UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) BRIAN M. CASEY, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 17-cv-00009 (TSC) ) FEDERAL BUREAU OF ) INVESTIGATION, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, appearing pro se, challenges the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s
refusal to confirm or deny records responsive to his request under the Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”). The FBI has moved for summary judgment under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56 (ECF No. 23). For the reasons explained below, the motion
will be GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
On June 29, 2016, Plaintiff requested “Form 302 of interviews” of six named
individuals “concerning the investigation of the murder of Ryan Vanderson and Larrick
Sikes,” and an “index of available documents.” (Decl. of David M. Hardy, ECF No. 23-
1, Ex. A). On July 15, 2016, Defendant informed Plaintiff that in order to process his
request for third-party records, it would need “an authorization and consent” from each
person, proof of the person’s death, or “a justification that the public interest in
disclosure outweighs personal privacy[.]” (Id., Ex. B). Otherwise, Defendant
informed, it could neither confirm nor deny the existence of the requested records,
1 which is commonly referred to as a Glomar response. 1 Defendant further informed
Plaintiff that if such records exist, they would be exempt from disclosure under FOIA
exemptions 6 and 7(C), codified in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). (Id.).
In a letter dated July 25, 2016, Plaintiff replied that he was seeking disclosure in
the public interest. He explained that he was convicted of a homicide in “an unfair trial
in which state actors representing my rights refused to seek dismissal of the case.”
(Hardy Decl., Ex. C). Plaintiff proceeded to explain “the real facts,” exonerating him
of the murder. He concluded: “Not only is it a public interest that criminals be
apprehended in this case, the undersigned has a right to the information because his due
process rights have been violated.” (Id. at 3). Plaintiff faulted the investigation of the
Lee County and Collier County Sheriff’s Offices, and wrote that the “FBI’s
investigation . . . has been thwarted by the false statements given to investigators by the
names listed.” (Id.).
Defendant rejected Plaintiff’s public interest assertion in a letter dated August 9,
2016, explaining that he had not provided “sufficient documentation demonstrating
[that] the public interest in the operations and activities of the government outweighs
the substantial privacy interest of the subject.” (Hardy Decl., Ex. D). Defendant
repeated its Glomar response and invocation of exemptions 6 and 7(C), closed the FOIA
request, and informed Plaintiff that he could reopen the request only by providing a
third-party privacy waiver or proof of the third-party’s death. (Id., Ex. D). Plaintiff
1 A Glomar response has its origins in “a case concerning a FOIA request for records relating to an underwater sea craft called the ‘Glomar Explorer.’ ” Nation Magazine, Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 896 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976)). 2 appealed Defendant’s decision to the Office of Information Policy, which affirmed the
decision on October 16, 2016. (Hardy Decl., Exs. E, G). Plaintiff filed this action,
construed as brought under the FOIA, in January 2017. (See Jan. 4, 2017 Order, ECF
No. 3).
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate where the record shows there is no genuine
issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Waterhouse
v. District of Columbia, 298 F.3d 989, 991 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “FOIA cases typically and
appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.” Georgacarakos v. FBI,
908 F. Supp. 2d 176, 180 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted). The district court conducts
a de novo review of the government’s decision to withhold requested documents under
any of FOIA’s specific statutory exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). The burden
is on the government agency to show that nondisclosed, requested material falls within
a stated exemption. See Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429,
1433 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)).
In FOIA cases, summary judgment may be based solely on information provided
in the agency’s supporting declarations. See ACLU v. U.S. Dep't of Def., 628 F.3d 612,
619 (D.C. Cir. 2011); Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 838
(D.C. Cir. 2001). The D.C. Circuit instructs:
If an agency’s affidavit describes the justifications for withholding the information with specific detail, demonstrates that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and is not contradicted by contrary evidence in the record or by evidence of the
3 agency’s bad faith, then summary judgment is warranted on the basis of the affidavit alone.
ACLU, 628 F.3d at 619. “Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA
exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Id. (quoting Larson v.
Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
“To successfully challenge an agency’s showing that it complied with the FOIA, the
plaintiff must come forward with ‘specific facts’ demonstrating that there is a genuine
issue with respect to whether the agency has improperly withheld extant agency
records.” Span v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 696 F. Supp. 2d 113, 119 (D.D.C. 2010)
(quoting Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 (1989)).
III. ANALYSIS
A Glomar response permits an agency to “refuse to confirm the existence of
records where to answer the FOIA inquiry would cause harm cognizable under a[ ]
FOIA exemption.” Wolf v.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) BRIAN M. CASEY, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 17-cv-00009 (TSC) ) FEDERAL BUREAU OF ) INVESTIGATION, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, appearing pro se, challenges the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s
refusal to confirm or deny records responsive to his request under the Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”). The FBI has moved for summary judgment under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56 (ECF No. 23). For the reasons explained below, the motion
will be GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
On June 29, 2016, Plaintiff requested “Form 302 of interviews” of six named
individuals “concerning the investigation of the murder of Ryan Vanderson and Larrick
Sikes,” and an “index of available documents.” (Decl. of David M. Hardy, ECF No. 23-
1, Ex. A). On July 15, 2016, Defendant informed Plaintiff that in order to process his
request for third-party records, it would need “an authorization and consent” from each
person, proof of the person’s death, or “a justification that the public interest in
disclosure outweighs personal privacy[.]” (Id., Ex. B). Otherwise, Defendant
informed, it could neither confirm nor deny the existence of the requested records,
1 which is commonly referred to as a Glomar response. 1 Defendant further informed
Plaintiff that if such records exist, they would be exempt from disclosure under FOIA
exemptions 6 and 7(C), codified in 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). (Id.).
In a letter dated July 25, 2016, Plaintiff replied that he was seeking disclosure in
the public interest. He explained that he was convicted of a homicide in “an unfair trial
in which state actors representing my rights refused to seek dismissal of the case.”
(Hardy Decl., Ex. C). Plaintiff proceeded to explain “the real facts,” exonerating him
of the murder. He concluded: “Not only is it a public interest that criminals be
apprehended in this case, the undersigned has a right to the information because his due
process rights have been violated.” (Id. at 3). Plaintiff faulted the investigation of the
Lee County and Collier County Sheriff’s Offices, and wrote that the “FBI’s
investigation . . . has been thwarted by the false statements given to investigators by the
names listed.” (Id.).
Defendant rejected Plaintiff’s public interest assertion in a letter dated August 9,
2016, explaining that he had not provided “sufficient documentation demonstrating
[that] the public interest in the operations and activities of the government outweighs
the substantial privacy interest of the subject.” (Hardy Decl., Ex. D). Defendant
repeated its Glomar response and invocation of exemptions 6 and 7(C), closed the FOIA
request, and informed Plaintiff that he could reopen the request only by providing a
third-party privacy waiver or proof of the third-party’s death. (Id., Ex. D). Plaintiff
1 A Glomar response has its origins in “a case concerning a FOIA request for records relating to an underwater sea craft called the ‘Glomar Explorer.’ ” Nation Magazine, Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 896 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976)). 2 appealed Defendant’s decision to the Office of Information Policy, which affirmed the
decision on October 16, 2016. (Hardy Decl., Exs. E, G). Plaintiff filed this action,
construed as brought under the FOIA, in January 2017. (See Jan. 4, 2017 Order, ECF
No. 3).
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate where the record shows there is no genuine
issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Waterhouse
v. District of Columbia, 298 F.3d 989, 991 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “FOIA cases typically and
appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.” Georgacarakos v. FBI,
908 F. Supp. 2d 176, 180 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted). The district court conducts
a de novo review of the government’s decision to withhold requested documents under
any of FOIA’s specific statutory exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). The burden
is on the government agency to show that nondisclosed, requested material falls within
a stated exemption. See Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429,
1433 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)).
In FOIA cases, summary judgment may be based solely on information provided
in the agency’s supporting declarations. See ACLU v. U.S. Dep't of Def., 628 F.3d 612,
619 (D.C. Cir. 2011); Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 838
(D.C. Cir. 2001). The D.C. Circuit instructs:
If an agency’s affidavit describes the justifications for withholding the information with specific detail, demonstrates that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and is not contradicted by contrary evidence in the record or by evidence of the
3 agency’s bad faith, then summary judgment is warranted on the basis of the affidavit alone.
ACLU, 628 F.3d at 619. “Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA
exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Id. (quoting Larson v.
Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
“To successfully challenge an agency’s showing that it complied with the FOIA, the
plaintiff must come forward with ‘specific facts’ demonstrating that there is a genuine
issue with respect to whether the agency has improperly withheld extant agency
records.” Span v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 696 F. Supp. 2d 113, 119 (D.D.C. 2010)
(quoting Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 (1989)).
III. ANALYSIS
A Glomar response permits an agency to “refuse to confirm the existence of
records where to answer the FOIA inquiry would cause harm cognizable under a[ ]
FOIA exemption.” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels v.
CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1103 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Nevertheless, a “plaintiff can overcome a
Glomar response by showing that the agency has already publicly disclosed the fact of
the existence (or nonexistence) of responsive records.” ACLU v. CIA, 710 F.3d 422,
427 (D.C. Cir. 2013). If an agency has “officially acknowledged the existence of the
record, the agency can no longer use a Glomar response.” Moore v. CIA, 666 F.3d
1330, 1333 (D.C. Cir. 2011). This Circuit has clarified that in the Glomar context, it is
the “existence vel non of any records responsive to a FOIA request,” rather than the
content of the records, that is the focus of the inquiry. ACLU, 710 F.3d at 427.
To rebut a Glomar response, a plaintiff need only point to an official prior
disclosure that “establishes the existence (or not) of records responsive to the FOIA
4 request,” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 379, since that fact “is the purportedly exempt information
that a Glomar response is designed to protect,” ACLU, 710 F.3d at 427. It is the FBI’s
“long-standing policy” to provide a Glomar response—consistent with FOIA’s privacy
exemptions 6 and 7(C)—when third-party records are requested without either a privacy
waiver or proof of death, or the demonstration of an overriding public interest in
disclosure. (Hardy Decl. ¶ 13). See Smith v. FBI, 663 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2009)
(noting that a Glomar response “is typically invoked to protect the privacy interests of
third-party individuals under FOIA exemptions 6 and 7(C)” (citing Barbosa v. Drug
Enforcement Admin., 541 F. Supp. 2d 108, 110-11 (D.D.C. 2008)).
Defendant’s declarant explains that a Glomar response “is necessary because
members of the public are likely to draw adverse inferences from the mere fact that an
individual is mentioned in the files of a law enforcement agency such as the FBI, as this
may cast the individual in an unfavorable or negative light.” (Id. ¶ 14). Moreover, the
confirmation of such records could expose the subjects to the types of harm Exemption
7(C) is intended to shield, including “unsolicited and unnecessary attention.” (Id.).
Despite the fact that the court previously advised Plaintiff that Defendant’s
factual assertions may be deemed admitted if not countered with contrary evidence,
(Mar. 31, 2017 Order, ECF No. 25), Plaintiff has not rebutted Defendant’s properly
justified Glomar response, but has instead renewed his previously rejected motions that
have nothing do with FOIA. (See Mot. to Strike and Orders to Show Cause, ECF No.
26; Mot. to Set Hearing on Mot. to Construe Pleading as 42 U.S.C. § 1988, Mot. to
Default, and Order to Show Cause, ECF No. 27; Mot. to Enter Judgment on the
Pleadings 42 U.S.C. 1988, ECF No. 28); cf. Mar. 31, 2017 Order, ECF No. 24 (denying,
5 inter alia, Plaintiff’s motions to construe and strike and for default judgment).
Consequently, Defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its uncontested
Glomar response. 2
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment will be
GRANTED. A corresponding order will issue separately.
Date: March 23, 2018
Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge
2 Apart from the Glomar response, Plaintiff’s public interest claim at the administrative level (see Ex. C of Hardy Decl.) simply fails to override the privacy interests at stake. “Where the privacy concerns addressed by Exemption 7(C) are present, . . . [the requester] must show that the public interest sought to be advanced is a significant one, an interest more specific than having the information for its own sake [and that] . . . the information is likely to advance that interest.” National Archives and Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172 (2004). And “the only cognizable public interest under FOIA is ‘the citizens’ right to be informed about what [the federal] government is up to.’” People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Nat’l Insts. of Health, 745 F.3d 535, 543 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting DOJ v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 773 (1989)). Plaintiff’s assertions of wrongdoing by state or county entities add no weight on the FOIA scale “to balance against the cognizable privacy interests in the requested records.” Favish, 541 U.S. at 174-75. Furthermore, “[a]s a result of Exemption 7(C), FOIA ordinarily does not require disclosure of law enforcement documents (or portions thereof) that contain private information,” Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2011), and “the Supreme Court has made clear that requests for . . . third party information [contained in law enforcement documents] are strongly disfavored[,] . . . particularly . . . when the requester asserts a public interest—however it might be styled—in obtaining information that relates to a criminal prosecution,” id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 6