STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
15-307
CALVIN JOSEPH GUIDRY, ET AL.
VERSUS
LAFAYETTE HEALTH VENTURES, INC., ET AL.
********** APPEAL FROM THE FIFTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF VERMILION, DOCKET NO. 97171-C HONORABLE EDWARD B. BROUSSARD, DISTRICT JUDGE **********
SYLVIA R. COOKS JUDGE
**********
Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, James T. Genovese and John E. Conery, Judges.
REVERSED AND RENDERED.
Conery, J., concurs in the decision to reverse the jury’s zero verdict and concurs in part and dissents in part on the damages awarded and assigns reasons. Thomas M. Daigle 711 Johnston Street Lafayette, LA 70501 (337) 234-4049 ATTORNEY FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLANTS Calvin Joseph Guidry, Jr. and Kimberly Guidry
John R. Shea John Shea & Associates 1817 West University Lafayette, LA 70506 (337) 981-7432 ATTORNEY FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLANTS Calvin Joseph Guidry, Jr. and Kimberly Guidry James T. Rivera Scofield & Rivera LLC P.O. Box 4422 100 E. Vermilion Street, Suite 301 Lafayette, LA 70502 (337) 235-5353 ATTORNEY FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES Karl Credeur, Lafayette Health Ventures, Inc. and QBE Specialty Ins. Co.
2 COOKS, Judge.
On May 14, 2012, Calvin Joseph Guidry, Jr. was operating his 2004
Chevrolet pickup truck and traveling north on Louisiana Highway 339 at its
intersection with the Louisiana Highway 14 By Pass in Erath, Louisiana. His
sister, Kimberly Guidry, was a guest passenger. At the same time, Carolyn Borel
was operating her 2008 Mercury Marquis and approaching the same intersection.
When the light at the intersection turned green, both the Guidry vehicle and Borel
vehicle began to pass through the intersection.
As the two vehicles proceeded, Karl Credeur, who was driving a 2006
Dodge Caravan owned by his employer, Lafayette Health Ventures, Inc. (hereafter
LHV), ran the red light and collided with the Borel vehicle, which then collided
with the Guidry vehicle. Mr. Credeur was in the course and scope of his
employment with LHV at the time of the accident.
Both Calvin Guidry and Kimberly Guidry were allegedly injured as a result
of the accident. Kimberly was taken from the scene by ambulance to Abbeville
General Hospital. She complained of moderate pain in her lower back and knee
pain. X-rays were performed, she was placed in a cervical collar, and was
prescribed medication. She was told to return if symptoms did not alleviate or if
they worsened.
Kimberly subsequently sought treatment with Dr. Roland Miller, an
orthopedic surgeon in Abbeville, complaining of constant back pain and some
radiating pain into her legs. Dr. Miller ordered an MRI which showed a minimal
L-5 annular bulge and a small focal right paracentral disc protrusion containing an
annular fissure at L5-S1. Dr. Miller referred Kimberly to Dr. Mary Cory for
epidural steroid injections.
3 Kimberly also sought treatment from Dr. David Wyatt, an orthopedic
surgeon. Dr. Wyatt testified her initial complaints were low back, right hip and
knee pain. Dr. Wyatt believed the injections Kimberly received were to reduce the
inflammation she suffered from arthritis. Dr. Wyatt noted Kimberly had pre-
existing arthritis, but that her condition was aggravated by the injuries she suffered
in the accident.
Kimberly also was treated by Dr. John Martin, who is an anesthesiologist
and pain management specialist. He treated Kimberly based on her complaints of
pain she attributed to the automobile accident.
Defendants had Kimberly examined by Dr. John Budden, an orthopedic
surgeon. Dr. Budden had no objection to the radiologist’s finding that Kimberly
suffered from an L5-S1 disc condition with an annular tear. Dr. Budden opined
that Kimberly suffered from pre-existing degenerative conditions in both her
lumbar spine and her knee, but he felt these conditions were aggravated by the
accident.
Kimberly and Calvin, filed a petition for damages based on the injuries they
suffered as a result of the accident. Named as defendants were Mr. Credeur, LHV,
and its liability insurer, QEB Specialty Insurance Company. It was asserted in the
petition that damages were in excess of $50,000.00, thus entitling them to a jury
trial. Prior to trial, Calvin settled his case against the defendants.
At the commencement of trial, it was stipulated that Mr. Credeur was in the
course and scope of his employment at the time of the accident, and was solely at
fault in causing the accident. Defendants also stipulated to the authenticity of
medical expenses of Kimberly in the amount of $26,244.22, but reserved their right
to dispute causation.
4 At trial, Kimberly presented the deposition testimony of her treating
physicians, Dr. Miller, Dr. Wyatt and Dr. Martin. Defendants argued to the jury
that Kimberly’s doctors could not agree as to the source and/or recommended
treatment for Kimberly’s complaints of pain. Kimberly asserted claims for future
medical expenses, as well as past and future wage loss.
Kimberly testified she was hurt in the accident, had pain as a result of the
accident, and had not been in pain prior to the accident. Despite acknowledging
pre-existing conditions in her back and knees, Kimberly maintained she was
nevertheless not in pain prior to the accident. Kimberly’s physicians testified in
their depositions that the accident aggravated her pre-existing conditions.
Kimberly also called Glenn Hebert, a licensed vocational rehabilitation
counselor. Mr. Hebert stated that Kimberly was not a candidate to return to work
at this time, finding she was temporarily, totally disabled. Kimberly worked as a
sitter, assisting elderly and/or infirmed patients in their home. He testified she
would not likely be a candidate for work until she underwent corrective back
surgery. Defendants presented the testimony of Ted Deshotels, also a vocational
rehabilitation counselor, who disagreed with the findings of Mr. Hebert, stating he
did not find a future loss of earnings capacity was warranted. He believed
Kimberly, could return to employment. On cross-examination, Mr. Deshotels
noted it might be problematic for Kimberly to return to work, but premised that
opinion on her cardiac condition rather than the injuries allegedly suffered in the
In conjunction with Mr. Hebert’s testimony, Kimberly presented the
testimony of an economist, John Theriot, who stated, at the time of trial, she had
past lost income of $40,764.00. Mr. Theriot noted the amount reached by
Defendants’ economist, who was not called at trial, was approximately $52,000.00. 5 Mr. Theriot also testified Kimberly’s loss of future income was approximately
$170,000.00.
At the conclusion of the three-day trial, the jury returned a verdict finding
Kimberly was not entitled to any damages as a result of the accident. Kimberly
subsequently filed a motion for new trial, contending the jury’s verdict was clearly
contrary to the evidence and law. The trial court, although noting the jury’s verdict
“was rather harsh,” denied the motion for new trial. This appeal followed, wherein
Kimberly asserts the following assignments of error:
1. The jury committed manifest error in finding that [she] was not injured in the motor vehicle accident made the cause of this lawsuit, and thus erred in failing to award damages.
2. The trial judge committed legal error in failing to grant the motion for new trial when all evidence was to the contrary, which all indicated that she was injured in the motor vehicle accident.
ANALYSIS
This court recently in Cole v. Allstate Ins. Co., 07-1046, p. 2 (La.App. 3 Cir.
6/5/08), 987 So.2d 310, 312, writ denied, 08-1463 (La. 10/31/08), 994 So.2d 535,
discussed the appellate standard of review for factual determinations as follows:
The standard of appellate review of a trial court’s factual findings is well settled and has long been established in this state. A court of appeal may not set aside a trial court’s or a jury’s finding of fact in the absence of “manifest error” or unless it is “clearly wrong.” Our supreme court set forth a two-part test for the reversal of a factfinder’s determinations: (1) The appellate court must find from the record that a reasonable factual basis does not exist for the finding of the trial court, and (2) the appellate court must further determine that the record establishes that the finding is clearly wrong (manifestly erroneous). Earls v. McDowell, 07-17 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/15/07), 960 So.2d 242, citing Stobart v. State through Dep’t of Transp. and Dev., 617 So.2d 880, 882 (La.1993). On appeal, the issue to be resolved is not whether the trier of fact was right or wrong, but whether the factfinder’s conclusion was a reasonable one. Id. Reasonable evaluations of credibility and reasonable inferences of fact should not be disturbed upon review where conflict exists in the testimony. Earls, supra, citing, Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 844 (La.1989).
6 An appellate court cannot shirk its duty of appellate review of fact by simply deferring to a trial court’s factual determinations because its reasons for judgment are couched in terms of a credibility call. Earls, supra, citing, Rogers v. City of Baton Rouge, 04- 1001 (La.App. 1st Cir. 6/29/05), 916 So.2d 1099, 1104, writ denied, 05-2022 (La. 2/3/06), 922 So.2d 1187. This Court has a constitutional responsibility to review the entire record and to determine whether, as a whole, it supports the judgment rendered by the trial court. Earls, supra, citing, LSA-Const. Art. 5, section 10(B); Ferrell v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 94-1252 (La. 2/20/95), 650 So.2d 742.
Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is defined as taking the evidence as a whole, the fact to be proved is more probably than not. Earls, supra, citing, Fuller v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 519 So.2d 366 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1988). Uncontroverted evidence should be taken as true to establish a fact for which it is offered absent any circumstances in the record casting suspicion as to the reliability of this evidence and sound reasons for its rejection. Id.
Boxie v. Smith-Ruffin, 07-264, pp. 3-4 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/6/08), 979 So.2d 539, 545.
Kimberly argues she was entitled to a presumption that her injuries were
caused by the accident. Defendants counter that the evidence reveals Kimberly
was not in good health prior to the accident, and thus, any current injuries cannot
be presumed to be caused by the accident. Louisiana jurisprudence has long
recognized that when a person was in good health prior to an accident, and
symptoms appear after the accident, that person’s injuries are presumed to have
resulted from the accident. Housley v. Cerise, 579 So.2d 973 (La.1991); Bernard
v. Hartford Insurance Co., 09-71 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/3/09), 12 So.3d 1098, writ
denied, 09-1524 (La. 10/9/09), 18 So.3d 1285; Stoll v. Allstate Ins. Co., 11-1006
(La.App. 5 Cir. 5/8/12), 95 So.3d 1089; Munch v. Backer, 10-1544 (La.App. 4 Cir.
3/23/11), 63 So.3d 181; Thomas v. Comfort Center of Monroe, LA, Inc., 10-494
(La.App. 1 Cir. 10/29/10), 48 So.3d 1228; Edwards v. LCR-M Corp., Inc., 41,125
7 (La.App. 2 Cir.7/12/06), 936 So.2d 233. A plaintiff is entitled to application of the
Housley presumption of causation if three elements are met: 1) the person was in
good health prior to the accident; 2) commencing with the accident, the symptoms
of the disabling condition appeared and continuously manifested themselves
afterwards; and 3) there is a reasonable possibility of a causal connection between
the accident and the disabling condition. Housley, 579 So.2d 973. The evidence
does not establish Kimberly was in “good health” prior to the accident. She had
pre-existing conditions involving her back, knee and heart. Further, many of the
symptoms, which Kimberly argues only occurred after the accident, the record
shows existed, albeit to some lesser degree, prior to the accident. The medical
experts in this case, even the ones called by Kimberly, testified she sustained an
“aggravation’ to conditions which predated the accident. Under the circumstances,
at least two of the three elements required for the Housley presumption were not
established by Kimberly and application of the presumption in this case is not
appropriate.
Of more relevance in this case, is the well-established principle that “a
defendant takes his victim as he finds him and is responsible for all natural and
probable consequences of his tortious conduct,” and the trier of fact is responsible
for determining what damages, if any, were caused by the accident. Lasha v. Olin
Corp., 625 So.2d 1002, 1005 (La.1993). As will be set out in detail, the medical
testimony in this case was unequivocal that Kimberly suffered an aggravation of
pre-existing conditions as a result of the accident in question. Thus, under the law,
such an aggravation is compensable, and the jury erred in wholly disregarding the
testimony of all the doctors in this case who concurred that Kimberly suffered such
an aggravation as a direct result of the accident.
8 Kimberly notes all three physicians who treated her, Dr. Martin, Dr. Wyatt
and Dr. Miller, agreed the problems she complained of arose out of or were
aggravated due to the accident in question. Of even greater significance, Kimberly
points out that Dr. Budden, the doctor who Defendants hired to examine her, also
found the accident caused an aggravation of her pre-existing problems. While
being asked his opinion by counsel for Defendants, Dr. Budden stated:
From reviewing all the reports I had, the x-rays, examining the patient, I think she possessed some pre-existing degenerative changes affecting her lumbar spine and affecting her knee, which is common for a person in her mid forties to late forties; that’s a common finding. And I don’t think that the accident caused any structural damage to either of those two areas, but I think it aggravated the underlying arthritic changes that those areas possessed. (Emphasis added).
Dr. Budden went on to state that, with appropriate treatment, such symptoms will
normally respond favorably within six months time. Later in his testimony, Dr.
Budden specifically stated he “believed that she did injure her right knee . . ., [that]
she contused the knee and she probably aggravated the underlying degenerative
arthritis. . .” He noted the knee problems, similar to the back problems, “should
have responded” within six months. Dr. Budden also stated “the treatment
recommendations [by Dr. Miller] were timely and warranted.” Dr. Miller’s
treatment recommendations included placing Kimberly in physical therapy and
ordering two epidural steroid injections. Dr. Budden disagreed, however, with Dr.
Wyatt’s recommendation to perform rhizotomies on Kimberly, finding it was
unnecessary as the lumbar MRI did not show any pressure on any of the nerve
roots.1
Defendants point to the fact that Kimberly, in the history she provided to Dr.
Budden, did not disclose past problems with her back and knees, including being
1 A rhizotomy is a medical procedure that involves killing a nerve with a radio frequency tool to lessen the patient’s pain. 9 involved in an accident approximately twenty years ago. While this failure may
have influenced the jury’s assessment of Kimberly’s credibility, we note Dr.
Budden’s medical conclusions were made with full knowledge of these pre-
existing problems.
Defendants argue that Kimberly’s credibility, or lack of credibility, was the
key factor which moved the jury to find she sustained no damages as a result of the
accident. It may very well be true the jury relied entirely on Kimberly’s lack of
credibility, as suggested by the defense, in rejecting her claims altogether. But
“credibility determinations” alone do not preclude a review of the jury’s verdict on
appeal. We must determine whether the proven facts in evidence provided a
reasonable basis for the jury’s verdict.
There is no question that an accident occurred involving a vehicle in which
Kimberly was riding as a guest passenger. Calvin Guidry testified the vehicle he
was driving, and in which Kimberly was riding in as a guest passenger, was struck
by the Borel vehicle after it collided with the vehicle driven by Mr. Credeur.
Damage to the Guidry vehicle was incurred from the middle of the bumper all the
way to the passenger side of the vehicle. The estimate in the record revealed the
vehicle sustained approximately $2,200.00 in damages. The pictures established
the majority of the damage to the vehicle occurred on the passenger side, which
was the side Kimberly was seated. The bumper also had to be pried from the tire
to make the vehicle drivable. Kimberly was taken from the scene by ambulance to
the Abbeville General Hospital emergency room, complaining of pain in her lower
back and knee.2
2 We note Calvin was determined to have suffered injuries as a result of the accident, such that Defendants settled their claims with him. However, Kimberly, who was riding in the same vehicle, essentially was not allowed any recovery by the jury, not even the ambulance ride to the emergency room. 10 All the medical evidence supports a finding that Kimberly’s pre-existing
conditions were aggravated as a result of the accident. The jury’s zero damages
award under these circumstances was not reasonable nor is it legally sustainable.
The jury therefore was manifestly erroneous and clearly wrong in finding
Kimberly was not entitled to any damage award.
Because the validity of the lower court judgment is interdicted by error, we
must perform an independent de novo review of the complete record and exercise
our own discretion in fixing the appropriate general and special damages awards
for the injuries sustained by Kimberly. Suhor v. Gusse, 388 So.2d 755 (La.1980).
I. General Damages.
In her petition, Kimberly asserted a claim for general damages for her pain
and suffering. General damages include pain and suffering, inconvenience, the
loss of physical enjoyment, and other losses of life or lifestyle that cannot be
definitively measured in monetary terms. McGee v. A C AND S, Inc., 05-1036 (La.
7/10/06), 933 So.2d 770; Montgomery v. Opelousas Gen’l Hosp., 546 So.2d 621
(La.App. 3 Cir.1989). “There is no mechanical rule for determining general
damages and the facts and circumstances of each case must control.” Bailey v.
LeBlanc, 14-267, p. 8 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/12/14), 151 So.3d 1004, 1012, writ
denied, 14-2594 (La. 3/6/15), 162 So.3d 372.
As discussed above, we find the record sufficiently establishes Kimberly
suffered an aggravation of her pre-existing problems as a result of the accident.
This conclusion was unanimous among all the physicians who treated or examined
Kimberly. The extent and severity of this aggravation, however, was very much in
dispute. The evidence established there were many inconsistencies in the
complaints voiced by Kimberly to her physicians and the testimony given at trial.
The record also shows Kimberly, when asked by Dr. Budden, did not acknowledge 11 her pre-existing problems with her back and knee. Further, Kimberly also
discontinued her physical therapy on her own without notification to her
physicians. She maintained she stopped because the physical therapy sessions
were making her symptoms worse, but Dr. Wyatt’s records indicate she stated the
sessions provided her some short-term relief.
Considering the evidence in the record, we accept Dr. Budden’s conclusions
that Kimberly sustained aggravating injuries to her knee and back which should
have resolved in six months. She also endured two steroid injections, took pain
medication and underwent physical therapy, all of which Dr. Budden agreed were
warranted.
Based on our review of similar awards, we award Kimberly $25,000.00 in
general damages. Compare Joseph v. Archdiocese of New Orleans, 10-659
(La.App. 4 Cir. 11/10/10), 52 So.3d 203 (general damages award of $30,000.00,
with $15,000.00 in medical expenses, for plaintiff who received treatment for soft
tissue injuries to his back and neck for approximately six months; the plaintiff
therein was also found to have “withheld information from his treating physicians”
about “pre-existing back and neck injuries.”) Id. at 205-206; Clement v. Carbon,
13-827 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/9/14), 153 So.3d 460, (general damages award of
$30,000.00, with $ $9,434.00 in incurred medical expenses, to a man who received
seven months treatment for his lower back problems following an automobile
accident, as well as receiving treatment for neck problems); Nusloch v. Browning-
Ferris Servs., Inc., 97-528 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/25/97), 703 So.2d 794 (general
damages award of $50,000.00, with $9,206.66 in past medicals, for a plaintiff who
suffered a neck and back strain, as well as an aggravation of her prior knee
condition (which did result in arthroscopic surgery), and an eye injury resulting in
uneven pupil sizes); Jacobs v. City of Marksville, 06-1386 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/7/07), 12 953 So.2d 139, writ denied, 07-1093 (La. 9/14/07), 963 So.2d 999 ($35,000.00
general damages award to a man who suffered arm and leg pain, lower-back pain,
and neck pain as a result of a motor vehicle accident, required one steroid injection
and less than one month of physical therapy, and was treated for ten months for
his injuries); Waters v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 07-203 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/7/07),
969 So.2d 1287, (general damages award of $30,000.00 to a woman who was
treated for soft-tissue injuries to her knee, back, and neck for approximately nine
months)
II. Special Damages.
When a plaintiff alleges that medical expenses were incurred “and that
allegation is supported by a bill, unless there is sufficient contradictory evidence or
reasonable suspicion that the bill is unrelated to the accident, it is sufficient to
support the inclusion of that item in the judgment.” Este v. State Farm Ins. Co.,
96-99, p. 10 (La.App. 3 Cir. 7/10/96), 676 So.2d 850, 857. At trial below,
Defendants stipulated to the authenticity of medical expenses of Kimberly in the
amount of $26,244.22. Dr. Budden, Defendant’s medical expert, also specifically
testified he found the treatments performed “timely and warranted.” Therefore, we
award Kimberly the full amount of the stipulated past medicals of $26,244.22.
We find the record does not support Kimberly’s request for future medical
expenses for performance of the rhizotomies suggested by Dr. Wyatt. Dr. Budden
specifically disagreed with Dr. Wyatt’s recommendation to perform rhizotomies on
Kimberly, finding it was unnecessary as the lumbar MRI did not show any
pressure on any of the nerve roots. Dr. Miller offered no opinion on the necessity
of rhizotomies or any future medical treatment. Dr. Martin, who was one of
Kimberly’s treating physicians, did not agree that rhizotomies were an appropriate
13 course of treatment. Therefore, we will not make any award for future medicals as
that component of damages was not proven by Kimberly.
Kimberly also contends she is entitled to a claim for lost earnings. In order
to recover actual wage loss, “a plaintiff must prove that he [or she] would have
been earning wages but for the accident in question. In other words, it is the
plaintiff’s burden to prove past lost earnings and the length of time missed from
work due to the accident.” Boyette v. United Servs. Auto. Assoc., 00-1918, p. 3
(La. 4/3/01), 783 So.2d 1276, 1279 (citations omitted). Kimberly’s economist
testified her yearly average earnings were $19,149.00. Thus, for the six months
Kimberly was unable to work she is entitled to an award of $9,574.50 in lost
earnings.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, finding clear error in the jury’s evaluation of the
evidence at trial, we reverse the jury verdict in favor of Defendants and award
Kimberly Guidry damages as follows: $9,574.50 for past lost wages, $26,244.22
for past medical expenses and $25,000.00 in general damages. All costs of this
appeal are assessed against Defendants-Appellees.