NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 15 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CHARLES EDWARD LUCKETT, No. 21-15391
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:18-cv-07670-HSG
v. MEMORANDUM* ROBERT NEUSCHMID, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 15, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: S.R. THOMAS, BEA, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.
Habeas petitioner Charles Luckett appeals the district court’s order which
denied his petition for habeas corpus. Because the parties are familiar with the facts,
we do not recount them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253(a). We review the district court’s denial of habeas relief de novo. Avena v.
Chappell, 932 F.3d 1237, 1247 (9th Cir. 2019). We affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1. The California Court of Appeal adjudicated Luckett’s federal claim “on the
merits,” such that deference to the state court’s decision is warranted under the Anti-
Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”).1 See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
Even when a state court does not explicitly address the federal claims raised by a
defendant, a federal habeas court must “presume (subject to rebuttal) that the federal
claim was adjudicated on the merits.” Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 293
(2013); see Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 99–100 (2011). We hold that Luckett
has not rebutted that presumption.
The presumption applies here because the California Court of Appeal rejected
Luckett’s federal claim without expressly addressing it as a federal claim. Luckett
claimed that his right to present a complete defense under federal and state law was
violated because the state trial court excluded evidence relating to Luckett’s brother.
According to a police report, Luckett’s brother was detained in a police perimeter
near the crime scene shortly after the murder, but he was released after witnesses
were unable to identify him. The California Court of Appeal rejected Luckett’s
argument that this evidence should have been admitted to prove third-party
culpability, because the evidence did not satisfy California’s rule for the admission
1 Because the California Supreme Court denied Luckett’s direct appeal without explanation, we “look through” to the California Court of Appeal’s decision, as it is the “last related state-court decision that does provide a relevant rationale.” See Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018).
2 of third-party culpability established in People v. Hall, 718 P.2d 99 (Cal. 1986).2
The court also rejected Luckett’s argument that the evidence should have been
admitted so that he could challenge the prosecution’s DNA and eyewitness
identification evidence. Without citing federal authority, the court held the evidence
was too speculative to warrant its admission for those purposes, and that its exclusion
did not implicate the due process right to present a defense. Accordingly, we must
presume that Luckett’s federal claim was adjudicated on the merits.
The presumption of adjudication on the merits may be rebutted by showing
that the state court relied on a state standard that is less protective than the federal
standard. Williams, 568 U.S. at 301–02. But Luckett has not shown that California’s
Hall standard for the admission of third-party culpability evidence is less protective
than the federal standard. Luckett has not identified a Supreme Court precedent that
contradicts Hall. See Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002) (per curiam) (holding
that state courts need not cite Supreme Court cases “so long as neither the reasoning
nor the result of the state-court decision contradicts them”). Furthermore, the
2 In Hall, the California Supreme Court held that, to introduce evidence of third- party culpability, a defendant must proffer “direct or circumstantial evidence linking the third person to the actual perpetration of the crime.” 718 P.2d at 104. The evidence must “be capable of raising a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt,” such that its probative value is not substantially outweighed by its adverse effects. Id. And under Hall, “evidence of mere motive or opportunity to commit the crime in another person, without more, will not suffice . . . .” Id. In sum, California does “not require that any evidence, however remote, must be admitted to show a third party’s possible culpability.” Id.
3 Supreme Court has acknowledged that the Hall standard and similar third-party
culpability rules that require a sufficient connection between the third person and the
crime “are widely accepted.” Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 327, 327 n.*
(2006).
Luckett also argues the presumption has been rebutted because the California
Court of Appeal did not cite, discuss, or acknowledge federal law when it held that
the exclusion of evidence for purposes other than third-party culpability (i.e., to
undermine the prosecution’s DNA and eyewitness identification evidence) did not
implicate his due process right to present a defense. But in holding that the evidence
was inadmissible to undercut the prosecution’s DNA evidence, the court cited
People v. Babbitt, a California Supreme Court case which relied on United States
Supreme Court caselaw to hold the exclusion of speculative evidence did not violate
a defendant’s due process right to present a complete defense. 755 P.2d 253, 264–
65 (Cal. 1988) (first citing Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 (1967); then citing
Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973); and then citing Crane v. Kentucky,
476 U.S. 683 (1986)). We find it “difficult to imagine any panel of appellate judges
reading [Babbitt] and passing on the propriety of” excluding the evidence relating to
Luckett’s brother “without realizing that such situations also bear on the federal
constitutional right to [present a complete defense].” See Williams, 568 U.S. at 305.
Moreover, in holding that the evidence was inadmissible to undercut the
4 prosecution’s identification evidence, the California Court of Appeal relied on
general principles of relevance. California’s rules of evidence “subsume[] the federal
standard,” see id. at 301, because the California and federal definitions of relevance
are nearly identical. Compare Cal. Evid. Code § 210, with Fed. R. Evid.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 15 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CHARLES EDWARD LUCKETT, No. 21-15391
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:18-cv-07670-HSG
v. MEMORANDUM* ROBERT NEUSCHMID, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 15, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: S.R. THOMAS, BEA, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.
Habeas petitioner Charles Luckett appeals the district court’s order which
denied his petition for habeas corpus. Because the parties are familiar with the facts,
we do not recount them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253(a). We review the district court’s denial of habeas relief de novo. Avena v.
Chappell, 932 F.3d 1237, 1247 (9th Cir. 2019). We affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1. The California Court of Appeal adjudicated Luckett’s federal claim “on the
merits,” such that deference to the state court’s decision is warranted under the Anti-
Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”).1 See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
Even when a state court does not explicitly address the federal claims raised by a
defendant, a federal habeas court must “presume (subject to rebuttal) that the federal
claim was adjudicated on the merits.” Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 293
(2013); see Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 99–100 (2011). We hold that Luckett
has not rebutted that presumption.
The presumption applies here because the California Court of Appeal rejected
Luckett’s federal claim without expressly addressing it as a federal claim. Luckett
claimed that his right to present a complete defense under federal and state law was
violated because the state trial court excluded evidence relating to Luckett’s brother.
According to a police report, Luckett’s brother was detained in a police perimeter
near the crime scene shortly after the murder, but he was released after witnesses
were unable to identify him. The California Court of Appeal rejected Luckett’s
argument that this evidence should have been admitted to prove third-party
culpability, because the evidence did not satisfy California’s rule for the admission
1 Because the California Supreme Court denied Luckett’s direct appeal without explanation, we “look through” to the California Court of Appeal’s decision, as it is the “last related state-court decision that does provide a relevant rationale.” See Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018).
2 of third-party culpability established in People v. Hall, 718 P.2d 99 (Cal. 1986).2
The court also rejected Luckett’s argument that the evidence should have been
admitted so that he could challenge the prosecution’s DNA and eyewitness
identification evidence. Without citing federal authority, the court held the evidence
was too speculative to warrant its admission for those purposes, and that its exclusion
did not implicate the due process right to present a defense. Accordingly, we must
presume that Luckett’s federal claim was adjudicated on the merits.
The presumption of adjudication on the merits may be rebutted by showing
that the state court relied on a state standard that is less protective than the federal
standard. Williams, 568 U.S. at 301–02. But Luckett has not shown that California’s
Hall standard for the admission of third-party culpability evidence is less protective
than the federal standard. Luckett has not identified a Supreme Court precedent that
contradicts Hall. See Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002) (per curiam) (holding
that state courts need not cite Supreme Court cases “so long as neither the reasoning
nor the result of the state-court decision contradicts them”). Furthermore, the
2 In Hall, the California Supreme Court held that, to introduce evidence of third- party culpability, a defendant must proffer “direct or circumstantial evidence linking the third person to the actual perpetration of the crime.” 718 P.2d at 104. The evidence must “be capable of raising a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt,” such that its probative value is not substantially outweighed by its adverse effects. Id. And under Hall, “evidence of mere motive or opportunity to commit the crime in another person, without more, will not suffice . . . .” Id. In sum, California does “not require that any evidence, however remote, must be admitted to show a third party’s possible culpability.” Id.
3 Supreme Court has acknowledged that the Hall standard and similar third-party
culpability rules that require a sufficient connection between the third person and the
crime “are widely accepted.” Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 327, 327 n.*
(2006).
Luckett also argues the presumption has been rebutted because the California
Court of Appeal did not cite, discuss, or acknowledge federal law when it held that
the exclusion of evidence for purposes other than third-party culpability (i.e., to
undermine the prosecution’s DNA and eyewitness identification evidence) did not
implicate his due process right to present a defense. But in holding that the evidence
was inadmissible to undercut the prosecution’s DNA evidence, the court cited
People v. Babbitt, a California Supreme Court case which relied on United States
Supreme Court caselaw to hold the exclusion of speculative evidence did not violate
a defendant’s due process right to present a complete defense. 755 P.2d 253, 264–
65 (Cal. 1988) (first citing Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 (1967); then citing
Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973); and then citing Crane v. Kentucky,
476 U.S. 683 (1986)). We find it “difficult to imagine any panel of appellate judges
reading [Babbitt] and passing on the propriety of” excluding the evidence relating to
Luckett’s brother “without realizing that such situations also bear on the federal
constitutional right to [present a complete defense].” See Williams, 568 U.S. at 305.
Moreover, in holding that the evidence was inadmissible to undercut the
4 prosecution’s identification evidence, the California Court of Appeal relied on
general principles of relevance. California’s rules of evidence “subsume[] the federal
standard,” see id. at 301, because the California and federal definitions of relevance
are nearly identical. Compare Cal. Evid. Code § 210, with Fed. R. Evid. 401. The
sole difference is that California additionally requires evidence to be relevant to a
“disputed fact,” but that distinction is irrelevant here, where the court’s decision did
not rest on whether the underlying fact was disputed.
Hence, the presumption that Luckett’s federal claim was “adjudicated on the
merits” is not rebutted, and so the California Court of Appeal’s decision is entitled
to AEDPA deference under § 2254(d).
2. The California Court of Appeal’s decision to exclude Luckett’s evidence
was not “contrary to, or an unreasonable application of,” clearly established
Supreme Court precedent. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). First, Luckett argues that the
Supreme Court has clearly established that “arbitrary” evidentiary rules may
unconstitutionally burden the right to present a complete defense. E.g., Holmes, 547
U.S. at 324–31. According to Luckett, California’s Hall standard is an arbitrary
evidentiary rule. An arbitrary rule is one that “excluded important defense evidence
but that did not serve any legitimate interests.” Id. at 325. On the other hand, a state
does not violate a criminal defendant’s right to present a defense when it imposes
“established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and
5 reliability in the ascertainment of guilt and innocence.” Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302;
see United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308 (1998) (“[R]ulemakers have broad
latitude under the Constitution to establish rules excluding evidence from criminal
trials.”).
As noted above, the Supreme Court has already determined that third-party
culpability rules which require a sufficient connection between the third person and
the crime do serve a legitimate purpose: “to focus the trial on the central issues by
excluding evidence that has only a very weak logical connection to the central
issues.” Holmes, 547 U.S. at 330. Holmes held that a different third-party culpability
rule was “arbitrary” and therefore violated the defendant’s right to present a
complete defense, because it required exclusion of such evidence, regardless its
probative value, whenever the prosecution’s evidence strongly supported a guilty
verdict. Id. at 331. But in so holding, the Court distinguished “widely accepted,”
“well-established rules of evidence”—including Hall itself—that exclude third-
party culpability evidence that “does not sufficiently connect the other person to the
crime, as, for example, where the evidence is speculative or remote . . . .” Id. at 327
(quotation omitted), 327 n.*. Hence, Hall is not an arbitrary evidentiary rule.
Further, the record does not support a conclusion that the state court applied
Hall “mechanistically”—i.e., that the Hall standard does not serve a legitimate
purpose in this case. See Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302. Given that Luckett’s counsel
6 represented to the trial judge that he had “no information that [Luckett’s brother]
committed this crime,” one could reasonably conclude that the third-party
culpability evidence “has only a very weak logical connection to the central issues,”
as Holmes contemplates is a permissible ground for exclusion. See 547 U.S. at 330.
Second, Luckett argues that improper exclusion of critical defense evidence
is always unconstitutional. In addition to proving third-party culpability, Luckett
argues that the evidence was critical to challenging the prosecution’s DNA and
identification evidence. For this argument, Luckett relies on general propositions
about the right to present a complete defense. But general propositions are not
enough under AEDPA; a Supreme Court decision must “‘squarely address[] the
issue in th[e] case’ or establish a legal principle that ‘clearly extend[s]’ to a new
context . . . .” Moses v. Payne, 555 F.3d 742, 754 (9th Cir. 2009) (alteration in
original) (quoting Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 123, 125 (2008)); see also
Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000) (“[T]he phrase ‘clearly established
Federal law’ . . . refers to the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of th[e] [Supreme]
Court’s decisions . . . .”). Most of the Supreme Court cases Luckett cites hold that a
defendant has the right to present reliable, directly exculpatory evidence. E.g.,
Chambers, 410 U.S. at 294–303. These cases do not “squarely address” Luckett’s
right to present evidence about his brother, which is not directly exculpatory. See
Ayala v. Chappell, 829 F.3d 1081, 1114 (9th Cir. 2016) (denying habeas relief where
7 the excluded evidence “supported defendant’s theory of the case, [but] was not
directly exculpatory like the confession in Chambers”). Luckett’s other cases either
involve an arbitrary rule, e.g., Holmes, 547 U.S. at 324–31, or hold that the exclusion
of the evidence in question was not unconstitutional, e.g., California v. Trombetta,
467 U.S. 479, 485–91 (1984).
In sum, the Supreme Court has not clearly established that the exclusion of
the evidence at issue resulted from the application of an arbitrary evidentiary rule or
otherwise violated Luckett’s right to present a complete defense. Hence, the state
court’s decision was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly
established United States Supreme Court precedent.
AFFIRMED.