Opinion by
WILSON,
C.
Plaintiff in error, as plaintiff, filed his petition in the district court of Texas county, alleging, in substance, that on or about August 1, 1913, defendants were the members of the board of county commissioners of Texas county; that on that day, and while acting in their official capacity as such commissioners, they awarded to George H. Bradford a contract to construct a bridge in that county for $3,890; that by the terms of said contract said Bradford agreed to -furnish all the necessary labor and material for the construction of said bridge; that upon said contract being executed, the defendants carelessly and negligently failed to require the said Bradford to enter into a bond to the State of Oklahoma, securing the payment of all labor and material used in the construction of said bridge, and that no such bond was or has been executed by said Bradford; that on or about September 21, 1913, said Bradford purchased from plaintiff lumber and other materials for the construction
of said bridge, which were used in the construction thereof; that after the delivery of said material to said Bradford said Bradford became insolvent and was adjudged a bankrupt; that by reason thereof plaintiff has been and is unable to collect the amount due him from said Bradford for said material; that plaintiff was without fault in the premises; that he had no notice of the failure of Bradford to give said bond; that the negligence of the defendants in failing to require such bond to be given Was the cause of his loss — and prays for judgment for the value of the material furnished and for the freight charges. Defendants filed their demurrer to said petition, alleging as ground therefor, among other things, that said petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The demurrer was sustained and a judgment rendered for the defendants, from which ruling and judgment of the court the case was appealed to this court:
Sections 3881, 3882, Rev. Laws 1910, are as follows:
“Sec. 3881. Whenever any public officer shall, under the laws of the state, enter into contract in any sum exceeding one hundred dollars, with any person or persons, for purpose of making any public improvements, or constructing any public (building or) buildings or making repairs on the same, such officer shall take from the party contracted with a bond with good and sufficient sureties to the State of Oklahoma, in a sum not less than the sum total in the contract, conditioned that such contractor or contractors shall pay all indebtedness incurred for labor or material furnished in the construction of said public building or in making said public improvements.
“Sec. 3882. Such bond shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the district court of the county in which such public improvement is to be made or such public building -isj to be erected; and any person to whom there is due any
sum for labor or material furnished, as stated in the preceding section, or his assigns, may bring an action on said bond for the recovery of said indebtedness: Provided, that no action shall be brought on said bond after six months from the completion of said public improve- . ments or public buildings.”
The question involved in this appeal is: Did the failure of the board of county commissioners to take the bond required by section 3881,
supra,,
constitute such negligence on the part of the members of such board as to render them individually liable in damages to the plaintiff ? This question, in its different phases, seems to have been passed on by the courts of but few of the states, and the identical question seems to have been decided only by the courts of Arkansas and Michigan. The Supreme Court of Arkansas, in the case of
Blanchard v. Burns,
110 Ark. 515, 162 S. W. 63, 49 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1199, held, quoting the syllabus, as follows:
“The failure of public officers to comply with a statute directing the taking of a bond from a contractor for public work, conditioned on paying all indebtedness for labor and material, upon which bond any person to whom there is due any sum for labor or material furnished may bring an action, does not render them individually liable.”
, The theory on which the opinion in
Blanchard v. Burns
was rendered was that the negligence, if any, was in the directors in. their collective or corporate capacity, and not in their individual capacity (the defendants in that case being directors of a school district), and that the individual members of a school board could not be made individually liable for the negligence of the board of wihich they were members. The Supreme Court of Michigan, however, in the case of
Owen v. Hill,
67 Mich. 43, 34 N.
W. 649, and in numerous later cases, held directly the opposite, to wit, that in such a case the members of a board of school trustees were individually liable; the holding in that case being based on the ground that the duty to require such a bond was a purely ministerial duty, for a breach of which liability attached to the individual members.
Smith v. Zimmer,
43 Mont. 282, 125 Pac. 420, is another case which, in reasoning, seems to strongly sustain the theory of the Michigan cases.
After having carefully considered the briefs of both the plaintiff and defendants, and having examined the authorities therein cited, and after having carefully considered the statute of our own state which is here involved, we have come to the conclusion that the members of the board of county commissioners of Texas county are not liable to the plaintiff in damages in the instant ' case, for the reason that in the very nature of things they could not have been guilty of a breach of duty to the plaintiff by not accepting the bond required by section 3881, for these reasons: Section 3881, Rev. Law’s 1910, above quoted, makes it mandatory that whenever any public official enters into a contract for the construction of a public improvement to cost more than $100, such officer shall take from the contractor a bond in not less than the sum total of the contract, conditioned that the contractor will pay all indebtedness incurred by him for labor or material furnished for the construction of such improvement. That statute not only makes it the duty of the officer to require such a bond, but it makes it the duty of the contractor to give it. It is a well-established rule of the law of contracts that the existing statutes of the land at the time a contract is made becomes a part of it and
must be read into it. 6 R. C. L., title, Contracts, sec. 243; 9 Cyc. 532;
Deweese v. Smith,
106 Fed. 438, 45 C. C. A. 408, 66 L. R. A. 971;
Armour Packing Company v. United States,
153 Fed. 1, 82 C. C. A. 135, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 400;
Simpson v. Hillis,
30 Okla. 561, 120 Pac. 572, Ann. Cas. 1913C, 227;
Brady v. Bank,
41 Okla. 473, 138. Pac. 1020, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 1019.
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Opinion by
WILSON,
C.
Plaintiff in error, as plaintiff, filed his petition in the district court of Texas county, alleging, in substance, that on or about August 1, 1913, defendants were the members of the board of county commissioners of Texas county; that on that day, and while acting in their official capacity as such commissioners, they awarded to George H. Bradford a contract to construct a bridge in that county for $3,890; that by the terms of said contract said Bradford agreed to -furnish all the necessary labor and material for the construction of said bridge; that upon said contract being executed, the defendants carelessly and negligently failed to require the said Bradford to enter into a bond to the State of Oklahoma, securing the payment of all labor and material used in the construction of said bridge, and that no such bond was or has been executed by said Bradford; that on or about September 21, 1913, said Bradford purchased from plaintiff lumber and other materials for the construction
of said bridge, which were used in the construction thereof; that after the delivery of said material to said Bradford said Bradford became insolvent and was adjudged a bankrupt; that by reason thereof plaintiff has been and is unable to collect the amount due him from said Bradford for said material; that plaintiff was without fault in the premises; that he had no notice of the failure of Bradford to give said bond; that the negligence of the defendants in failing to require such bond to be given Was the cause of his loss — and prays for judgment for the value of the material furnished and for the freight charges. Defendants filed their demurrer to said petition, alleging as ground therefor, among other things, that said petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The demurrer was sustained and a judgment rendered for the defendants, from which ruling and judgment of the court the case was appealed to this court:
Sections 3881, 3882, Rev. Laws 1910, are as follows:
“Sec. 3881. Whenever any public officer shall, under the laws of the state, enter into contract in any sum exceeding one hundred dollars, with any person or persons, for purpose of making any public improvements, or constructing any public (building or) buildings or making repairs on the same, such officer shall take from the party contracted with a bond with good and sufficient sureties to the State of Oklahoma, in a sum not less than the sum total in the contract, conditioned that such contractor or contractors shall pay all indebtedness incurred for labor or material furnished in the construction of said public building or in making said public improvements.
“Sec. 3882. Such bond shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the district court of the county in which such public improvement is to be made or such public building -isj to be erected; and any person to whom there is due any
sum for labor or material furnished, as stated in the preceding section, or his assigns, may bring an action on said bond for the recovery of said indebtedness: Provided, that no action shall be brought on said bond after six months from the completion of said public improve- . ments or public buildings.”
The question involved in this appeal is: Did the failure of the board of county commissioners to take the bond required by section 3881,
supra,,
constitute such negligence on the part of the members of such board as to render them individually liable in damages to the plaintiff ? This question, in its different phases, seems to have been passed on by the courts of but few of the states, and the identical question seems to have been decided only by the courts of Arkansas and Michigan. The Supreme Court of Arkansas, in the case of
Blanchard v. Burns,
110 Ark. 515, 162 S. W. 63, 49 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1199, held, quoting the syllabus, as follows:
“The failure of public officers to comply with a statute directing the taking of a bond from a contractor for public work, conditioned on paying all indebtedness for labor and material, upon which bond any person to whom there is due any sum for labor or material furnished may bring an action, does not render them individually liable.”
, The theory on which the opinion in
Blanchard v. Burns
was rendered was that the negligence, if any, was in the directors in. their collective or corporate capacity, and not in their individual capacity (the defendants in that case being directors of a school district), and that the individual members of a school board could not be made individually liable for the negligence of the board of wihich they were members. The Supreme Court of Michigan, however, in the case of
Owen v. Hill,
67 Mich. 43, 34 N.
W. 649, and in numerous later cases, held directly the opposite, to wit, that in such a case the members of a board of school trustees were individually liable; the holding in that case being based on the ground that the duty to require such a bond was a purely ministerial duty, for a breach of which liability attached to the individual members.
Smith v. Zimmer,
43 Mont. 282, 125 Pac. 420, is another case which, in reasoning, seems to strongly sustain the theory of the Michigan cases.
After having carefully considered the briefs of both the plaintiff and defendants, and having examined the authorities therein cited, and after having carefully considered the statute of our own state which is here involved, we have come to the conclusion that the members of the board of county commissioners of Texas county are not liable to the plaintiff in damages in the instant ' case, for the reason that in the very nature of things they could not have been guilty of a breach of duty to the plaintiff by not accepting the bond required by section 3881, for these reasons: Section 3881, Rev. Law’s 1910, above quoted, makes it mandatory that whenever any public official enters into a contract for the construction of a public improvement to cost more than $100, such officer shall take from the contractor a bond in not less than the sum total of the contract, conditioned that the contractor will pay all indebtedness incurred by him for labor or material furnished for the construction of such improvement. That statute not only makes it the duty of the officer to require such a bond, but it makes it the duty of the contractor to give it. It is a well-established rule of the law of contracts that the existing statutes of the land at the time a contract is made becomes a part of it and
must be read into it. 6 R. C. L., title, Contracts, sec. 243; 9 Cyc. 532;
Deweese v. Smith,
106 Fed. 438, 45 C. C. A. 408, 66 L. R. A. 971;
Armour Packing Company v. United States,
153 Fed. 1, 82 C. C. A. 135, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 400;
Simpson v. Hillis,
30 Okla. 561, 120 Pac. 572, Ann. Cas. 1913C, 227;
Brady v. Bank,
41 Okla. 473, 138. Pac. 1020, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 1019.
The giving of such a bond as is required by the above-quoted statute is a condition precedent to the obligation of every contract let by a public officer for the construction of a public improvement to cost more than $100, and whether or not such a condition is written in the contract as one of its express terms, the law implies as one of the terms of such a contract a condition that all the other obligations of the contract shall be held in abeyance, and not be binding upon either party until such a bond as the state requires has been given in a sum not less than the “sum total” provided by the contract. Until such a bond has been given no duty rests upon the contractor to proceed with the execution of his part of the contract, and if he does proceed under the contract without having given the bond, his claim for his services should not be allowed by the auditing officer. No other interpretation of the statute under consideration Will give full effect to its purpose, which is to as fully indemnify against loss those who deal with public improvement contractors as those who deal with other contractors with private persons are indemnified by the provisions of the mechanics’ and materialmen’s lien laws.
All men are charged with knowledge of the law, and men who sell material to public improvement contractors are charged with knowledge of that condition which the
law implies as being a part of the contract of every such contractor; and, if they sell material to such contractors before their contracts have been made effective by the filing of the bond which the law requires, they do so at their own peril, and if they sustain losses thereby, the proximate cause thereof is their own negligence, and not that of the contracting officers, because if the contracting officers have neglected to write into the contract in express terms that which the law says shall be there, the law, by its own operation, puts it there by implication.
In the instant case the allegation of plaintiff’s petition that defendants failed and neglected to require the contractor, Bradford, to give the statutory bond did not charge actionable negligence, because even though they may have neglected to make such a requirement by the specific terms of the contract, the law stepped in and made that requirement for them, and the law charged the plaintiff with knowledge of that fact. Pending the giving of 'such a bond as was required by the statute, all the obligations of Bradford’s contract, other than the implied one to give the bond, were suspended and inoperative, and he was without authority to proceed further under the contract. The plaintiff being charged with notice that the law required the giving of the bond, he should have investigated for himself and ascertained whether such a bond had been given, and if he dealt wfith Bradford without the required bond having been given, he did so at his peril, and must bear the burden of his loss.
Finding no error in the judgment of the court, we recommend that it be affirmed.
By the Court: It is so ordered.