, 649 F.2d 1274,
1285-86 (9th Cir. 1981).
2. Although we remand for the limited purpose discussed above, we
address the other issues presented in this appeal. See United States v. Mancuso, 718
F.3d 780, 796 (9th Cir. 2013). Speedy Cash maintains that, even if Plaintiffs seek
public injunctive relief, the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) preempts McGill. But
in Blair, this court held that “the FAA does not preempt the McGill rule” because it
is a generally applicable defense under the FAA’s savings clause, 9 U.S.C. § 2. 928
F.3d at 830-31. We are bound by Blair, see United States v. Baldon, 956 F.3d 1115,
1 To be clear, we agree with the district court’s analysis on this issue but remand for it to consider what effect, if any, California Financial Code § 22304.5(a) has on its analysis. If it has no such effect, then as the district court held, McGill voids the loan agreement’s waiver clause, which, in turn, invalidates the arbitration provision in full.
4 1121 (9th Cir. 2020), and therefore agree with the district court on this issue.
3. Speedy Cash also contends that the district court erred in applying
California law to determine the enforceability of the arbitration provision because
the loan agreement designates Kansas law as controlling. Under California’s
choice of law rules, we must first determine whether the selected state “has a
substantial relationship to the parties or their transaction, or . . . whether there is
any other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice of law.” Ruiz v. Affinity Logistics
Corp., 667 F.3d 1318, 1323 (9th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 9 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CINDY DELISLE; ROBERT No. 19-55794 DOUGHERTY, Individually and On Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, D.C. No. 3:18-cv-02042-GPC-RBB Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v. MEMORANDUM*
SPEEDY CASH,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Gonzalo P. Curiel, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted June 5, 2020** Anchorage, Alaska
Before: CHRISTEN, WATFORD, and BADE, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Speedy Cash appeals the district court’s order denying
its motion to compel arbitration pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 4 and to stay proceedings
pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 3. We have jurisdiction under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1) and 28
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the district court’s decisions on preemption and
the motion to compel arbitration, Blair v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 928 F.3d 819, 824-25
(9th Cir. 2019), as well as its choice of law analysis, Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza
Collection Found., 862 F.3d 951, 959 (9th Cir. 2017).
1. Speedy Cash argues that the district court erred in refusing to enforce
an arbitration provision in loan agreements that included a waiver of the
borrower’s right to seek public injunctive relief in all forums. The district court
concluded that the Plaintiffs-Appellees requested public injunctive relief that the
California Supreme Court deemed non-waivable in McGill v. Citibank, N.A., 393
P.3d 85 (Cal. 2017). Pursuant to California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”)
and Consumers Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Plaintiffs requested an injunction
barring Speedy Cash from issuing loans greater than $2,500 with an annual
percentage rate of interest (“APR”) over 90% and requiring Speedy Cash to issue
“corrective advertising” about prior loans. The district court held that the
requested injunction would benefit the general public because it would prevent
Speedy Cash from continuing to engage in unlawful conduct that threatens future
harm. Based on the record and law as it stood at the time of the district court’s
order, we agree.
In McGill, the California Supreme Court held that a contractual waiver of a
statutory right to seek public injunctive relief in all forums is contrary to California
2 policy and unenforceable under California Civil Code § 3513. 393 P.3d at 93-94.
Public injunctive relief “has the primary purpose and effect of prohibiting unlawful
acts that threaten future injury to the general public.” Id. at 87. Speedy Cash
contends that a public injunction under the UCL and CLRA is cabined to
preventing deceptive advertising and marketing. But McGill explained that public
injunctive relief under the UCL and CLRA aims to restrain any “unlawful act,”
e.g., an unfair, deceptive, or fraudulent business practice, “that threaten[s] future
injury to the general public.” Id. at 87, 89. If charging an APR above 90% on
loans greater than $2,500 is unlawful, then enjoining Speedy Cash from issuing
such loans would benefit the general public by preventing the threat of future
injury. See Blair, 928 F.3d at 830-31 & n.3 (holding that the plaintiffs sought
public injunction by seeking to enjoin the defendant from offering contracts with
unlawful terms). With the facts and law before it, the district court correctly held
that McGill voids the arbitration provision’s public injunction waiver.
During this appeal, however, a California statute took effect that prohibits
finance lenders from issuing loans between $2,500 and $10,000 with charges over
36% calculated as an annual simple interest rate (plus the prior month’s Federal
Funds Rate). See Cal. Fin. Code § 22304.5(a) (effective January 1, 2020). As
pleaded, Plaintiffs seek to enjoin Speedy Cash from issuing loans above $10,000,
but neither of the named Plaintiffs executed loans greater than $10,000, and the
3 operative complaint does not specifically allege that Speedy Cash issued or
continues to issue loans greater than $10,000. Whether the injunction would
prevent a threat of future harm is therefore questionable. Cf. Kilgore v. KeyBank,
Nat’l Ass’n, 718 F.3d 1052, 1062 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc) (concluding that “[t]he
injunctive relief sought . . . for all practical purposes, relates only to past harms
suffered by the members of the limited putative class” when the plaintiff alleged
that the defendant no longer engaged in the unlawful conduct). Because this
intervening law possibly impacts the analysis, we remand to the district court.1 See
White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Ariz., Dep’t of Game & Fish, 649 F.2d 1274,
1285-86 (9th Cir. 1981).
2. Although we remand for the limited purpose discussed above, we
address the other issues presented in this appeal. See United States v. Mancuso, 718
F.3d 780, 796 (9th Cir. 2013). Speedy Cash maintains that, even if Plaintiffs seek
public injunctive relief, the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) preempts McGill. But
in Blair, this court held that “the FAA does not preempt the McGill rule” because it
is a generally applicable defense under the FAA’s savings clause, 9 U.S.C. § 2. 928
F.3d at 830-31. We are bound by Blair, see United States v. Baldon, 956 F.3d 1115,
1 To be clear, we agree with the district court’s analysis on this issue but remand for it to consider what effect, if any, California Financial Code § 22304.5(a) has on its analysis. If it has no such effect, then as the district court held, McGill voids the loan agreement’s waiver clause, which, in turn, invalidates the arbitration provision in full.
4 1121 (9th Cir. 2020), and therefore agree with the district court on this issue.
3. Speedy Cash also contends that the district court erred in applying
California law to determine the enforceability of the arbitration provision because
the loan agreement designates Kansas law as controlling. Under California’s
choice of law rules, we must first determine whether the selected state “has a
substantial relationship to the parties or their transaction, or . . . whether there is
any other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice of law.” Ruiz v. Affinity Logistics
Corp., 667 F.3d 1318, 1323 (9th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting
Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 834 P.2d 1148, 1152 (Cal. 1992)). Even if
the designated state has a substantial relationship to the parties or their transaction,
we may not enforce the choice of law provision if (1) the substantive law of
Kansas is “contrary to a fundamental policy of California” and (2) California has a
“materially greater interest” than Kansas in resolving the issue. Wash. Mut. Bank,
FA v. Superior Court, 15 P.3d 1071, 1079 (Cal. 2001).
Kansas has the requisite substantial relationship because Speedy Cash
maintains its corporate headquarters in Kansas. See Peleg v. Neiman Marcus Grp.,
Inc., 140 Cal. Rptr. 3d 38, 53 (Ct. App. 2012). We conclude, however, that Kansas
law is contrary to California policy and that California holds a materially greater
interest in this litigation. The parties negotiated and executed the contracts in
California, Plaintiffs reside in California, Speedy Cash has over thirty stores in
5 California, and California law invalidates contractual waivers of the right to seek
public injunctive relief in all forums. See Ruiz, 667 F.3d at 1324 (listing factors).
Accordingly, the district court correctly applied California law.
The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.2
VACATED AND REMANDED.
2 Plaintiffs request that the court take judicial notice of three documents: (1) an exhibit to the complaint in Blair, (2) a proof of claim filed by Speedy Cash, and (3) the American Arbitration Association’s Consumer Arbitration Rules. See Dkt. 18. Because these documents are unnecessary to resolve this appeal, we deny the request. See Santa Monica Food Not Bombs v. City of Santa Monica, 450 F.3d 1022, 1025 n.2 (9th Cir. 2006).