Mr. Justice Brown
delivered the opinion of the court.
It would be useless for us to discuss the conflicting evidence in this case in detail. We could not hope that such a discussion would convince the defendant of that which seems clear to us—that on the disputed points of the defendant’s negligence and of the alleged contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely, the sister of the deceased, there is not a manifest preponderance of evidence against the verdict and judgment, and therefore no reason for our interfering with them on that account.
The negligence of .the defendant which resulted in the death of this little child was alleged to be the running of the car at such a rate of speed, at a street crossing proven to be often crowded and often occupied by the small children of a populous neighborhood, as was dangerous to those small children. It was also alleged that the street car approached and crossed the intersection without sounding a gong or bell, and that this also was dangerous and negligent. These were questions for the jury and they were left to the jury under instructions asked for by the defendant and fair to it. The modification of two of those asked and given did not, as we shall point out, detract from the fairness of this presentation of the issues to the jury. The jury under these instructions as to the law found the facts in favor of the plaintiff. While it is true that the duty under the assignments of error in this cause devolves on us to weigh the evidence on which this verdict was found, and if we decide the clear and manifest preponderance of that evidence to be inconsistent with the verdict, to reverse the judgment based on it, yet not all the arguments which are in place and may be considered forceful, in attempting to convince the jury that they should take one view of the case rather than the other, are equally in place or can be expected to be as effective in this cou’rt. For example, questions of credibility, of the relative weight which should be given to the testimony of children of a tender age and to that of parties interested through participation in the accident, and of whether minor inaccuracies, contradictions and inconsistencies in the testimony of a witness ought to prevent faith in his story, must be and should be left almost altogether to the ultimate decision of the jury. It is they, not we, as'the tritest of legal maxims has it, that see and hear the witnesses.
In this case it is to considerations of the kind suggested that counsel for defendant in argument are compelled largely to confine themselves in discussing the question of the weight of the evidence on the negligence of the servants of the defendant.
The youth of some of the plaintiff’s witnesses, the ease with which the feelings of children are played on, minor inaccuracies and inconsistencies in their evidence—inconsistencies, it is claimed, in the testimony of each considered separately, and contradictions of each other—are all vigorously commented on in what would be entirely appropriate argument to the jury in favor of the one proposition that the car bell was sounding as it approached the crossing, and of another, that the car was not running at a dangerous rate of speed— alleged facts to which the defendant’s witnesses, in opposition to those of the plaintiff, testified.
But it cannot be doubted that if the plaintiff’s witnesses in the material parts of their story were believed by the jury, the verdict was justified. As to the speed at which the car was going indeed, which we consider the most important factor in the case, we much doubt whether the testimony of the motorman himself for the defendant, that the speed of the car was between eight and nine miles an hour at this crossing, was not enough to justify its being left for the jury to decide whether the defendant- was not guilty of negligence.
And the same arguments which are used to convince us that the testimony which would convict the defendant’s servants of negligence is not trustworthy, as compared with that which contradicts it, are employed to establish the other proposition that the negligence of Bessie Kiely materially contributed to the death of her sister. It is said that the motorman’s story is-inherently more probable than the girl’s; that the latter indeed is impossible and that the true version of the accident is that “the deceased and her sister stopped to permit the car to cross, in response to the warning bell, and after it had reached a point a few feet from them darted across the track in front of it.”
But this is but the story on one side of the controversy. If Bessie Kiely and the other witnesses are to be believed, it is not the correct one. According to that story Bessie Kiely, a child herself but eleven years old, carrying a pitcher of milk in one hand and holding her little sister by the other, saw the car approaching at a considerable distance and at a moderate rate of speed. She passed through a group of playmates but kept on across the intersection, relying on the presumption that the car would be still further checked at such a place and not run her down. It came on, however, at an accelerated and dangerous speed and did run over the children.
If the contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely is a material matter in this controversy, then it was a question for the jury what were the actual facts of the attempted crossing, and also whether the facts found involved contributory negligence. Logue v. C. & A. R. R. Co., 158 Ill. 621; True v. Woda, 201 Ill. 315. It should not be overlooked that if the motorman’s story were taken as true and accurate, it would acquit Bessie Kiely as well as himself of negligence, and go far to put the accident in that class of deplorable incidents which no ordinary, reasonable and practicable care on the part of persons old enough to exercise it could have prevented. And generally it may be said that if there are inaccuracies and inconsistencies in the testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses when the story of each is compared with the others, that is not the less true of the testimony of defendant’s witnesses.
But we cannot concede that the question of Bessie Kiely’s contributory negligence is involved in this cause.
In the only reported case in this -State in which the question involved here was directly raised, the Appellate Court of the Fourth District decided that at. rbost the contributory negligence of one of the next .of kin could only be shown in bar of the portion of the damages which would go to such person. Donk Bros. Coal & Coke Co. v. Leavitt, 109 Ill. App. 385. If this be the law there can be no inference drawn from the amount of the verdict, that it included any damages for Bessie Kiely. If special instruction on this point for the jury was desired, it should have been asked for by the defendant. It is to be noted that no instruction on the matter of the contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely, as now alleged, was asked. '
If it be claimed that because the parents entrusted the deceased to her older sister’s care and control, the contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely, if it existed, should be imputed to the father and administrator of the deceased, and- that if so imputed it must be again considered the contributory negligence of the deceased child herself, the answer may well be that there is no evidence that the father or mother of this child did entrust her to her sister’s care on this occasion.
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Mr. Justice Brown
delivered the opinion of the court.
It would be useless for us to discuss the conflicting evidence in this case in detail. We could not hope that such a discussion would convince the defendant of that which seems clear to us—that on the disputed points of the defendant’s negligence and of the alleged contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely, the sister of the deceased, there is not a manifest preponderance of evidence against the verdict and judgment, and therefore no reason for our interfering with them on that account.
The negligence of .the defendant which resulted in the death of this little child was alleged to be the running of the car at such a rate of speed, at a street crossing proven to be often crowded and often occupied by the small children of a populous neighborhood, as was dangerous to those small children. It was also alleged that the street car approached and crossed the intersection without sounding a gong or bell, and that this also was dangerous and negligent. These were questions for the jury and they were left to the jury under instructions asked for by the defendant and fair to it. The modification of two of those asked and given did not, as we shall point out, detract from the fairness of this presentation of the issues to the jury. The jury under these instructions as to the law found the facts in favor of the plaintiff. While it is true that the duty under the assignments of error in this cause devolves on us to weigh the evidence on which this verdict was found, and if we decide the clear and manifest preponderance of that evidence to be inconsistent with the verdict, to reverse the judgment based on it, yet not all the arguments which are in place and may be considered forceful, in attempting to convince the jury that they should take one view of the case rather than the other, are equally in place or can be expected to be as effective in this cou’rt. For example, questions of credibility, of the relative weight which should be given to the testimony of children of a tender age and to that of parties interested through participation in the accident, and of whether minor inaccuracies, contradictions and inconsistencies in the testimony of a witness ought to prevent faith in his story, must be and should be left almost altogether to the ultimate decision of the jury. It is they, not we, as'the tritest of legal maxims has it, that see and hear the witnesses.
In this case it is to considerations of the kind suggested that counsel for defendant in argument are compelled largely to confine themselves in discussing the question of the weight of the evidence on the negligence of the servants of the defendant.
The youth of some of the plaintiff’s witnesses, the ease with which the feelings of children are played on, minor inaccuracies and inconsistencies in their evidence—inconsistencies, it is claimed, in the testimony of each considered separately, and contradictions of each other—are all vigorously commented on in what would be entirely appropriate argument to the jury in favor of the one proposition that the car bell was sounding as it approached the crossing, and of another, that the car was not running at a dangerous rate of speed— alleged facts to which the defendant’s witnesses, in opposition to those of the plaintiff, testified.
But it cannot be doubted that if the plaintiff’s witnesses in the material parts of their story were believed by the jury, the verdict was justified. As to the speed at which the car was going indeed, which we consider the most important factor in the case, we much doubt whether the testimony of the motorman himself for the defendant, that the speed of the car was between eight and nine miles an hour at this crossing, was not enough to justify its being left for the jury to decide whether the defendant- was not guilty of negligence.
And the same arguments which are used to convince us that the testimony which would convict the defendant’s servants of negligence is not trustworthy, as compared with that which contradicts it, are employed to establish the other proposition that the negligence of Bessie Kiely materially contributed to the death of her sister. It is said that the motorman’s story is-inherently more probable than the girl’s; that the latter indeed is impossible and that the true version of the accident is that “the deceased and her sister stopped to permit the car to cross, in response to the warning bell, and after it had reached a point a few feet from them darted across the track in front of it.”
But this is but the story on one side of the controversy. If Bessie Kiely and the other witnesses are to be believed, it is not the correct one. According to that story Bessie Kiely, a child herself but eleven years old, carrying a pitcher of milk in one hand and holding her little sister by the other, saw the car approaching at a considerable distance and at a moderate rate of speed. She passed through a group of playmates but kept on across the intersection, relying on the presumption that the car would be still further checked at such a place and not run her down. It came on, however, at an accelerated and dangerous speed and did run over the children.
If the contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely is a material matter in this controversy, then it was a question for the jury what were the actual facts of the attempted crossing, and also whether the facts found involved contributory negligence. Logue v. C. & A. R. R. Co., 158 Ill. 621; True v. Woda, 201 Ill. 315. It should not be overlooked that if the motorman’s story were taken as true and accurate, it would acquit Bessie Kiely as well as himself of negligence, and go far to put the accident in that class of deplorable incidents which no ordinary, reasonable and practicable care on the part of persons old enough to exercise it could have prevented. And generally it may be said that if there are inaccuracies and inconsistencies in the testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses when the story of each is compared with the others, that is not the less true of the testimony of defendant’s witnesses.
But we cannot concede that the question of Bessie Kiely’s contributory negligence is involved in this cause.
In the only reported case in this -State in which the question involved here was directly raised, the Appellate Court of the Fourth District decided that at. rbost the contributory negligence of one of the next .of kin could only be shown in bar of the portion of the damages which would go to such person. Donk Bros. Coal & Coke Co. v. Leavitt, 109 Ill. App. 385. If this be the law there can be no inference drawn from the amount of the verdict, that it included any damages for Bessie Kiely. If special instruction on this point for the jury was desired, it should have been asked for by the defendant. It is to be noted that no instruction on the matter of the contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely, as now alleged, was asked. '
If it be claimed that because the parents entrusted the deceased to her older sister’s care and control, the contributory negligence of Bessie Kiely, if it existed, should be imputed to the father and administrator of the deceased, and- that if so imputed it must be again considered the contributory negligence of the deceased child herself, the answer may well be that there is no evidence that the father or mother of this child did entrust her to her sister’s care on this occasion.
It certainly cannot be held, as a matter of-law, that it was contributory negligence in a parent not to forbid or prevent an eleven-year-old child, “in the habit of doing errands for her mother, ’ ’ taking, in full- daylight, her three-year-old sister with her to the dairy “for company.” Nor can it be said that the very natural condition-of things, by which the “oldest girl in the family” used “to sort of look after Alice for their mother,” is proof of negligence on the parent’s part generally or on this occasion in particular. Livingston v. Blind, 138 Ill. App. 494; C. & A. R. R. Co. v. Becker, 84 Ill. 483.
Counsel for appellant claim—quoting a remark from T. W. & W. R. Co. v. Grable, 88 Ill. 441—that if there was contributory negligence on the part of one charged with the care of the injured party, “there can be no recovery.”
As we have indicated, we are not prepared to hold that the contributory negligence of the one child, even if it existed, was imputable to the other. It is not necessary for us, however, to decide this point, for the alleged contributory negligence was not, we think, proved—certainly not so proven as to warrant us in overriding the verdict of a jury.
Of the instructions generally, it may be said that the twenty-five asked by the defendant and given unmodified as asked, and the two others given as modified, seem to us to present the theory of the defendant as to the happening of the accident with sufficient particularity.
In a case where it was claimed and argued before the jury by the defendant that the deceased ran in front of a car when the motorman had no reason to suppose she would do so, no jury could have misunderstood this language in the 15th instruction:
“If the jury believe from the evidence, under .the instructions of the court, that the deceased’s starting to go across the street in the way of, or in front of the defendant’s car, if she did so go, was, under all the circumstances in evidence, extraordinary, not reasonably to be expected or unusual, and as the car approached the place in question it was being operated with ordinary care by the servant or servants in charge thereof, then it became the duty of the defendant' to stop its car only as soon as the servant or servants in charge thereof had notice or knowledge of the intention of the deceased to do as he did; and if the jury believe from the evidence, under the instructions of the court, that such notice or knowledge came too late for the said servant or servants in the exercise of ordinary care to stop said car without injuring the deceased, then the jury must find the defendant - not guilty.”
Nor this from the 25th instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence, under the instruction of the court, that the deceased was suddenly and without any negligence or fault on the part of the defendant, placed in a position of danger, then in order, to charge the defendant with the duty to avoid injuring the deceased, the plaintiff must show by a preponderance of the evi-' dence that the circumstances were such that the servant or servants of the défendant had time and opportunity to become conscious by the exercise of' ordinary-care of the facts giving rise to such a duty, and a reasonable opportunity to perform it.”
Nor this from the 27th as given:
“If the motorman in charge of the "defendant’s cars exercised ordinary vigilance and' care to do what he could do to avoid injuring the plaintiff, after it was possible for him, by the exercise of ordinary. care, under all the circumstances in evidence, to. know of her danger, then the defendant .is not liable, and your verdict should be not guilty.”
In view of these instructions we cannot hold that the modification of the 27th instruction as offered by striking out the words:
“The defendant company was not required to assume, when the deceased was on the street on which the defendant was running its train, that she was going to run in front of its car, nor did the law require the defendant to stop its car lest she might do so, ” was reversible error.
But we must go further. It seems to us that it was proper to strike them out, for they were likely, from the phraseology used, to mislead the jury into the belief that they were to assume as true the disputed proposition of fact that the deceased did, as claimed by the defendant, break away from her sister and run before the car, when the motorman had no reason for apprehension that she would. Moreover, the Supreme Court has said that it is wrong to instruct the jury that the defendant might “assume” or “presume” anything. C. & A. R. R. Co. v. Sanders, 154 Ill. 531-538. While it is true that the language of the refused instruction does not in terms ask them to do so, there is a dangerous suggestion in it, it would seem to us, that the motorman need not “assume” that the deceased would run in front of his car, but might “assume” the contrary.
The sentence which was stricken out at the close of the 28th instruction as offered, added nothing to the force of the proposition stated in what was left, and so far as it stated the law correctly was unnecessary in view of the remainder of the instruction and in view of the other instructions heretofore quoted. Moreover, saying as it did, that if the deceased ran suddenly upon the track and the defendant’s servants did all they could in the exercise of ordinary care to avoid injuring her, the defendant was not liable, it might have misled the jury into supposing that the law did not require, preceding the appearance of the child on the track, care on the part of defendant’s servants in approaching the street crossing.
The same may be said of the 29th offered instruc- ' tion. Its refusal was not in this case error, for those given covered the law sufficiently on the point involved.
We find no reversible error in this record, and the judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed.
Affirmed.