Mr. Justice Moore,
after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. It is contended that, the guardian having secured from his ward a release discharging him and exonerating his bondsmen, the county court was without power to compel an account, and that, if such release was secured by fraud, a court of equity only can afford the relief sought, and, the order of the county court being, therefore, void, an appeal lies. The organic law creating the courts of the state and prescribing their jurisdiction contains the following provisions : “ The judicial power of the state shall be vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, and county court, which shall be courts of record, having general jurisdiction, to be defined, limited, and regulated by law, in accordance with this constitution” : Const. Art. VII, § 1. ‘‘The county court shall have the jurisdiction pertaining to probate courts, * * * and such other powers and duties * * * as maybe prescribed by law” : Const. Art. VII, § 12. The following provisions of our statute respecting the jurisdiction and power of the county court are deemed material: Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 895 : ‘‘The county court has the exclusive jurisdiction in the first instance, pertaining to a court of probate ; that is, * * * 2. To grant and revoke letters * * * of guardianship ; 3. To direct and control the conduct and settle the accounts of * * * guardians”; Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 2884 : “ Every such guardian shall give bond with surety or sureties to the State of Oregon, in such sum as the county court may order, with conditions as follows: * * * 4. At the expiration of his trust, to settle his accounts with the county court or with the ward, or his legal representatives, and to pay and deliver over all the estate and effects remaining in his hands, or due from him on such settlement, to the [249] person or persons who shall be lawfully entited thereto.” The county court not having been vested by the constitution with any equitable jurisdiction, the question presented is whether the legislative assembly has conferred upon it sufficient authority to set aside as fraudulent a settlement entered into between the guardian and his ward in pursuance of a statute authorizing' such settlement.
Under the ancient common law, the king, as parens patria, was deemed to have charge of all persons who, by reason of their youth and inexperience, were unable to care for themselves, or to protect their estates. In the exercise of this supervision, the chancellor, who was originally an ecclesiastic, and the keeper of the king’s conscience, was the guardian of all infants : 9 Ency. PI. & Pr. 890 ; Black, Law Diet. Tit. “Chancellor” ; 1 Chitty, Bl. *462, note 8 ; 2 Story, Eq. Jur. § 1832. Mr. Justice SawyeA, in speaking of the method of securing the appointment of a guardian at common law, says : “Upon petition or bill showing that a minor was without a testamentary or other legal guardian, that court took charge of his person and estate, and cared for both by appointing a guardian of his person and estate. Such minors became the wards of the court, and the guardian appointed by the court was but an officer of the court, and held responsible to it as such. The court was, in effect, the guardian, and the nominal guardian was but the agent through whom the court acted, and to whom the court delegated the execution of the trust”: Foxy. Minor, 32 Cal. 111 (91 Am. Dec. 566). See, also, upon this subject, Schouler, Dom. Rel. (5 ed.) § 288. The power thus originally assumed by the chancellor, and afterwards exercised by the court of chancery, to appoint a general guardian of the person and estate of infants, idiots, and lunatics, has, in this state, been vested by the legislative assembly in the [250] county court, which, in the exercise of such authority, is held to be a court of general and superior jurisdiction : Monastes v. Catlin, 6 Or. 119. A proceeding in the county court, when exercising jurisdiction pertaining to probate matters, is in the nature of a suit in equity, as distinguished from an action at law : Hill’s Ann.Laws, § 1078 ; Plunkett’s Estate, 33 Or. 414 (54 Pac. 152). “Courts of probate,” says Watson, J., in Monastes v. Catlin, 6 Or. 119, “had no existence at common law. Those courts have been created, and their duties and jurisdiction defined by law in most, if not all, of the states of the Union.” Mr. Rice, in his work on American Probate Law (p. 2), referring to the jurisdiction of probate courts, says : “They possess substantially the same powers formerly exercised in England by the ecclesiastical and chancery courts.”
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Mr. Justice Moore,
after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. It is contended that, the guardian having secured from his ward a release discharging him and exonerating his bondsmen, the county court was without power to compel an account, and that, if such release was secured by fraud, a court of equity only can afford the relief sought, and, the order of the county court being, therefore, void, an appeal lies. The organic law creating the courts of the state and prescribing their jurisdiction contains the following provisions : “ The judicial power of the state shall be vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, and county court, which shall be courts of record, having general jurisdiction, to be defined, limited, and regulated by law, in accordance with this constitution” : Const. Art. VII, § 1. ‘‘The county court shall have the jurisdiction pertaining to probate courts, * * * and such other powers and duties * * * as maybe prescribed by law” : Const. Art. VII, § 12. The following provisions of our statute respecting the jurisdiction and power of the county court are deemed material: Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 895 : ‘‘The county court has the exclusive jurisdiction in the first instance, pertaining to a court of probate ; that is, * * * 2. To grant and revoke letters * * * of guardianship ; 3. To direct and control the conduct and settle the accounts of * * * guardians”; Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 2884 : “ Every such guardian shall give bond with surety or sureties to the State of Oregon, in such sum as the county court may order, with conditions as follows: * * * 4. At the expiration of his trust, to settle his accounts with the county court or with the ward, or his legal representatives, and to pay and deliver over all the estate and effects remaining in his hands, or due from him on such settlement, to the [249] person or persons who shall be lawfully entited thereto.” The county court not having been vested by the constitution with any equitable jurisdiction, the question presented is whether the legislative assembly has conferred upon it sufficient authority to set aside as fraudulent a settlement entered into between the guardian and his ward in pursuance of a statute authorizing' such settlement.
Under the ancient common law, the king, as parens patria, was deemed to have charge of all persons who, by reason of their youth and inexperience, were unable to care for themselves, or to protect their estates. In the exercise of this supervision, the chancellor, who was originally an ecclesiastic, and the keeper of the king’s conscience, was the guardian of all infants : 9 Ency. PI. & Pr. 890 ; Black, Law Diet. Tit. “Chancellor” ; 1 Chitty, Bl. *462, note 8 ; 2 Story, Eq. Jur. § 1832. Mr. Justice SawyeA, in speaking of the method of securing the appointment of a guardian at common law, says : “Upon petition or bill showing that a minor was without a testamentary or other legal guardian, that court took charge of his person and estate, and cared for both by appointing a guardian of his person and estate. Such minors became the wards of the court, and the guardian appointed by the court was but an officer of the court, and held responsible to it as such. The court was, in effect, the guardian, and the nominal guardian was but the agent through whom the court acted, and to whom the court delegated the execution of the trust”: Foxy. Minor, 32 Cal. 111 (91 Am. Dec. 566). See, also, upon this subject, Schouler, Dom. Rel. (5 ed.) § 288. The power thus originally assumed by the chancellor, and afterwards exercised by the court of chancery, to appoint a general guardian of the person and estate of infants, idiots, and lunatics, has, in this state, been vested by the legislative assembly in the [250] county court, which, in the exercise of such authority, is held to be a court of general and superior jurisdiction : Monastes v. Catlin, 6 Or. 119. A proceeding in the county court, when exercising jurisdiction pertaining to probate matters, is in the nature of a suit in equity, as distinguished from an action at law : Hill’s Ann.Laws, § 1078 ; Plunkett’s Estate, 33 Or. 414 (54 Pac. 152). “Courts of probate,” says Watson, J., in Monastes v. Catlin, 6 Or. 119, “had no existence at common law. Those courts have been created, and their duties and jurisdiction defined by law in most, if not all, of the states of the Union.” Mr. Rice, in his work on American Probate Law (p. 2), referring to the jurisdiction of probate courts, says : “They possess substantially the same powers formerly exercised in England by the ecclesiastical and chancery courts.”
While the county court, exercising probate jurisdiction, may, in many instances, perform the same functions as and exercise the powers of a court of chancery in England, we do not think the legislative assembly of this state has conferred any equitable jurisdiction upon it in thus prescribing that the forms of practice therein shall partake of the nature of suits in equity. In Roy v. Giles, 4 Lea, 535, the defendant having settled his accounts as guardian with the probate court, which accepted his resignation, the ward sought in said court to surcharge and falsify the settlement; but it was held that, while the legislative assembly of Tennessee had conferred upon said court jurisdiction to settle the accounts of a guardian, yet, having exercised such authority, it had exhausted the measure of power so delegated, and could not entertain a bill for the p'urpose indicated, and that resort must ba had to a court of equity for the relief demanded. Mr. Justice McFarland, in rendering the decision of the court, says : ‘ ‘ The question presented in the argument is whether the court has jurisdiction of the cause. The [251] act creating the court defines its jurisdiction as follows : ‘The said court shall have original jurisdiction of all matters of probate, the administration of estates and orphans’ business, embracing all of the subjects and power enumerated in and conferred by sections 4201,4203,4204, 4205, and 4208 of the Code of Tennessee, arid concurrent jurisdiction with the chancery courts of Shelby County 'over the persons and estates of idiots, lunatics, and other persons of unsound mind ; and proceedings for the partition or sale of estates by personal representatives, guardians, heirs, tenants in common, joint owners, or coparceners, for the sale of lands at the instance of the creditors of decedents if the personal property is insufficient to satisfy the debts of the estate, and for the allotments of dower, and it is hereby vested with all the powers of a chancery court, touching these matters’: Thompson & S. Code, § 316h. This not being a cause involving the person or estate of an idiot, or person of unsound mind, or for the partition or sale of real estate for any purpose, or the allotment of dower, we must look to the first clause of that part of the act above quoted as the authority for the jurisdiction. This, however, only gives such jurisdiction as was previously conferred upon the county court; the sections of the Code referred to being those conferring or defining the jurisdiction of the county court. While it is clear that the county court, and, consequently, the probate court, had jurisdiction of the settlements of guardians, yet we suppose that after a final settlement and resignation of a guardian the county court could not entertain a bill filed in accordance with the forms and practice of a chancery court to surcharge and falsify the settlement. For this purpose resort should be had to a court of chancery. While the jurisdiction of the county court in the first instance is original, yet that jurisdiction is exhausted upon the final settlement and acceptance of the guardian’s [252] resignation, and no statute confers jurisdiction to entertain a bill for the review of the proceedings.”
In Downing v. Smith, 4 Redfield, Sur. 310, a guardian having settled with his ward, to whom he assigned a mortgage, which was accepted and receipted for as an equivalent for the amount due, the ward thereafter, claiming that the mortgaged premises were valueless, applied to the surrogate court of Kings County, New York, to compel the guardian to account; but it was held that, the guardian and ward having had an accounting, such court was without jurisdiction to try the question of the validity of the settlement. The court of appeals of New York has held that a surrogate’s court of that state has no equitable jurisdiction, and can exercise only such authority as has been specially conferred by the statute, together with those incidental powers which are requisite to a proper execution of such jurisdiction : Riggs v. Cragg, 89 N. Y. 479 ; In re Underhill, 117 N. Y. 471 (22 N. E. 1120); In re Camp, 126 N. Y. 377 (27 N. E. 799). In Kellar v. O'Neal, 13 La. Ann. 472, it is held that a ward can not attack the final account of his tutor, for the amount of which he has given a re: ceipt, without first bringing an action to annul his receipt. See, also, Haydel v. Roussel, 1 La. Ann. 35; Foutelet v. Murrel, 9 La. 291; Collins v. Collins'’ Adm’r, 10 La. 264. In Pennsylvania it is held, however, that the orphans’ court of that state is vested with sufficient power to surcharge the account of a guardian notwithstanding his settlement with his ward : In re Mulholland’s Estate, 154 Pa. St. 491 (26 Atl. 612). It does not appear from that case that a guardian, in pursuance of the condition of his bond, could have settled with his ward independent of the orphans’ court, but, however that may be, it is held that such court possesses equity powers ; Mr. Justice Woodward saying, in Shollenberger’s Appeal, 21 Pa. St. 337, [253] “Our orphans’ court, a creature of the constitution, is essentially a court of chancery.” In Stark v. Gamble, 43 N. H. 465, a guardian haying settled his accounts with his wards soon after they became of age, taking their releases in full as evidence of such settlement, it was held that his accounts might be reopened in the probate court for the purpose of correcting any mistake or errors occurring in such settlement. An examination of the opinion in that case does not disclose that a probate court of New Hampshire is vested with equitable jurisdiction, but the decision therein was based upon the ground that the settlement with the wards was not a compliance with the conditions of the guardian’s bond. To the same effect, see, also, Kittredge v. Betton, 14 N. H. 401.
In Davenport v. Olmstead, 43 Conn. 67, a guardian having settled with his ward in pursuance of the conditions of his bond to that effect, it was held that his duty was owing primarily to the ward, rather than to the probate court, and in this respect differed from the obligations of an executor or an administrator, who could not effect a binding settlement with the heirs, devisees, or legatees, so as to defeat the j urisdiction of a probate court to compel them to render an account. Mr. Justice Carpenter, speaking for the court in rendering the decision, says : “Aside from the guardian, but one person is interested in the account. If he, when he becomes of age, settles with the guardian, and gives a receipt, and the settlement is a fair one, it is conclusive, and the bond is discharged. If the guardian refuses to settle, the minor may compel a settlement by an action of account. In that action all the transactions of the guardian with the estate of the minor may be investigated, and the minor will recover only what is justly due.” It will be remembered that our statute requires the guardian to give a bond conditioned that he will settle his accounts with the county [254] court or with the ward. A settlement with such court exhausts its power in this respect, so that, if the ward seeks to surcharge and falsify the account, he must resort to a court of equity for that purpose : Roy v. Giles, 4 Lea, 535. If the guardian settle with the ward after the latter attains his majority, the jurisdiction of the county court to compel a settlement must necessarily be extinguished, for the guardian, in effecting such settlement, has complied with the condition of his bond; and the rule is well settled that transactions between the guardian and ward after the latter becomes of age are beyond the jurisdiction of the county court: Woerner, Guardianship, § 109 ; In re Allgier, 65 Cal. 228 (3 Pac. 849); People v. Seelye, 146 Ill. 189 (32 N. E. 458). In this state female persons arrive at their majority at the age of eighteen years : Hill’s Ann. Laws, §.2951; bútthey are deemed to have attained their majority upon being married according to law (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 2953), and the marriage of any female who is under guardianship as a minor operates as a discharge of her guardian (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 2901). While the petitioner herein settled with her guardian five days before she was eighteen years of age, she had been legally married prior thereto, and is to be deemed of age ; and hence she was competent to execute the release in question.
2. The county court having lost jurisdiction of the subject-matter by reason of the settlement entered into between the parties, as evidenced by the ward’s release, the order of said court requiring the guardian to account is, in effect, a judgment without power in a new proceeding, and in that respect is final and reviewable : Hume v. Bowie, 148 U. S. 245 (13 Sup. Ct. 582).
3. Nor can it be said that jurisdiction was conferred [255] upon the county court by the guardian’s appearance therein for the purpose of pleading a settlement of his accounts with the ward; for, while jurisdiction of the person may be conferred in this manner, jurisdiction of the subject-matter can not be waived by the parties, and may be raised at any time : Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 71. It follows from these considerations that the decree of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to remand it to the county court, and to direct the latter court to dismiss the proceedings.
Reversed.