Opinion of the Court by
ACOBA, J.
We hold that the meaning of “prior alcohol enforcement contact” must be explained when advising a person arrested for driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor (DUI), Hawafi Revised Statutes (HRS) § 291-4 (Supp.1999), of the potential length of license revocation for refusal to take a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test or for failing such a test, as set forth in HRS § 286-261 (Supp.1999), in order to ensure that the refusal of, or consent to, such a test is knowingly and intelligently made. The arresting officer in this case did not render such an explanation to Respondent/Petitioner Appellee Joseph P. Castro (Respondent). Accordingly, we conclude that Respondent’s refusal to take the test was not knowingly and intelligently made and should have been precluded as evidence at the Administrative Driver’s License Revocation Office (ADLRO) driver’s license revocation hearing and subsequent appeal to the district court of the first circuit1 (the court).
While HRS § 286-258(d)(3) (Supp.2000) allows for revocation of a driver’s license for refusal to take a BAC test, it provides for the same outcome in the event that the evidence proves by a preponderance that “the arrestee drove, operated, or was in actual physical control of the motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor[.]” Such a finding in the November 29, 1999 decision of Petitioner/Respondent Appellant Administrative Director of the Courts, State of Hawai'i (the Director), following the ADLRO hearing, constitutes a basis, independent of Respondent’s refusal, for sustaining revocation of his license. Accordingly, we reverse the May 7, 2001 decision of the Intermediate Court of Appeals2 (the ICA) affirming the court’s February 1, 2000 judgment that failed to account for that finding, see Castro v. Administrative Director of the Courts, State of Hawai'i, 98 Hawai'i 53, 41 P.3d 715 (Haw.Ct.App.2001), vacate the court’s February 1, 2000 judgment, and remand this case to the couid; with instructions to enter an order affirming the Director’s decision.
I.
On September 16, 1999, Respondent was arrested for DUI, HRS § 291-4.3 At the time of the arrest, and pursuant to “Part XIV of HRS chapter 286, Administrative Revocation of Driver’s License!,]” the arresting officer read Honolulu Police Department (HPD) Form 396B to Respondent, informing him that he could take a BAC blood or breath test, or both, but if he refused a test or if he took a test and failed, he was subject to certain sanctions. See HRS § 286-255 [465]*465(Supp.1999). In relevant part the form stated:
Pursuant to the Administrative Driver’s License Revocation Law, I must inform you (arrestee) of the following:
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B. That if you refuse to take any tests, the consequences are as follows:
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3. If your driving record shows two prior alcohol enforcement contacts during the seven years preceding the date of arrest, your driving privileges will be revoked for four years instead of the two year revocation that would apply if you chose to take a test and failed it[.]
4. If your driving record shows three or more prior alcohol enforcement contacts during the ten years preceding the date of arrest, your driving privileges will be revoked for life regardless of whether you take a test or not.[4]
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C. That criminal charges under Section 291-4 HRS, may be filed[.]
(Emphases added.)
The arresting officer thereafter issued Respondent a notice of administrative license revocation. See id. Upon review, the Director affirmed Respondent’s revocation by way of a notice of administrative review decision. See HRS § 286-258(a). The notice revoked Respondent’s driver’s license for four years, pursuant to the advice stated in paragraph 3 of HPD Form 396B.
Respondent subsequently requested an administrative hearing before the ADLRO to challenge the revocation. See HRS § 286-258(b). On November 24, 1999, the hearing was convened before an ADLRO hearing officer. At the hearing, the arresting officer testified that Respondent refused to take any test and did not ask any questions. The arresting officer also related his belief that a “prior alcohol enforcement eontact[ ]” means a prior arrest for DUI:
Q [RESPONDENT’S COUNSEL], What does the phrase, prior alcohol enforcement contact mean?
A. It means, I believe, if you’ve been arrested for driving under the influence previously.
Respondent testified that he believed prior alcohol enforcement contacts meant prior DUI convictions and arrests. Because he had had two prior convictions and a prior arrest for DUI (for which he was subsequently acquitted), he concluded that he had had three prior alcohol enforcement contacts. Thus, under the advice rendered in paragraph 4 of HPD Form 396B, it was his belief that he was subject to a lifetime revocation whether he took a test or not. Respondent related he did not take a test based on that understanding. Contrary to the arresting officer’s testimony and Respondent’s belief, an alcohol enforcement contact as defined in HRS § 286-251 (Supp.1999) would not include an arrest.5 See also discussion, infra. The hearing officer determined that, in fact, Respondent had been the subject of two, and not three, such contacts.
On November 29,1999, the Director issued a notice of administrative hearing decision, along with findings of fact and conclusions of law, sustaining the four-year revocation. In [466]*466her November 29, 1999 findings of fact and conclusions of law, the hearing officer decided in pertinent part as follows:
FINDINGS OF FACT
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1. On September 16, 1999, at about 12:50 a.m. in the County of Honolulu, [the] arresting officer ... observed [Respondent] operating a motor vehicle....
2. The Arresting Officer observed the vehicle travelling west bound on the H-l Freeway pi'ior to the Kunia off-ramp. The officer observed the vehicle travelled to the right shoulder with half the vehicle over the shoulder line and then■ veered to the left and entered the adjacent left lame. The officer saw this occurrence three more times.
3. The Arresting Officer stopped [Respondent] on Kunia Road. [The o]fficer ... spoke to the driver and identified him as the [Respondent] via his driver’s license. [The offficer ... observed that [Respondent] fumbled with his ivullet and vehicle documents. [The ojjficer ... also detected a. strong odor of an alcoholic beverage on [Respondent]⅛ breath as he spoke, speech that ivas slurred, and eyes that were iva-tery and glassy.
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5. [Respondent] was arrested for driving under the influence.
, 6. The Arresting Officer informed [Respondent] of the choice of taking a blood or breath test or both tests, and of sanctions for refusing to take either of these tests. As [the o]fficer ... attempted to read Form HPD-396B to [Respondent], [Respondent] pushed the form away and stated that he refused to take any test. [The o]ffieer ... read the whole form, and [Respondent] refused to take a blood or breath test.
7. /Respondent] refused to take the blood or breath test.
8. [Respondent's driving record for the five years preceding the date of arrest indicates two prior alcohol enforcement contacts as defined by [HRS § 286-251].
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CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
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2. There existed probable cause, the manner of driving and physical signs of intoxication! ], to believe that [Respondent] drove, operated, or was in actual physical control of the motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
3. [Respondent] refused to take a blood or breath test.
4. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there existed by a preponderance of the evidence that [Respondent] drove, operated, or ivas in actual physical control[ ] of the motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
II.
On December 10, 1999, Respondent filed a petition for judicial review of the decision and order. See HRS § 286-260 (1993 & Supp. 2000). In his brief in support of his petition, Respondent claimed that he “did not make a knowing and intelligent refusal [of the BAC test] and the revocation must be reversed,” citing State v. Wilson, 92 Hawai'i 45, 987 P.2d 268 (1999), as authority. Agreeing with Respondent, the district court reversed the administrative license revocation.
In its decision, the court acknowledged that, “in this case[,] the Director not only found that [Respondent] refused to take a test for concentration of alcohol in the blood, but also[ ] found that [Respondent] drove, operated, or was in actual physical control of the motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.” Nevertheless, the court went on to rule that “where a police officer has not clearly and accurately informed an arrestee of his [or her] implied right to consent or refuse, together with the consequences of each, and the arrestee does not take a test for concentration of alcohol in the blood,” “the [a]rrestee has been substantially prejudiced.” According to the court, “[t]aking the test ... could have provided the [a]rrestee with exculpatory evidence,” for if the arres-tee’s blood “alcohol concentration was less than .08,” the “administrative revocation pro[467]*467ceedings would have been terminated with prejudice” “pursuant to [HRS § ] 286-256[.]”6
In his opening brief on appeal to the ICA, the Director first contended that, as a matter of fact, paragraph 3 of HPD Form 396B applied and “inaccurate” information in that paragraph would not prejudice Respondent, because a driver who has been accurately informed “of the possibility of up to a four-year revocation for taking and failing a test—... would have been even more likely to refuse the test.” (Emphasis omitted.) Second, the Director maintained that the court’s finding that Respondent was prejudiced was “erroneous, because [Respondent] would never have consented to the test[,] ... [inasmuch as] the defective form made it more likely [Respondent] would have consented to the test, and yet he still declined the test.” (Emphasis omitted.) In his answering brief, Respondent maintained, as he had testified at the ADLRO hearing, that he had been misled by the advice in paragraph 4 of the form because, in light of the provisions of HRS § 286-256, “[i]f a driver takes and passes the test, that driver’s license would not be revoked for life, even if such driver had had three or more prior alcohol enforcement contacts within a prior ten year period.” (Emphases omitted.) Secondly, he asserted that “HPD-396B was deficient in [failing to] inform[ ][him] of the legal definition of ‘alcohol enforcement contactf.]’ ”
In his reply brief, the Director maintained that Respondent was not prejudiced because (1) “despite the ... defect encouraging the taking of the [BAC] test, [Respondent] still refused to take the test” (emphasis omitted), (2) paragraph 4 is not applicable because Respondent in faet had only two prior contacts, (3) “[i]t is simply a matter of common sense that one must take a test and fail for one to receive the lifetime revocation,” (4) Respondent “could have simply asked the officer to clarify” the meaning of alcohol enforcement contact, (5) “[b]eeause [Respondent] never asked, the officer never gave any misleading or incorrect answer,” and (6) defining alcohol enforcement contact “would be counter productive because the warning form would become ... excessively long.”
In its May 7, 2001 decision, the ICA affirmed the reversal by the court. Relying on Wilson’s approbation that “Hawaii’s implied consent scheme mandates accurate warnings to enable the driver to knowingly and intelligently consent to or refuse a chemical alcohol test,” ICA’s opinion 98 Hawai'i at 55, 41 P.3d at 717, the ICA concluded (1) that “[t]he HPD-396B form statements regarding ‘two prior alcohol enforcement contacts’ misinformed [Respondent] that if he took a blood and/or breath test and failed it, he faced ... revocation ... for ... two years” rather than two to four years, and (2) that the form was required to define “alcohol enforcement contact.” Id. at 56, 41 P.3d at 718. Believing Wilson left open the “question of the defendant’s reliance on and prejudice from ... insufficient information ... resulting] in the absence of a knowing and intelligent consent[,]” the ICA adopted a four-part test for resolution of this question.7
III.
The application for writ of certiorari was granted on May 22, 2001. In his application, [468]*468the Director asserts that “the absence of the definition of ‘alcohol enforcement contact’ on the warning form [should not result in] reversal of [Respondent’s license revocation” and objects to “portions of the [ICA’s] four-factor test[.]” As to his first contention, the Director reiterates the arguments set forth in his reply brief. As to the Director’s second contention, a majority of this court decided in State v. Garcia, 96 Hawai'i 200, 29 P.3d 919 (2001), that the question perceived by the ICA as undecided had in fact been subsumed in the Wilson holding:
“[T]he question of the defendant’s reliance on and prejudice” from the faulty advice[,] Santos v. Administrative Director of the Court, 95 Hawai'i 86, 92, 18 P.3d 948, 954 (App.2001)[,] ... did not survive the holding in Wilson. Suppression [of the BAC results] rest[s] on the majority’s belief that the misleading information legally precluded an arrestee from making “a knowing and intelligent decision regarding whether to consent to or refuse a blood test.” Wilson, 92 Hawai'i at 52 n. 9, 987 P.2d at 275 n. 9. Consequently, prejudice inhered in the failure of the police to properly render a complete explanation of the penalties to the driver in the first place.... The inquiry suggested by the ICA in Santos would be incompatible with the Wilson rationale.
Id. at 207, 29 P.3d at 926 (brackets omitted). The four-factor test, therefore, did not survive Wilson. We agree with the ICA (1) that HPD Form 396-B misinformed Respondent as to the applicable revocation period for a driver who had two prior contacts and (2) that the phrase “prior alcohol enforcement contact” must be explained. However, while we conclude that Respondent’s refusal to take a BAC test cannot be a ground for revocation of his license because of the failure to explain the meaning of “prior alcohol enforcement contact” and evidence thereof must be precluded, we additionally conclude that pre-arrest DUI evidence in this case independently supports Respondent’s license revocation.
IV.
Initially we observe, in consonance with Respondent’s position, that the advice in paragraph 4 was misleading and confusing inasmuch as it informed a driver that, “if you refuse to take any tests,” “three or more prior alcohol enforcement contacts” would result in revocation for life “regardless of whether you take a test or not.” (Emphasis added.) The import of paragraph 4 was that the result of a test was irrelevant for purposes of the revocation period in the case of any driver who had three or more “contacts” prior to the arrest in issue. Paragraph 4 of HPD Form 396B was apparently intended to communicate the gist of HRS § 286-261(b)(4), which, at the time of the arrest, stated in pertinent part:
(a) Unless am administrative revocation is reversed ... by the director....
(b) The periods of administrative revocation which may be imposed under this part are as follows:
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(4) For life if the arrestee’s driving record shows three or more prior alcohol enforcement contacts during the ten years preceding the date of arrest ....
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(c) The license of an arrestee who refuses to be tested after being informed of the sanctions of this part shall be revoked under subsection (b)(1), (2), or (3) for a period of one year, two years, and four years, respectively.
(Emphases added.) In HRS § 286-261(b)(4), the imposition of a lifetime revocation is qualified by the words “unless an administrative revocation is reversed ... by the director.” As elucidated in the statute, a lifetime revocation becomes operative if the administrative revocation that stems from the arrest is sustained by the director and the arrestee had three prior enforcement contacts. Under HRS § 286-256, however, the director is mandated to “return the arrestee’s license” and “certif[y] that administrative revocation proceedings have been terminated with prejudice” if “the arrestee’s alcohol concentration was less than .08.” The termination of such proceedings with prejudice ipso facto constitutes a HRS § 286—261(b)(4) reversal of “an administrative revocation” by the director.
[469]*469In light of HRS §§ 286-256 and -261(b)(4), the advice that refusal would result in a lifetime revocation, “regardless of whether [Respondent] took the test or not,” failed to correctly apprise Respondent that if he took the test and passed it, the sanction would not apply, but if he refused or failed the test, then the sanction would apply. In contradistinction to the statutes, the advice given by the arresting officer indicated it made no difference whether Respondent took the test or not.
V.
Respondent’s stated reliance on paragraph 4 of Form 396B stemmed from his misim-pression that prior alcohol contacts included arrests. The arresting officer was also apparently under the same misimpression. In its ordinary sense the word “contact,” as relevant to this context, means “a condition or an instance of meeting, connecting, or communicating[;] ... an instance of establishing communication with someone ... or of observing or receiving a significant signal from a person or object,” Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 490 (1961), and is thus broad enough to include the circumstances of an arrest. Taken in conjunction, then, the words “prior alcohol enforcement contacts” would encompass arrests regarding enforcement of laws pertaining to alcohol use. In the absence of a further explanation in Form 396B, we conclude that the pirrase “prior alcohol enforcement contacts” would incorporate and incorrectly connote, in a layperson’s mind, arrests for DUI. An appropriate advisement as to the statutory meaning of this phrase by the arresting officer would have precluded this issue from arising.8
It is no answer that Respondent could have inquired as to the meaning of alcohol enforcement contacts. Contrary to the Director’s argument, the obligation to aceurately inform a driver of the sanctions rests on the police; no obligation is imposed on the driver to make any inquiry. See HRS § 286-255.9 Moreover, as given, the HPD Form 396B advice was not so ambiguous as to invite queries, especially in light of the prior paragraphs regarding other periods of revocation, see supra note 4, that informed the driver of the consequences of taking a test and refusing to take a test. Thus, Respondent’s stated interpretation of paragraph 4 was not unreasonable. Nor do we consider the Director’s contention that explaining pri- or alcohol enforcement contact would make the advice form “excessively” long, compelling. As suggested, an explanation of enforcement contacts can be summarily conveyed. See supra, note 8.
VI.
We cannot speculate, as the Director urges, as to what Respondent’s response would have been had he been correctly advised of the meaning of enforcement contacts. But because Respondent was not correctly advised, “he did not make a knowing and intelligent decision [of] whether to exercise his statutory right of consent or refusal.” Wilson, 92 Hawai'i at 51, 987 P.2d at 274 (citation omitted). “[T]he warnings given by the arresting officer [did not] affordf ] [Respondent] the opportunity to make a knowing and intelligent decision [of] whether to take an evidentiary blood alcohol test.” Id. at 50, 987 P.2d at 273. Accordingly, he “cannot be held to have made a knowing and intelligent decision whether to submit to an evidentiary alcohol test.” Id. (citation omitted). His refusal, then, cannot be the basis for revocation. See HRS § 286—258(d)(3), and discussion, infra. As the Director concedes, “[Respondent] is correct that accurate information is required in refusal cases, too, [470]*470such that a refusal induced by inaccurate information should not be used against a motorist. But in the case at bar, the refusal was not induced by the inaccurate information.” (Emphases omitted.) Contrary to the Director’s assertion, Respondent was not provided with accurate information and, in that event, he cannot be held to have had made a knowing or intelligent decision of whether to submit to or refuse a BAC test.
VII.
Had Respondent been correctly advised as to the meaning of alcohol enforcement contacts, the information imparted by paragraph 3 would have been applicable. Paragraph 3 purported to describe the revocation period set forth in HRS § 286-261(b)(3). However, the revocation period for a driver who takes the test and fails it is not two years as stated on HPD Form 396B, but has been determined to be from two to four years. See Gray v. Administrative Director of the Court, State of Hawai‘i, 84 Hawai'i 138, 160-61, 931 P.2d 580, 602-03 (1997). The information imparted by paragraph 3 was thus “inaccurate and misleading and did not fully inform [Respondent] of the legal consequences of submitting to a blood test.” Wilson, 92 Hawai'i at 51, 987 P.2d at 274. We do not accept the Director’s invitation to determine whether Respondent would have refused, in any event, to take the test if advised as stated on HPD Form 396B, because that would require speculation on our part, and would depart from the governing-rule that “the misleading information legally precluded] an arrestee from making ‘a knowing and intelligent decision regarding whether to consent to or refuse the blood test[,]’ [and that] prejudice inhere[s] in the failure of the police to properly render a complete explanation of the penalties to the driver in the first place.” Garcia, 96 Hawai'i at 207, 29 P.3d at 926 (quoting Wilson, 92 Hawai'i at 52 n. 9, 987 P.2d at 275 n. 9) (brackets omitted).
VIII.
As previously recounted, the court dismissed the license revocation on the reasoning that had Respondent been properly advised, he might have taken the test and a test result of less than .08 would have resulted in dismissal of the proceedings with prejudice pursuant to HRS § 286-256. However, if we were to accept the court’s analysis, we would have to assume that, had the driver been properly informed, he would have taken the test rather than refused it, and further predict that the test result would have been .08 or less, a two-step process supported only by conjecture. In any event, the evidence of intoxication, which the hearing officer found by a preponderance based on the arresting officer’s observations prior to the arrest were unrelated to the defective warnings. Under such circumstances, the suppression of Respondent’s refusal to take a BAC test as evidence supporting revocation cannot extend to evidence of intoxication that accrued prior to the arrest and the HRS § 286-255 mandated advice.10
IX.
As we have said, the ADLRO hearing officer ruled that, “notwithstanding” Respondent’s refusal to take a BAC test, “there existed [other evidence] by a preponderance of the evidence that [Respondent] drove, operated, or was in actual physical control[ ] of the motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor[,]” and made supportive findings in support thereof. See supra.
On Respondent’s appeal to the court, the court expressly “noted ... that ... the Director ... also found that [Respondent] drove, operated, or was in actual physical control of the motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol” and that Wilson “does not affect or prevent a DUI finding based on police observations.” We have observed that “HRS § 291—4 provides in the disjunctive that a person commits the offense if the person assumes control of a vehicle while under the influence of an intoxicating liquor or assumes control of a vehicle with a BAC level of .08 or more. Therefore, a charge of [DUI] may be proved under either of such [471]*471alternative grounds.” Spock v. Administrative Director of Courts, 96 Hawai'i 190, 193, 29 P.3d 380, 383 (2001) (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). As to the former, “relevant evidence of intoxication ... for the criminal offense of [DUI are] the manner in which [the driver] was observed to have driven his [or her] vehicle, his [or her] conduct in performing the requisite alcohol tests, his [or her] appearance, demeanor, and other valid police observations of signs of intoxication.’ ” Id. (quoting Wilson, 92 Hawai'i at 54 n. 14, 987 P.2d at 277 n. 14).
Similarly, administrative license revocation is sustained if
[t]he evidence proves by a preponderance that the arrestee drove, operated, or was in actual physical control of the motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or while having a blood alcohol concentration of .08 or more or that the arrestee refused to submit to a breath or blood test after being informed of the sanctions of this part.
HRS § 286-258(d)(3) (emphases added). See Wilson, 92 Hawai'i at 52, 987 P.2d at 275 (“the administrative revocation statute and its criminal DUI counterpart are part and parcel of the same statutory scheme to prevent and address drunk driving” (citations omitted)). Thus, the basis for driver’s license revocation may be established in any one of the three ways specified in HRS §§ 286-258(d)(3) and 259(e)(3) (Supp.2000) and any one of the three bases for revocation is a sufficient and “independent ground upon which to sustain revocation.” Spock, 96 Hawai'i at 191, 29 P.3d at 380. Because there was a sufficient ground independent of Respondent’s refusal to uphold revocation as stated in the Director’s decision, that decision should have been affirmed by the court pursuant to HRS § 286-258(d)(3). See HRS § 286-260(c) (1993) (“The sole issues before the [district] court shall be whether the director exceeded constitutional or statutory authority, erroneously interpreted the law, acted in an arbitrary or capricious manner, committed an abuse of discretion, or made a determination that was unsupported by the evidence in the record.”).
X.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the May 7, 2001 decision of the ICA, vacate the February 1, 2000 judgment of the court, and remand the case to the court to enter a judgment affirming the Director’s November 29,1999 decision.11