FOURTH DIVISION November 6, 2008
No. 1-07-2269
CHICAGO TRANSIT AUTHORITY, ) Appeal from the ) Illinois Labor Relations Petitioner-Appellant, ) Board ) v. ) ) ILLINOIS LABOR RELATIONS BOARD and ) Nos. L-CB-01-038; L-CA- AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION LOCAL 241, ) 02-003; and L-CA-02-004 ) Respondents-Appellees. ) .
JUSTICE GALLAGHER delivered the opinion of the court.
We revisit this case following remand, and again we are asked to determine whether the
parties engaged in an unfair labor practice by failing to bargain in good faith as required by the
Illinois Public Labor Relations Act (Act) (5 ILCS 315/1 et seq. (West 2000)). Petitioner
Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) appeals the Illinois Labor Relations Board’s (Board) decision
finding that the Amalgamated Transit Union Local 241's (Union) actions of arranging a strike
authorization vote during the negotiation of a collective bargaining agreement with the CTA did
not amount to an unfair labor practice while finding that the CTA’s actions during the
negotiations did amount to an unfair labor practice. The CTA first contends on appeal that this
cause must be reversed because the Board failed to follow this court’s directives on remand. The
CTA also claims on appeal that the Board erred in concluding that the Union’s organization of a 1-07-2269
strike authorization vote, posting the voting results and distributing handbills to the public did
not amount to an unfair labor practice pursuant to section 10(b)(4) of the Act (5 ILCS
315/10(b)(4) (West 2000)). The CTA further claims that the Board erred in finding that the CTA
committed an unfair labor practice under section 10(a)(1) of the Act (5 ILCS 315/10(a)(1) (West
2000)), when it notified employees that it intended to discipline employees who violated the
company’s “no-solicitation” rule and engaged in illegal strike activities. The CTA’s last claim is
that the Board erred in finding that the CTA’s denial of the Union’s request to use the CTA’s
premises to rerun an election was based on a retaliation motive resulting from the Union
conducting the strike authorization vote. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
This court’s May 26, 2005, opinion sets forth a complete recitation of facts for the instant
appeal, but for purposes of this appeal, we offer an abridged version of the pertinent facts. See
Chicago Transit Authority v. Illinois Labor Relations Board Local Panel, 358 Ill. App. 3d 83,
830 N.E.2d 630 (2005).
In January 1996, the CTA and Union entered into a collective bargaining agreement
(Agreement). The Agreement was effective from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 1999,
and “from year to year thereafter,” subject to each party’s right to seek modifications and/or
additions. In 2000, the Union and CTA began negotiations for a new successive collective
bargaining agreement. The Union’s president, Wanda Black, thought that a tentative agreement
was reached on May 23, 2001, but the CTA disagreed leading Black to conclude that the CTA
reneged on the tentative agreement. The Union did not request mediation and took the position
that since an agreement between the parties existed, it would not agree to interest arbitration.
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On May 23, 2001, the CTA’s president, Frank Kruesi, sent Black a letter stating that he
was aware of the Union’s executive board’s decision to seek a strike authorization vote from its
members and that Black informed the public about the vote. Kruesi’s letter continued by stating
that: (1) the CTA’s position was that a strike or a threatened strike was a breach of the
Agreement; (2) the threatened strike failed to meet all of the explicit requirements for a lawful
strike under the Act; and (3) the CTA employees, being essential service employees within the
meaning of the Act, were prohibited from engaging in a strike. Black responded to Kruesi in a
letter dated May 24, 2001, assuring Kruesi that the Union would comply with its legal
obligations. Black’s letter did not formally notify the CTA that the Union’s employees intended
to strike.
For approximately 25 years prior to June 2001, the CTA permitted the Union to conduct
elections on CTA property. The procedure followed by the Union to use the property was to
send the CTA a written request for permission to conduct an election on its property including
the election date and polling hours. The CTA customarily allowed the Union to use its property.
On June 5, 2001, the Union sent the CTA a request to use the CTA’s property to conduct an
election on June 26, 2001, between the hours of 7 a.m. and 8 p.m. During this election, the
employees were to select two delegates to attend the Union’s upcoming convention. The
Union’s letter did not indicate that the election would include a ballot item to authorize the
Union to call an unfair labor strike nor was the Union anticipating to include such an item on the
ballot as of the June 5, 2001, letter.
On June 14, 2001, the CTA sent the Union a letter providing permission for the Union to
use the CTA’s premise to conduct the election. Approximately one week prior to the scheduled
June 26, 2001, election, the Union contacted the Department of Labor Representative (DOL) to
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inquire whether a strike authorization vote could be included on the June 26, 2001, ballot. The
DOL orally authorized the Union to include the strike authorization vote on the ballot, and on the
eve of the scheduled election the Union changed the ballot to include the strike authorization
vote. The employees and CTA were not aware ahead of the election of the strike authorization
vote’s inclusion on the ballot. At the end of the election, the Union determined that a rerun
election was necessary at the Chicago Avenue garage site because the employees there were not
presented with the option of voting for two conference delegates.
On June 26, 2001, the CTA sent the Union a letter informing the Union that due to the
Union’s rejection of a tentative collective bargaining agreement on June 14, 2001, and by
conducting an illegal strike authorization vote, the parties were at an impasse and should proceed
immediately to interest arbitration. The CTA also sent the Union the following letter on June 26,
2001:
“It has been brought to my attention that Local 241 is
conducting a special election on Chicago Transit Authority
(‘CTA’) property to authorize an ‘unfair labor practice strike in an
effort to end its contract dispute with the Chicago Transit
Authority’ under the guise of an Amalgamated Transit Union
Local 241 delegates election. This conduct on the part of Local
241 is illegal and in violation of representations made to CTA
representatives as to the purpose of the special election. This
conduct among other violations is an Unfair Labor Practice which
the CTA intends to pursue with the Illinois Labor Relations Board.
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The CTA has advised you in the past regarding illegal
strike threats to coerce the CTA to accept the terms proposed by
Local 241 in contract negotiations.”
The CTA further claimed that: (1) a strike or a threatened strike was a breach of the Agreement;
(2) section 19.2 of the Agreement provided for interest arbitration as an impasse resolution
mechanism; (3) the CTA was proceeding to interest arbitration based on the Union’s rejection of
the tentative Agreement; (4) the strike authorization vote or any strike failed to meet all of the
explicit requirements for a lawful strike under section 17 of the Act; (4) the Agreement
prohibited strikes; and (5) under Illinois law no strike of any kind was permissible.
On June 27, 2001, the CTA filed an unfair labor practice charge with the Board alleging
that the Union committed an unfair labor practice by taking a strike authorization vote and
threatening to strike even though its members were not permitted to strike.
Also on June 27, 2001, the Union sent a letter to the CTA requesting use of CTA’s
property to conduct an election on July 17, 2001, from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. for the purpose of
rerunning the delegate election at the Chicago Avenue garage. In response, the CTA sent a letter
dated June 29, 2001, requesting additional information including the authorized Union
representative conducting the election, the purpose of the election, and whether any outside
governmental agencies would be involved in the election, and the CTA also requested a copy of
the ballot to review. The Union responded to the CTA’s letter by providing the requested
information and indicating that a ballot could not be provided until the CTA granted permission
to use the CTA’s property because the location of the election needed to be included on the
ballot. The Union stated, however, that after the CTA provided permission to use the property,
the Union would provide the CTA with a copy of the official ballot.
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On approximately July 12, 2001, the CTA sent the Union the following letter:
“This is in response to your request to run a ‘Special
Delegate Election’ on July 17, 2001, at Chicago Avenue Garage.
As you know during a similar such election on June 26, 2001,
Local 241 included a vote to authorize an illegal ‘unfair labor
practice strike’ in violation of Local 241's representation to the
CTA as to the purpose of that election. As a result, the CTA filed
an unfair labor practice charge (L-CB-01-038) due to among other
things the unauthorized ballot proposition.
Therefore in view of the above, your request to use CTA
facilities at Chicago Avenue Garage on July 17, 2001, to conduct a
Special Delegate Election is denied.”
As a result of this letter, the Union conducted the rerun election at a local church.
Between the first election and the rerun election, the Union prepared the following
handbill:
“NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC
Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 241, the union that
represents your CTA bus operator, is currently involved in a
dispute with the Chicago Transit Authority. Although we have
reached an agreement with CTA, which covers our terms and
conditions of employment until December 31, 2003, the CTA is
now attempting to back out of their agreement with us.
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Please support your bus operator in our dispute. While we
recognize that the riding public relies on CTA for its livelihood,
we also rely on the CTA for our livelihood. While we do not want
to disrupt the transportation system in the City of Chicago, we may
have to should the CTA continue to not respect and stand behind
their agreement with us.
The bus operators of CTA ask that you stand with us in our
time of need. We need you to demonstrate your support and
concern for us by calling Frank Kruesi, President of the Chicago
Transit Authority at (312) 222-6102. Let him know that CTA is a
vital instrument in the lives of the riding public. Tell him to stand
behind his agreement with ATU Local 241 and their operating
employees.
WE NEED YOUR HELP AND SUPPORT
Thank you,
Your CTA Bus Operator”
The Union provided approximately 4,000 copies of the handbill to CTA bus operators and
instructed the employees to distribute the handbills to the general public, but not on CTA
property or while in CTA uniforms. The employees distributed the handbills to the general
public at bus stops and on street corners. In response to the handbill distribution, the CTA
posted a memorandum on June 28, 2001, stating in part that: “any employee who participates in
the distribution of these notices is subject to disciplinary action up to and including discharge for
engaging in this activity.” The memorandum continued by stating that: “the CTA must insist
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that you repudiate these documents and inform your members that the distribution of these
notices is strictly prohibited and will subject any employee involved to disciplinary action up to
and including discharge.” No employees, however, were disciplined as a result of the handbill
distribution.
On July 2, 2001, the CTA distributed a memorandum to every CTA employee by
including the letter in the employee’s paycheck, which was CTA’s normal practice of
communicating with employees, stating in part:
“What is not allowed under our agreement, and is also
prohibited by the Illinois Public Labor Relations Act, is
threatening illegal strikes and putting jobs at risk. But that is what
some representatives of Local 241 have threatened to do. Make no
mistake about it. An illegal job action will put jobs at risk.
***
If there are illegal job actions, we will take whatever legal
and disciplinary measures are called for. I hope it does not come
to that. It is still my hope that the rumors are only rumors and that
good sense will prevail.”
On July 12, 2001, the Union filed an unfair labor practice charge with the Board alleging
that the CTA committed an unfair labor practice by threatening employees with discipline for
engaging in protected concerted activities through its June 28, 2001, posting and July 2, 2001,
memorandum to employees. On July 16, 2001, the Union filed a second unfair labor practice
charge alleging that the CTA committed an unfair labor practice by refusing to allow the Union
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to hold a rerun election on CTA property in retaliation for the strike authorization vote, which
was a protected concerted activity.
On May 15, 2003, the administrative law judge (ALJ) issued an order concluding that the
Union did not commit an unfair labor practice and that the CTA committed an unfair labor
practice by posting its intention to enforce its no-solicitation rule and by refusing to allow the
Union to hold a rerun election on its property without first seeing the ballot to be used during the
election. The ALJ also concluded that the CTA did not commit an unfair labor practice by
informing employees of its intention to avail itself of its statutory right to discipline employees
who engage in illegal job actions. The Board on April 30, 2004, disagreed with the ALJ and
concluded that the CTA committed an unfair labor practice by informing employees of its
intention to avail itself of its statutory right to discipline employees who engage in illegal job
actions. The Board adopted all of the ALJ’s other recommendations and conclusions. The CTA
appealed the Board’s conclusions. On appeal, this court in its May 26, 2005, decision vacated
and remanded the matter to the Board with the following directives:
“The Board must address whether the parties ‘agreed to submit the
disputed issues to final and binding arbitration.’ 5 ILCS
315/17(a)(3) (West 2000). If the parties were subject to
arbitration, then it follows that the Board must consider whether
section 17(a)(3) could have been satisfied and, therefore, whether a
strike by CTA employees at the time of their dispute would have
been prohibited under the Act. If the Board finds that it would
have been unlawful for CTA employees to strike under section 17
of the Act, then the Board must consider whether the Union’s
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activities in furtherance of an illegal strike violated the Union’s
duty to bargain in good faith under section 10(b)(4) of the Act.
Additionally, if a strike would have been unlawful, the
Board must also consider whether the Union’s actions taken in
furtherance of an illegal strike under the Act constituted protected
activity. To establish a violation of section 10(a)(1) of the Act, the
Union must first establish that it was engaged in ‘the exercise of
the rights guaranteed in this Act.’ 5 ILCS 315/10(a)(1) (West
2000). The Board did not address whether actions taken in
furtherance of a strike by public employees who are statutorily
prohibited from striking would be exercising rights guaranteed by
the Act. Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, we vacate
the Board’s order and remand the matter to the Board to reconsider
its findings in light of section 17(a)(3) of the Act.” Chicago
Transit Authority, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 91, 830 N.E.2d at 636.
Following remand, the Board on July 27, 2007, reached the same conclusions that it
reached before this court remanded the matter. The CTA now appeals the Board’s decision
following remand.
Before addressing the merits on appeal, we deem it necessary to provide a general
understanding of the pertinent terminology and policy relating to the Act. According to the Act,
“[i]t is the public policy of the State of Illinois to grant public employees full freedom of
association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing for the
purpose of negotiating wages, hours and other conditions of employment or other mutual aid or
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protection.” 5 ILCS 315/2 (West 2000). The term “collective bargaining” refers to the
“bargaining over terms and conditions of employment, including hours, wages, and other
conditions of employment” as provided for under section 7 of the Act and that are not excluded
under section 4 of the Act. 5 ILCS 315/3 (West 2000). Section 7 of the Act details the duties to
bargain of the public employer and employee representative. 5 ILCS 315/7 (West 2000).
Section 4 of the Act relates to matters of inherent managerial policy. 5 ILCS 315/4 (West 2000).
Employee activities that are “ ‘concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or
other mutual aid or protection’ ” are considered protected activity under the Act. Sierra
Publishing Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 889 F.2d 210, 215 (9th Cir. 1989), quoting
29 U.S.C. §157 (2000). “Concerted activity is protected if it is part of a ‘labor dispute,’ without
being limited specifically to a strike.” Lineback v. Printpack, Inc., 979 F. Supp. 831, 841 (S.D.
Ind. 1997). The focus of the instant appeal is to determine whether the Union and the employees
engaged in protected concerted activity under the Act during contract negotiations and, if so,
whether the CTA interfered with the protected activity thereby committing an unfair labor
practice. The fundamental basis of the issues presented for review amount to whether the Union
and the CTA committed an unfair labor practice during the negotiations for a new collective
bargaining agreement.
Additionally, in this appeal, we are called upon to review the Board’s findings. Here, the
Board’s findings include factual findings because this “court must consider whether the Union
acted in a coercive manner,” as well as questions of law because the terms “strike” and
“coercion” as used in the Act require legal interpretation. Village of Skokie v. Illinois State
Labor Relations Board, 306 Ill. App. 3d 489, 492, 714 N.E.2d 87, 89 (1999). Thus, we will
employ the clearly erroneous standard of review because the Board’s findings involve a mixed
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question of law and fact. Village of Skokie, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 492, 714 N.E.2d at 89; see also
Niles Township High School District 219 v. Illinois Educational Labor Relations Board, 379 Ill.
App. 3d 22, 26, 883 N.E.2d 29, 34 (2007). Accordingly, we accept the Board’s “findings unless
we come to the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Illinois Beta
House Fund Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 382 Ill. App. 3d 426, 429, 887 N.E.2d 847, 850
(2008). Moreover, the clearly erroneous standard of review requires this court “to give some
deference to the agency’s expertise and experience with the statute it is charged with
administering.” Illinois Beta House Fund Corp., 382 Ill. App. 3d at 429, 887 N.E.2d at 850.
Mindful of the standard of review applicable here, we will now address the merits of the claims
raised on appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Section 17(a) and Section 10(b)(4) Claims
The CTA’s first issue on appeal is that the Board on remand failed to follow this court’s
express directives. The CTA contends that the Board defied this court’s directives to determine
whether section 17(a)(3) was satisfied by not expressly answering the posed question. The CTA
claims that the Board’s defiance to this court’s directive was also evidenced by the Board
statement that “whether Local 241 met the requirements for a strike as set forth in Section 17 is
immaterial to the unfair labor practice question.” Thus, the CTA claims that the Board’s refusal
to follow this court’s orders requires reversal of the Board’s decision.
The Board and Union respond that the Board’s findings substantially conformed to this
court’s mandate on remand. The Board and Union claim that this court’s mandate provided a
step-by-step analysis to apply in deciding whether a union’s actions taken in support of a strike
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that fails to comply with section 17(a)’s requirements constitutes a protected activity or violates
section 10(b)(4). The Board and Union claim that the Board answered the questions posed by
this court when it concluded that even if the Union did not comply with section 17(a)’s
requirements, the Union’s actions failed to violate section 10(b)(4) because the Board concluded
that “a strike authorization vote is in all cases, activity protected by the Act.” The Board’s
decision on remand also affirmed its view that distributing handbills is a protected activity. The
Board and Union claim that the Board ruled on the ultimate question directed by this court of
whether the Union’s activities were protected concerted activities by answering the question in
the affirmative. The Board and Union maintain that because the Union participated in protected
activity, the Board did not err in finding that the Union’s conduct did not amount to an unfair
labor practice.
We conclude that the overall spirit of the Board’s decision is consistent with this court’s
prior mandate. The Board and Union acknowledge that the Board’s decision was not artfully
worded and not clearly expressed, but nonetheless addressed the questions posed by this court
and did not rise to a defiant mockery of this court’s express instructions as urged by the CTA.
Although the Board did not express an implicit finding addressing whether the parties agreed to
submit disputes to binding arbitration, the Board concluded that regardless of whether an
agreement to arbitrate existed, the Union’s actions amounted to protected activity even if an
eventual strike would have been illegal. Thus, the Board addressed this court’s ultimate
questions regarding the Union’s activities and whether those activities were unprotected
amounting to a violation of section 10(b)(4). Accordingly, despite the Board’s failure to conduct
a step-by-step analysis of the Union’s conduct, the Board’s findings are in unison with this
court’s requested end-result analysis. Thus, to promote judicial efficiency, we do not consider it
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necessary to remand this cause for the Board to expressly state its findings with respect to the
parties’ agreement to arbitrate since the record and the Board’s decision permit this court to now
substantively address the issues on appeal.
Next, the CTA contends that the employees were prohibited from striking at any time
because the requirements for a lawful strike pursuant to section 17(a) of the Act (5 ILCS
315/17(a) (West 2000)) were not satisfied. Section 17(a) states in relevant part:
“Public employees who are permitted to strike may strike only if:
(1) the employees are represented by an exclusive
bargaining representative;
(2) the collective bargaining agreement between the public
employer and the public employees, if any, has expired, or such
collective bargaining agreement does not prohibit the strike;
(3) the public employer and the labor organization have not
mutually agreed to submit the disputed issues to final and binding
arbitration;
(4) the exclusive representative has requested a mediator
pursuant to Section 12 for the purpose of mediation or conciliation
of a dispute between the public employer and the exclusive
representative and mediation has been used; and
(5) at least 5 days have elapsed after a notice of intent to
strike has been given by the exclusive bargaining representative to
the public employer.” 5 ILCS 315/17(a) (West 2000).
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The CTA claims that the above statutory provision applies to all strikes and four of the five
requirements were not satisfied at any relevant time prior to the Union engaging in activities in
furtherance of a strike. The CTA maintains that the Agreement between the parties had not
expired since the agreement’s termination occurred two years later in November 2003, when the
Agreement was revised by the board of arbitration’s decision. The CTA contends that the Union
failed to establish that either the Agreement was not in effect during the summer of 2001 or that
the parties negotiated a successive agreement. The CTA also claims that the Agreement
prohibited strikes during its duration. The CTA further claims that the parties agreed to submit
all unresolved bargaining disputes to final and binding interest arbitration according to section
17.1 of the Agreement, which required arbitration of all grievances between the parties,
including whether the parties entered into a successor collective bargaining agreement. The
CTA maintains that the Union did not request a mediator and further claims that the Union did
not provide notice to the CTA of its intent to strike. Thus, the CTA maintains that the
employees were prohibited from striking against the CTA at any relevant time and any act in
furtherance of an unlawful strike reflects the Union’s failure to bargain in good faith.
The Board and Union respond that since a strike never occurred, it is irrelevant whether
section 17(a)’s five requirements for a lawful strike were satisfied prior to engaging in a strike
authorization vote and other related activities. The Board and Union claim that even assuming
arguendo that a failure to meet one of section 17(a)’s requirements would have precluded an
eventual strike, the same assumption fails to automatically render a strike authorization vote a
breach of the duty of good-faith bargaining. The Board and Union also claim that the parties did
not agree to submit the disputed issue of whether the parties entered into a successor collective
bargaining agreement to arbitration. The Union notes that the strike authorization vote occurred
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after the filing of the unfair labor practice charge and the CTA did not demand arbitration prior
to the vote. The Board and Union further claim that the requirements of section 17(a) could
have been met prior to engaging in a strike. However, since no strike occurred, the Board and
Union maintain that the Board did not err in finding that the Union did not engage in an unfair
labor practice due to the failure to meet section 17(a)’s requirements.
We agree with the Board and Union’s position. Turning first to the express language
used in section 17(a) of the Act, we note the statute states in pertinent part that: “Public
employees who are permitted to strike may strike only if * * *.” 5 ILCS 315/17(a) (West 2000).
The statute does not address acts in preparation or contemplation of a strike but, instead, only
addresses actual strikes of public employees. Here, the facts indicate that the employees did not
engage in a strike. The CTA contends that any act in preparation of an eventual strike that
potentially may not have met the requirements of section 17(a) are also unlawful and
demonstrate the failure to bargain in good faith, violating section 10(b)(4). We note that the
Board in its July 2007 decision stated that “a strike authorization vote is in all cases, activity
protected by the Act.” The Board defined a strike authorization vote as being “nothing more
than an internal poll of the union’s membership, to seek guidance, to bolster support among its
membership, or to demonstrate unity.” We do not find error with the Board’s definition of a
strike authorization vote. Moreover, we agree that a strike authorization vote is not the
equivalent of participating in an actual strike, which must satisfy five requirements for the strike
to be considered lawful. See 5 ILCS 315/17(a) (West 2000); Abadie v. Bayou Steel Corp., 645
So.2d 779, 781 (La. App. 1994); and Hercules, Inc. v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 146 Pa. Commw. 77, 82-84, 604 A.2d 1159, 1162 (1992). The five statutory
requirements set forth in section 17(a) pertain to the lawfulness of a strike, and the legislature in
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drafting the Act did not expressly enumerate specific requirements that must be satisfied to
engage in a strike authorization vote. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the Board’s finding
that participating in a strike authorization vote does not amount to a strike is clearly erroneous.
We must now determine whether engaging in a strike authorization vote, posting the
voting results and distributing handbills amounted to an unfair labor practice in violation of
section 10(b)(4). The relevant section of 10(b)(4) states in pertinent part:
“(b) It shall be an unfair labor practice for a labor
organization or its agents:
(4) to refuse to bargain collectively in good faith with a
public employer, if it has been designated in accordance with the
provisions of this Act as the exclusive representative of public
employees in an appropriate unit.” 5 ILCS 315/10(b)(4) (West
2000).
The CTA claims that the Union violated section 10(b)(4) by threatening to strike even
though the Union was prohibited from engaging in such an act. The CTA relies on Local Union
No. 3, 281 N.L.R.B. 1099 (1986) (Burroughs), to provide an example of union conduct
considered to constitute an illegal threat to strike. According to the CTA, in Burroughs, the
union representatives’ statements held to constitute a strike threat were: (1) if no agreement was
reached by a certain date, the union “could strike”; (2) “there would in fact be a strike” on a
specified day; and (3) a strike could not be avoided unless the employer negotiated. Burroughs,
281 N.L.R.B. at 1100-01. The Board adopted the ALJ’s findings in Burroughs, which held “that
the Respondent’s threat to strike in order to force the Employer to negotiate a new agreement
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after the parties’ existing contract had been automatically renewed was not only in derogation of
the automatic renewal clause but constituted a repudiation of the contract.” Burroughs, 281
N.L.R.B. at 1099 n.2, 1101. The ALJ continued by stating that “[a] threat to strike during an
automatic extension period violates Section 8(b)(3) and 8(d) of the Act.” Burroughs, 281
N.L.R.B. at 1101. The CTA claims that if such threats constitute an unfair labor practice under
federal labor law, then similar threats also constitute an unfair labor practice under the Act,
which includes a narrower right to strike and greater potential for harm to the public from an
illegal strike. The CTA contends that the Union’s conduct detailed below demonstrated a strike
threat:
(1) the lockstep synchronization of the activities (the strike
vote on June 26, 2001, the posting of the results the next day on
June 27, 2001, and dissemination of the notice to the public the
following day on June 28, 2001, threatening to disrupt the mass
transit system);
(2) the timing of the activities (right before the 4th of July
holiday); and
(3) the utter stealth that surrounded the strike vote (kept
secret from the Union’s executive board).
The CTA contends that the Union repudiated the collective bargaining agreement through its
illegal strike preparations establishing a violation of section 10(b)(4).
The Board and Union claim that any action taken in preparation of a potential future
strike did not violate section 10(b)(4). The Board and Union contend that the purpose of the
strike authorization vote and circulation of the public notice was to exert pressure on the CTA to
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accept the Union’s proposed terms in the new agreement. The Union contends that such a
practice is consistent with the Union’s duty to seek a negotiated resolution with the CTA in good
faith. The Board maintains that a strike authorization vote constitutes protected concerted
activity and cannot support a claim of bad-faith bargaining even where a collective bargaining
agreement prohibits employees from striking. The Board and Union, however, maintain that the
employees possessed the right to strike and the strike authorization vote was not illegal. Thus,
the Board and Union claim that because no strike occurred, no portion of the parties’ agreement
was repudiated and the Union’s actions failed to amount to an unfair labor practice.
We agree with the Board and Union that the Union’s actions did not violate section
10(b)(4). During labor negotiations, a recognized principle is that “although an employer and a
union are both obligated under the Act to bargain in good faith, both parties may, without
violating their duty to bargain, exert economic pressure on each other in an effort to secure
agreement to each others’ bargaining proposals.” Daily News of Los Angeles, 315 N.L.R.B.
1236, 1242 (1994), enforced, Daily News of Los Angeles v. National Labor Relations Board, 73
F.3d 406 (D.C. Cir. 1996), citing National Labor Relations Board v. Insurance Agents’
International Union, 361 U.S. 477, 4 L. Ed. 2d 454, 80 S. Ct. 419 (1960); American Ship
Building Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 380 U.S. 300, 13 L. Ed. 2d 855, 85 S. Ct. 955
(1965). Examples of economic pressures include half-day walkouts, refusals by employees to
perform various job duties, lockouts and strikes. See Daily News of Los Angeles, 315 N.L.R.B.
at 1242; Ashcraft v. Board of Education, 83 Ill. App. 3d 938, 947, 404 N.E.2d 983, 990 (1980).
The exercise of economic pressures during the negotiation of a collective bargaining agreement
“is part and parcel of the system” recognized by the Act. Daily News of Los Angeles, 315
N.L.R.B. at 1242, quoting Insurance Agents’ International Union, 361 U.S. at 489, 4 L. Ed 2d at
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464, 80 S. Ct. at 427. Threatening to engage in a strike does not itself amount to a failure to
bargain in good faith because “there is simply no inconsistency between the application of
economic pressure and good-faith collective bargaining.” Insurance Agents’ International
Union, 361 U.S. at 494-95, 4 L. Ed. 2d at 467, 80 S. Ct. at 430. Moreover, conducting and
participating in a strike authorization vote prior to the execution of a new labor contract is
conduct considered protected under the Act. See Village of Lyons, 5 Pub. Employee Rep. (Ill.)
par. 2007, No. S-CA-88-97 (ILLRB March 22, 1989). Generally, a strike authorization vote
proceeds the final authorization to engage in a strike and voting in favor of a strike does not
automatically result in the engaging of a strike against an employer. See Transportation
Management Corp., 257 N.L.R.B. 760, 763 (1981), enforced, National Labor Relations Board v.
Transportation Management Corp., 686 F.2d 63 (1st Cir. 1982). Thus, we agree with the Board
that the Union’s organization of a strike authorization vote does not represent or amount to the
Union’s failure to bargain in good faith.
We are also unpersuaded by the CTA’s reliance on Burroughs to support its claim that
the Union failed to bargain in good faith. We, however, do not disagree with the CTA’s reliance
on federal law to resolve the instant issue because section 8(b)(3) of the National Labor
Relations Act (29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(3) (2000)) NLRA is the corollary to section 10(b)(4). Village
of Skokie, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 494, 714 N.E.2d at 90. In Burroughs, the ALJ ruled and Board
affirmed that the union’s strike threats violated its duty to bargain in good faith because the
collective bargaining agreement automatically renewed causing the union’s strike threats to
reflect an intent to force the company to terminate an existing collective-bargaining agreement
prior to its expiration date. Burroughs, 281 N.L.R.B. at 1099 n.2. The ALJ and Board held that
such a practice goes against the notions of good faith bargaining. Burroughs, 281 N.L.R.B. at
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1100. Unlike in Burroughs, the Union’s actions here did not follow an automatic contract
renewal rendering an agreement newly effective nor was the Union attempting to alter the
agreement’s terms subsequent to it becoming effective. Rather, the agreement at issue here
expired and the parties were in the process of negotiating new terms. Thus, Burroughs is
distinguishable.
Here, we agree with the Board that the Union’s actions are not indicative of a party
bargaining in bad faith. The Union’s actions do not demonstrate an unwillingness to negotiate
toward a compromise or the lack of a serious intent to reach a common ground with the CTA.
The Union participated in numerous meetings with the CTA in an attempt to resolve differences
and enter into a new agreement. See generally United Food & Commercial Workers Union, 262
N.L.R.B. 309, 312 (1982); Wal-Lite Division of United States Gypsum Co. v. National Labor
Relations Board, 484 F.2d 108, 111 (8th Cir. 1973). The CTA contends that the Union’s failure
to bargain in good faith was demonstrated by: (1) adding a strike authorization vote on an
election ballot; (2) posting the results of the vote; and (3) distributing handbills to the public not
on CTA premises and not during work hours informing the public of the negotiation dispute
existing with the CTA and the possibility of a strike. The complained of conduct, however, even
fails to rise to the level of exerting economic pressure, such as engaging in slow-downs and sit-
ins on the CTA to yield to the Union’s bargaining demands. Insurance Agents’ International
Union, 361 U.S. at 494, 4 L. Ed. 2d at 467, 80 S. Ct. at 430. Even assuming that such conduct
did amount to exerting economic pressure, we adhere to the United States Supreme Court’s
position that “there is simply no inconsistency between the application of economic pressure and
good-faith collective bargaining.” Insurance Agents’ International Union, 361 U.S. at 494-95, 4
L. Ed. 2d at 467, 80 S. Ct. at 430. Thus, we agree with the Board’s ruling that nothing in the
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record supports a finding that the Union failed to fulfill its statutory duty to bargain in good
faith.
B. Section 10(a)(1) Claims
We next turn to consider the CTA’s actions and whether those actions amounted to a
violation of section 10(a)(1), which states in pertinent part:
“(a) It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer or its
agents:
(1) to interfere with, restrain or coerce public employees in
the exercise of the rights guaranteed in this Act or to dominate or
interfere with the formation, existence or administration of any
labor organization or contribute financial or other support to it;
provided, an employer shall not be prohibited from permitting
employees to confer with him during working hours without loss
of time or pay.” 5 ILCS 315/10(a)(1) (West 2000).
The Illinois Supreme Court recognized the close parallel existing between section 10(a) of the
Act and section 8(a) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and has deemed it appropriate
to examine federal interpretations of the NLRA for guidance in resolving issues involving
section 10(a) provided those decisions are consistent with the Act’s purposes. City of Burbank v.
Illinois State Labor Relations Board, 128 Ill. 2d 335, 345, 538 N.E.2d 1146, 1149 (1989). Here,
the Union filed an unfair labor relations complaint alleging that the CTA committed an unfair
labor practice by posting the June 28, 2001, memorandum regarding the employee’s distribution
of handbills, issuing the July 2, 2001, memorandum to employees regarding their participation in
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the strike authorization vote and other union activities and denying the Union use of CTA
property to conduct a rerun election. We will address each contention in turn below.
1. June 28 Memorandum
The CTA contends that its posting of notice to employees regarding its no-solicitation
rule and intent to discipline employees distributing notice to the public that threatened to disrupt
the mass transit system did not violate section 10(a)(1). The CTA claims that the Board
erroneously concluded that the Union’s handbill distribution to the public amounted to a
protected activity and that the CTA did not appropriately broaden its no solicitation rule to
include a restriction of handbill distribution during non-work time and on non-CTA property.
The CTA contends that the Union’s handbill distribution was not protected conduct because the
distribution was part of an illegal threat to engage in an illegal strike. The CTA also contends
that its posting did not broaden its valid no solicitation rule because the posting’s language
clearly indicated that discipline would not result unless an employee violated the no-solicitation
rule itself. Thus, the CTA maintains that its posting failed to violate section 10(a)(1).
The Board and Union respond that the Board did not err in finding that the CTA’s
memorandum amounted to an unfair labor practice. The Board and Union claim that the CTA’s
posting violated section 10(a)(1) because the letter stated in part that employee distribution of
the public notice was “strictly prohibited” by the CTA’s anti-solicitation rule and that “[a]ny
employee who does participate in the distribution of this document will be subject to disciplinary
action up to and including discharge.” The Board and Union state that the Act provides public
sector employees with the right to “engage in other concerted activities not otherwise prohibited
by law for the purposes of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection, free from
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interference, restraint or coercion.” 5 ILCS 315/6 (West 2000). The Union claims that
distribution of the public notice did not occur during working hours or on CTA property and thus
was, as found by the Board, a lawful and protected activity. Accordingly, the Board and Union
maintain that the CTA’s threat to discipline employees who engaged in such activity violated
section 10(a)(1)’s prohibition against interfering, retraining or coercing employees in the
exercise of protected rights.
We agree with the Board’s finding that the CTA’s notice violated section 10(a)(1). An
employer’s threat of discipline and other reprisals directed toward employees engaging in union
activity amounts to an unfair labor practice because the employer’s conduct “reasonably tends to
coerce employees in the exercise of their rights, regardless of whether it does, in fact, coerce.”
National By-Products, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 931 F.2d 445, 451 (7th Cir.
1991). Stated differently, threats of discipline directed toward employees for engaging in union
activity are unlawful. J. C. Penny Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 123 F.3d 988, 993-94
(7th Cir. 1997); see also Fleming Cos. v. National Labor Relations Board, 349 F.3d 968, 973
(7th Cir. 2003). Thus, we must analyze the contents of the CTA’s June 28, 2001, memorandum
to determine if a threat existed. The June 28, 2001, memorandum stated in part:
“In addition, this [handbill] notice contains a reference to
disrupting the transportation system in the City of Chicago. The
CTA has advised you in the past regarding illegal strike threats to
coerce the CTA to accept the terms proposed by Local 241 in
contract negotiations.
Therefore, the CTA must insist that you repudiate these
documents and inform your members that the distribution of these
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notices is strictly prohibited. Any employee who does participate
in the distribution of this document will be subject to disciplinary
action up to and including discharge.”
The CTA’s statement was coercive because a reasonable interpretation of the language
used would lead an employee to believe that the CTA’s enforcement of its no-solicitation rules
and threats of discipline resulted from engaging in union organizing and related activity. See
Fleming Cos., 349 F.3d at 973. An employee’s actions may lose the protection of being
classified as “protected concerted activity” if the employee’s “actions cross the lines of
acceptability so that they can be characterized as ‘disloyal’ to the employer.” Sierra Publishing
Co., 889 F.2d at 215.
Critical in making the distinction between protected and unprotected activity or disloyal
activity is the language used in the handbill itself. Generally, “[a]ttempts by employees and
labor organizations, to enlist the aid of third parties or the public falls under the protection of
section 7 of the NLRA, so long as (1) the communications clearly indicate the existence of a
labor dispute with the employer and, (2) the critical statements are not maliciously untrue.”
Duane Reade Inc. v. Local 338 Retail, Wholesale, Department Store Union, 6 Misc. 3d 790, 794,
791 N.Y.S.2d 288, 291 (2004); see also Lineback, 979 F. Supp. at 840; Sierra Publishing Co.,
889 F.2d at 216. During a labor dispute, employee communication regarding the ongoing labor
dispute to the public is considered protected activity under the Act. See Duane Reade Inc., 6
Misc. 3d at 794, 791 N.Y.S.2d at 291. Thus, the CTA’s employees’ dissemination of the
handbill to the public delineating an ongoing dispute with the CTA, which did not make
disparaging comments regarding the CTA or other comments that could be construed as disloyal
remarks, was protected activity because the handbill’s language related to the existing labor
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dispute. See Endicott Interconnect Technologies, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 453
F.3d 532, 535 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Moreover, the handbills not only mentioned the existing labor
dispute but asked for public help and support in the labor dispute, further supporting the
conclusion that the employees engaged in protected activity. See National Labor Relations
Board v. Local Union No. 1229, 346 U.S. 464, 468, 98 L. Ed. 2d 195, 200, 74 S. Ct. 172, 174
(1953); Lineback, 979 F. Supp. at 840.
Turning to the CTA’s response to the employees’ distribution of the handbill, we note
that the June 28, 2001, memorandum included the following statement: “Any employee who
does participate in the distribution of these notices is subject to disciplinary action up to and
including discharge for engaging in this activity.” The CTA’s response informing employees
that they would be subject to disciplinary actions for participating in the distribution of the
handbills amounts to a threat of discipline for engaging in a protected union activity.
Accordingly, we agree with the Board that the CTA committed an unfair labor practice by
communicating a disciplinary threat to its employees who engaged in a protected activity.
Lineback, 979 F. Supp. at 843.
2. July 2, 2001 Memorandum
The CTA next contends that the Board erroneously concluded that the July 2, 2001,
memorandum violated section 10(a)(1) because the memorandum reflected a correct statement
of the law, which does not amount to an unfair labor practice. The CTA contends that the Board
erred in concluding that the memorandum suggested that employees may reasonably fear
“adverse consequences” from any “strike-related activity, such as a strike authorization vote,”
even though the memorandum does not refer to a strike authorization vote. Thus, the CTA
26 1-07-2269
contends that the Board’s interpretation of the letter must be rejected because the memorandum
was directed solely against an “illegal job action,” such as a strike, work stoppage or slowdown
pursuant to section 17(b) of the Act.
The Board and Union claim that viewed in the context of the CTA’s overall course of
conduct and other communications concerning the dispute, the CTA’s memorandum threatened
discipline for engaging in protected activity. The Board and Union claim that this memorandum
following the CTA’s prior memorandum dated June 28, 2001, threatening discipline for conduct
allegedly violating the company’s anti-solicitation rule could reasonably be interpreted by
employees as a threat of discharge or discipline for any conduct that the CTA claimed was
illegal even though it was protected under the Act. The Board and Union maintain that the
memorandum was intended to intimidate employees to convince them that participation in the
strike authorization vote was an illegal job action and that other actions in support of a strike
would also be illegal and jeopardize jobs. Thus, the Board and Union maintain that the CTA’s
statements in this memorandum amounted to threats to employees for engaging in protected
activity and that the Board correctly held that the CTA’s memorandum violated section 10(a)(1).
We agree with the Board’s conclusion that the CTA’s distribution of its July 2, 2001,
memorandum to employees amounted to an unfair labor practice for reasons consistent with our
conclusion relating to the CTA’s June 28, 2001, memorandum. The July 2, 2001,
correspondence communicated to employees that a perceived illegal job action would threaten
existing jobs. This statement read and interpreted in conjunction with the CTA’s June 28, 2001,
memorandum that threatened discipline for engaging in otherwise protected activity but
characterized by the CTA as illegal conduct amounted to a threat. A reasonable employee upon
learning of this statement and knowing of and recalling the CTA’s June 28, 2001, memorandum
27 1-07-2269
would lead the employee to believe that his participation in protected concerted activities would
lead to disciplinary action. Fleming Cos., 349 F.3d at 973. Thus, we agree with the Board that
the CTA’s July 2, 2001, memorandum tended to coerce employees in the exercise of their rights
and amounted to an unfair labor practice.
3. Use of CTA Premises
Finally, the CTA contends on appeal that the Board erred in finding that the CTA
violated section 10(a)(1) by denying use of its property to the Union in July 2001 to allow the
Union to conduct a rerun election. The CTA again asserts that the Union’s conduct of engaging
in a strike authorization vote, publication of the voting results and distribution of the handbill to
the public amounted to a threat to engage in an illegal strike and, thus, was not protected activity.
The CTA also contends that it rightfully denied access to the property because the Union’s
request to use the premises for the election did not accurately or fully disclose the purpose of the
election. The CTA further claims that prior to June 2001, the Union never requested permission
to use the premises to conduct a vote seeking authorization to engage in a strike. The CTA
contends that the Union’s prior misrepresentation regarding use of the property caused the CTA
to deny use of its property for the rerun election. The CTA contends that the Union provided the
CTA with ample reasons to be suspicious of its request to conduct the on-site election, and
denying use of the property was not in retaliation for the previous strike authorization vote.
In response, the Board and Union contend that the evidence supports the Board’s finding
that the CTA’s decision to deny use of the property was based on a retaliative motive against the
Union for conducting the strike authorization vote. The Board and Union claim that the Board’s
decision was supported by the CTA’s letter denying the Union’s request to rerun the election
28 1-07-2269
because the strike authorization vote was “illegal.” The Board maintains that the evidence
supports the Board’s decision that the CTA intruded upon and manipulated the Union’s internal
activities in an attempt to erode union support and threaten employees with job loss for
participating in Union activities. Thus, the Board and Union claim that the Board’s finding that
the CTA unlawfully retaliated against the Union for engaging in protected activity was not
against the manifest weight of the evidence.
We agree with the Board and Union’s contentions. Reviewing the Board’s April 30,
2004, decision, we note that the Board recognized that the Union requested use of the CTA’s
property to conduct an election, which the Union had consistently done for the previous 25
years. In the instance at issue here, the Union sent the CTA a written letter requesting
permission to use the CTA property at the CTA’s garage on Chicago Avenue on July 17, 2001,
to conduct a rerun election. The CTA in a letter dated June 29, 2001, requested that the Union
disclose additional information that the CTA previously did not request concerning use of its
property. The additional information included a request for the Union to submit a copy of the
ballot for the rerun election because of the Union’s prior strike authorization vote included on
the prior ballot. We agree with the Board that the CTA’s July 12, 2001, letter to the Union
reflects the CTA’s motive in denying use of the premises. The July 12, 2001, letter states in
part:
Delegate Election’ on July 17, 2001, at Chicago Avenue Garage.
Local 241 included a vote to authorize an illegal ‘unfair labor
practice strike’ in violation of Local 241's representation to the
29 1-07-2269
CTA as to the purpose of that election. As a result, the CTA filed
an unfair labor practice charge (L-CB-01-038) due to among other
facilities at Chicago Avenue Garage on July 17, 2001, to conduct a
As indicated above, we agree with the Board that a strike authorization vote is protected
activity under the Act and decline the CTA’s request to revisit that conclusion in conjunction
with this issue on appeal. Thus, our attention must focus on the Board’s rationale for finding
that the CTA’s denial of the Union’s request to use its premises amounted to an unfair labor
practice. The Board concluded that the CTA denied use of its property in retaliation for the
previous strike authorization vote conducted on its premises. Here, the Board and ALJ
determined that the CTA’s denial of the Union’s request to use the property was a departure
from prior established practices and the CTA requested additional information concerning the
most recent use request that had previously gone unrequested. The CTA’s request for the
additional information amounted to a departure from the established past practice of permitting
the Union use of the property upon written request identifying the proposed date, hours and
location of the election. The departure of the CTA’s practice of routinely permitting use of its
property in addition to its letter to the Union identifying the Union’s prior use of the property to
conduct unlawful activities demonstrates an anti-union sentiment and supports the Board’s
finding of a violation of section 10(a)(1). See generally TRW Vidar, 290 N.L.R.B. 6, 17-18
(1988) (discussing cases involving employee access to and use of premises).
30 1-07-2269
Moreover, employees routinely use employer’s premises to conduct union elections and
employers commit an unfair labor practice if denying permission to use the property is based on
improper motives. See Methodist Hospital of Gary, Inc., 263 N.L.R.B. 411, 416-17 (1982),
enforced, National Labor Relations Board v. Methodist Hospital of Gary, 733 F.2d 43 (7th Cir.
1984). An employer’s motive is a question of fact. See Grchan v. Illinois State Labor Relations
Board, 315 Ill. App. 3d 459, 467, 734 N.E.2d 33, 40 (2000). The Board may infer an employer’s
anti-union motive from the following factors: “(1) the employer’s expressions of hostility toward
union activity; (2) the proximity in time between the employee’s union activity and the
employer’s adverse action; and (3) inconsistencies between the employer’s proffered reason for
taking the adverse action and other actions of the employer.” See Grchan, 315 Ill. App. 3d at
465, 734 N.E.2d at 39. Our task in reviewing the Board’s findings of fact is not to reweigh the
evidence or substitute this court’s judgment for the Board; rather, we must uphold the Board’s
factual findings unless the findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Grchan, 315
Ill. App. 3d at 467, 734 N.E.2d at 40. In light of the CTA’s past practices in routinely granting
the Union permission to use the property and the letter dated July 12, 2001, demonstrating the
CTA’s sentiment against the Union for engaging in a strike authorization vote, which was a
protected activity, a conclusion opposite of the Board’s finding that the CTA violated section
10(a)(1) in denying use of its premises is not clearly evident.
Accordingly, the judgment of the Board is affirmed.
Affirmed.
O’BRIEN, P.J., and CAMPBELL, J., concurring.
31 1-07-2269
REPORTER OF DECISIONS - ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT (Front Sheet to be Attached to Each case) _______________________________________________________________________
CHICAGO TRANSIT AUTHORITY,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
ILLINOIS LABOR RELATIONS BOARD and AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION LOCAL 241,
Respondents-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________________ _____
Appellate Court of Illinois First District, Fourth Division
November 6, 2008 ________________________________________________________________________
O’BRIEN, P.J., and CAMPBELL, J., concur.
________________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Illinois Labor Relations Board. ________________________________________________________________________
For APPELLANT, Bell, Boyd & Lloyd LLP, Chicago, IL (James P. Daley and David M. Novak, of counsel)
For APPELLEE - ILLINOIS LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Lisa Madigan, Attorney General of the State of Illinois, Springfield, IL (Michael A. Scodro, Solicitor General, and Ann C. Chalstrom, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel)
For APPELLEE - AMALGAMATED TRANSIT UNION LOCAL 241, Carmell Charone Widmer Moss and Barr, Chicago, IL (Lisa B. Moss and Martin P. Barr, of counsel)