Simmons, Justice.
1. The Central Railroad & Banking Company brought an action against the Brunswick & Western Railroad Company, alleging that an engine belonging to plaintiff had been damaged to the amount of one thousand' dollars, and its engineer, Scoville, had been seriously injured, by a collision between said engine and a train of defendant, which resulted from the negligence of the latter. The declaration set forth in detail the injuries alleged to have been sustained by the engineer. It also alleged that plaintiff had paid out large sums of money, specifying the amounts, for expenses incurred in the nursing of the engineer, physicians’ and druggists’ bills, and also that plaintiff had compromised and settled the claim of said Scoville against it for the injuries he had sustained, by paying the sum of two thousand dollars, which was inadequate and insufficient to compensate him for the damage he had sustained. The declaration prayed a recovery against defendant, not only for the damage to its property and the sums paid out for and to Scoville, as aforesaid, but also for the damages sustained by him in the personal injuries he had received, in excess of the amount paid him therefor by plaintiff, the latter alleging that it sued for this last named item for the use of the said Scoville. Upon demurrer, the court below struck out of the declaration all parts thereof that sought a recovery for the use and benefit of Scoville, and this ruling is assigned as error.
There can be no question that plaintiff had the right to sue for any injuries to its own property, or for any [388]*388injury it may have sustained in the loss of its engineer’s services, and expenses flowing directly therefrom, which may have been caused by defendant’s negligence. But we are at a loss to perceive how the plaintiff can maintain an action for personal injuries received by Scoville, for any amount exceeding what it had actually j>aid him on this account. For injuries received by him, and. for which no compensation had been made to him by plaintiff, he, and he alone, in our opinion, would be entitled to sue the defendant. It is not alleged in the declaration that Scoville assigned to the plaintiff any right of action he may have had against the defendant, and certainly plaintiff is in no better position to bring suit for his use than it would have been to sue in its own right if such assignment had been made. If it he alleged in reply that plaintiff was seeking this particular recovery, not for its own benefit, but for the uso and benefit of Scoville himself, the answer is that Scoville was competent to bring suit in his own name and right, and no reason appears why he should not do so. Even if he had attempted to assign his claim against the defendant to the plaintiff, we do not think this could have been done. In Comegys v. Vasse, 1 Pet. (26 U. S.) 212, it was held that a right of action for mere personal torts was not assignable; and to this effect, see Gardner v. Adams, 12 Wend. 297, and Rice v. Stone et al., 1 Allen (Mass.), 566. A right of action is not assignable “ if it does not directly or indirectly involve a right of property ”; and hence an assignee’s claim of a right to sue for fraud to his assignor cannot be enforced. Dayton v. Fargo, 45 Mich. 158. This same question has been frequently passed upon in cases where disputes arose as .to what rights of bankrupts passed to their assignees, and in such cases it has generally been held that such assignees could not maintain actions for injuries to the person of the bankrupt. 2 Addison on Torts, §1300, [389]*389and cases cited: Among the latter is that of Howard v. Crowther, 8 M. & W. 601, in which Lord Abinger held that causes of action purely personal do not pass to the assignee, but the right to sue remains in the bankrupt. In Marshall v. Means et al., 12 Ga. 67, Judge Lumpkin quotes approvingly another opinion of Lord Abinger, delivered in the case of Prosser v. Edmonds, 1 Younge & Coll. 481, sustaining the doctrine that a bare right to file a bill, or maintain a suit, is not assignable. Bays the opinion referred to : “ It is a rule, not of our law alone, but that of all countries, that the mere right of purchase shall not give a man a right to legal remedies. The contrary doctrine is nowhere tolerated, and is against good policy. All our cases of maintenance and champerty are founded on the principle that no encouragement should be given to litigation by the introduction of parties to enforce those rights which others are not disposed to enforce.”
No doubt authorities in conflict with those above cited may be found, but our own code, at least by implication, seems to settle the question that causes of action arising from torts are not assignable. Section 2243 classes such rights as choses in action, but the next section provides expressly that choses in action arising upon contract may be assigned, and is silent as to the assignment of choses in action arising upon tort. It would seem, therefore, under the rule expressio unius exclusio alterius, that the latter are not assignable in this State. Such was the ruling of this court, and we think it sound, in Gamble et al. v. Central R. R. & Banking Co., 80 Ga. 599, 600. The court, therefore, did not err in sustaining the demurrer to so much of the declaration as sought a recovery for the use of Scoville.
2. Valid ordinances ordained by the mayor and council of a city are binding upon all persons who come within the scope of their operation,' and no reason [390]*390occurs to us why railroads and their employees should not be thus bound. It would be something quite unusual, and not justified by any precedent of which we are aware, if special notice had to be given to these corporations, or their servants, of the existence of such ordinances.
3. The evidence shows that the collision took place on a track used in common by the two railroad companies. The court, in effect, charged the jury that defendant, when using this track, would have the right to suppose that the plaintiff', coining in with its train, would run in accordance with the provisions of a valid ordinance of the city of Albany; and further instructed them that in case they believed there would have been no collision if the plaintiff'had observed that ordinance, then the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover. In the same connection he left the jury to determine whether or not,the ordinance in question was reasonable in its application to the locality where the accident occurred. Upon this portion of the charge, comment will be more particularly made in the next division of this opinion. Under the facts of this case, there was no error in the charge given. It was equivalent to instructing the jury that running a train within the limits of a city at a speed prohibited by a valid ordinance would be negligence on the part of the plaintiff. This is certainly a correct statement of the law;- and inasmuch as the evidence shows conclusively that defendant, after becoming aware of this negligence on the part of the plaintiff, could not have avoided the consequences of it, it follows plainly that the plaintiff ought not to recover. Even if the defendant was to some extent negligent, the above assertion remains true, because it is equivalent to stating in other language the provision contained in §2972 of the code, viz : “ If the plaintiff by ordinary care could have avoided the consequences to himself caused by de[391]
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Simmons, Justice.
1. The Central Railroad & Banking Company brought an action against the Brunswick & Western Railroad Company, alleging that an engine belonging to plaintiff had been damaged to the amount of one thousand' dollars, and its engineer, Scoville, had been seriously injured, by a collision between said engine and a train of defendant, which resulted from the negligence of the latter. The declaration set forth in detail the injuries alleged to have been sustained by the engineer. It also alleged that plaintiff had paid out large sums of money, specifying the amounts, for expenses incurred in the nursing of the engineer, physicians’ and druggists’ bills, and also that plaintiff had compromised and settled the claim of said Scoville against it for the injuries he had sustained, by paying the sum of two thousand dollars, which was inadequate and insufficient to compensate him for the damage he had sustained. The declaration prayed a recovery against defendant, not only for the damage to its property and the sums paid out for and to Scoville, as aforesaid, but also for the damages sustained by him in the personal injuries he had received, in excess of the amount paid him therefor by plaintiff, the latter alleging that it sued for this last named item for the use of the said Scoville. Upon demurrer, the court below struck out of the declaration all parts thereof that sought a recovery for the use and benefit of Scoville, and this ruling is assigned as error.
There can be no question that plaintiff had the right to sue for any injuries to its own property, or for any [388]*388injury it may have sustained in the loss of its engineer’s services, and expenses flowing directly therefrom, which may have been caused by defendant’s negligence. But we are at a loss to perceive how the plaintiff can maintain an action for personal injuries received by Scoville, for any amount exceeding what it had actually j>aid him on this account. For injuries received by him, and. for which no compensation had been made to him by plaintiff, he, and he alone, in our opinion, would be entitled to sue the defendant. It is not alleged in the declaration that Scoville assigned to the plaintiff any right of action he may have had against the defendant, and certainly plaintiff is in no better position to bring suit for his use than it would have been to sue in its own right if such assignment had been made. If it he alleged in reply that plaintiff was seeking this particular recovery, not for its own benefit, but for the uso and benefit of Scoville himself, the answer is that Scoville was competent to bring suit in his own name and right, and no reason appears why he should not do so. Even if he had attempted to assign his claim against the defendant to the plaintiff, we do not think this could have been done. In Comegys v. Vasse, 1 Pet. (26 U. S.) 212, it was held that a right of action for mere personal torts was not assignable; and to this effect, see Gardner v. Adams, 12 Wend. 297, and Rice v. Stone et al., 1 Allen (Mass.), 566. A right of action is not assignable “ if it does not directly or indirectly involve a right of property ”; and hence an assignee’s claim of a right to sue for fraud to his assignor cannot be enforced. Dayton v. Fargo, 45 Mich. 158. This same question has been frequently passed upon in cases where disputes arose as .to what rights of bankrupts passed to their assignees, and in such cases it has generally been held that such assignees could not maintain actions for injuries to the person of the bankrupt. 2 Addison on Torts, §1300, [389]*389and cases cited: Among the latter is that of Howard v. Crowther, 8 M. & W. 601, in which Lord Abinger held that causes of action purely personal do not pass to the assignee, but the right to sue remains in the bankrupt. In Marshall v. Means et al., 12 Ga. 67, Judge Lumpkin quotes approvingly another opinion of Lord Abinger, delivered in the case of Prosser v. Edmonds, 1 Younge & Coll. 481, sustaining the doctrine that a bare right to file a bill, or maintain a suit, is not assignable. Bays the opinion referred to : “ It is a rule, not of our law alone, but that of all countries, that the mere right of purchase shall not give a man a right to legal remedies. The contrary doctrine is nowhere tolerated, and is against good policy. All our cases of maintenance and champerty are founded on the principle that no encouragement should be given to litigation by the introduction of parties to enforce those rights which others are not disposed to enforce.”
No doubt authorities in conflict with those above cited may be found, but our own code, at least by implication, seems to settle the question that causes of action arising from torts are not assignable. Section 2243 classes such rights as choses in action, but the next section provides expressly that choses in action arising upon contract may be assigned, and is silent as to the assignment of choses in action arising upon tort. It would seem, therefore, under the rule expressio unius exclusio alterius, that the latter are not assignable in this State. Such was the ruling of this court, and we think it sound, in Gamble et al. v. Central R. R. & Banking Co., 80 Ga. 599, 600. The court, therefore, did not err in sustaining the demurrer to so much of the declaration as sought a recovery for the use of Scoville.
2. Valid ordinances ordained by the mayor and council of a city are binding upon all persons who come within the scope of their operation,' and no reason [390]*390occurs to us why railroads and their employees should not be thus bound. It would be something quite unusual, and not justified by any precedent of which we are aware, if special notice had to be given to these corporations, or their servants, of the existence of such ordinances.
3. The evidence shows that the collision took place on a track used in common by the two railroad companies. The court, in effect, charged the jury that defendant, when using this track, would have the right to suppose that the plaintiff', coining in with its train, would run in accordance with the provisions of a valid ordinance of the city of Albany; and further instructed them that in case they believed there would have been no collision if the plaintiff'had observed that ordinance, then the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover. In the same connection he left the jury to determine whether or not,the ordinance in question was reasonable in its application to the locality where the accident occurred. Upon this portion of the charge, comment will be more particularly made in the next division of this opinion. Under the facts of this case, there was no error in the charge given. It was equivalent to instructing the jury that running a train within the limits of a city at a speed prohibited by a valid ordinance would be negligence on the part of the plaintiff. This is certainly a correct statement of the law;- and inasmuch as the evidence shows conclusively that defendant, after becoming aware of this negligence on the part of the plaintiff, could not have avoided the consequences of it, it follows plainly that the plaintiff ought not to recover. Even if the defendant was to some extent negligent, the above assertion remains true, because it is equivalent to stating in other language the provision contained in §2972 of the code, viz : “ If the plaintiff by ordinary care could have avoided the consequences to himself caused by de[391]*391fendant’s uegligenee, he is not entitled to recover.” The court’s language meant that if the jury found that defendant was negligent, yet if plaintiff by ordinary care — that is, by obeying the city ordinance — could have escaped injury notwithstanding defendant’s negligence, it could not recover, and this is our understanding of the law.
4. It was contended by counsel for plaintiff’ in error that the city ordinance was unreasonable in its application to the particular locality where this accident occurred; and the assignment of error Upon the charge given in reference to this subject, implies that the court ought to have so declared. Instead of doing so, the court left the jury to determine, in view of all the facts and circumstances of the case, whether there was a necessity for the ordinance in this particular locality, and whether or not the operation of it at this place was reasonable. This was a very fair and proper method of disposing of this question. The jury, with all the facts before them, were competent to decide it fairly. The charge submitted to them impartially the contentions of both sides as to the necessity and reasonableness of the ordinance, and they were, perhaps, better qualified to reach a just conclusion on the subject than the judge himself. At any rate, he saw proper to submit this question to them, and we are unable to see that in so doing he committed any error. To justify courts in declaring void an ordinance limiting the speed of trains within a city, its unreasonableness, or want of necessity as a police regulation for the protection of life and property, must be clear, manifest and undoubted. Knobloch v. C., M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 31 Minn. 402. In the case just cited, the crossing at which a cow was killed was in the plat of the city, but the surrounding country was similar to the open country outside of. the city, and the street similar to a common country road, there [392]*392being no graded streets within three quarters of a mile, and no houses within a quarter of a mile, in the direction of the built-up portion of the city, but the street seems to have been a good deal travelled. Gilfillan, C. J., remarked: “While it may be true that a higher rate of speed through the portion of the city in question would be consistent with the public safety, we cannot say it is so clearly and manifestly the case that we can hold the passage of the ordinance an abuse of discretion on the part of the common council.” The fact that the railroad owned the land on which the injury occurred did not relieve it from the operation of the ordinance. Whitson v. City of Franklin, 34 Ind. 397 ; Merz v. Railway Co., 88 Mo. 677 ; Crowley v. Railroad Co., 65 Iowa, 658 ; Green v. Canal Co., 38 Hun, 51 ; Horr & Bemis Mun. Pol. Ord. §§239, 145. As to reasonableness of ordinance generally, and rule as to pronouncing void, see Horr & Bemis Mun. Ord. §188 et seq.; Meyers v. Railroad Co., 57 Iowa, 555, 7 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cas. 406 ; Baltimore, etc. R. R. Co. v. State, 19 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cas. 83. The rule is laid down in Horr & Bemis, supra, that the question whether an ordinance regulating the speed of trains in a city is reasonable, or unreasonable and void, is for the court. In this case, the court ruled that the ordinance was, in itself, valid and reasonable, but held that the application of it to the particular locality in question was reasonable or otherwise according as certain facts were or were not established, and left it to the jury to determine whether or not these facts existed. We think that in thus acting the court disposed of both questions in the proper manner.
5. The verdict was warranted by the evidence, and having been approved by the trial judge, will not be disturbed. Judgment affirmed.