SHIELDS, Judge.
Burt's Wrecker Service, Inc., and William Wilson (jointly referred to as "Burt's") appeal the trial court's grant of a new trial to Wesley H. Eusey (Eusey) and Helen M. Eusey (jointly referred to as "Euseys").
We affirm.
The Euseys brought an action against Burt's for damages resulting from an automobile collision in which Eusey was injured. William Wilson was driving a tow truck owned by Burt's Wrecker Service, Inc., when he struck Eusey's car in the rear. Burt's alleged Eusey was contributo-rily negligent because his brake lights and turn signals were not operating. The case was tried before a jury which rendered a verdict in favor of Burt's.
At trial, Eusey testified that he had on several occasions sought treatment for his injuries related to the collision from Dr. Thomas M. Brogan at Dr. Brogan's office. The trial court allowed Burt's on cross-examination to ask Eusey, over objection, whether he agreed or disagreed with a statement appearing in a document at tached to Eusey's interrogatories. The document purportedly was a report under the signature of Dr. Brogan which recited he had not seen Eusey at his office for the injuries that were the subject of the instant suit. Dr. Brogan did not testify at the trial.
The Euseys filed a motion to correct error asserting, inter alia, the trial court erred in permitting Burt's to cross-examine Eusey by using information from Dr. Brogan's report, because the report was hearsay. The trial court agreed and granted a new trial.1 Burt's appeals that order.
[25] The initial issue before us is whether the trial court erred in overruling Euseys' objection to the question concerning Dr. Brogan's report propounded to Eusey on cross-examination. Burt's argues the Brogan statement constitutes an adoptive admission by Eusey and, therefore, was admissible both as impeaching and substantive evidence. Eusey counters with the argument the Brogan statement is inadmissible hearsay.
The statement is inadmissible hearsay. It does not qualify as an adoptive admission because Eusey did not deal with the written statement in a manner that his assent to its correctness may be inferred.2
A party's use of a document made by a third party may amount to an approval of its contents as correct and thus it may be received against him as an admission by adoption. 4 Wigmore, Evidence § 1073 (Chadbourne Rev.1972).
Examples of use sufficient to infer approval and thereby to qualify as an adoptive admission include a physician's statement as to the insured's cause of death submitted as proof of death to insurer by beneficiary, Haughton v. Aetna Life Insurance Co., (1905) 165 Ind. 32, 73 N.E. 592, an accountant's statement of financial status submitted by parties in support of a loan application, Courtney v. Courtney, (1975) Alaska, 542 P.2d 164, and a statement of assets used in preparing a registration statement for the Securities and Exchange Commission, Oxley v. Linnton Plywood Association, (1955) 205 Or. 78, 284 P.2d 766. A common thread in these cases is the voluntary use of the third-party statement, for his own purpose, by the party against whom the third-party statement is offered, in a transaction unrelated in subject and parties to the litigation in issues.3
Eusey did not make use of the Brogan statement voluntarily and in an unrelated transaction. To the contrary, rather than specifically describing the reports of any physicians he had received regarding his medical condition, as requested in an interrogatory propounded to him by Burt's, he supplied the reports. The reports, including Dr. Brogan's, were clearly discoverable upon a request for, their production. Had they been so supplied the coer-civeness of a request for production would prohibit their production as constituting a use such that their correctness could be inferred. To deny Eusey similar protection because he produced Dr. Brogan's report in response to the interrogatory would constitute an indefensible deference to form over substance. A contrary result would have a chilling effect upon, if not defeat entirely, the discovery process.
We therefore conclude Dr. Brogan's statement does not constitute an adoptive admission.4 It was hearsay. As such it was not admissible as substantive evidence. Furthermore, it was not admissible for impeachment purposes. Quite frequently, a [26] prior inconsistent statement of a witness sought to be impeached is hearsay in the sense it is an out-of-court statement. However, because it is not offered for the truth of the statement when offered for impeach, ment purposes, it may be admissible. However, that principle does not serve to benefit Burt's because Dr. Brogan's statement is not a prior inconsistent statement of Eusey. Eusey cannot be impeached by the statement of a third person. Consequently, the trial court was correct in its determination that it erroneously admitted evidence of Dr. Brogan's statement.
The second issue, then, is whether the trial court abused its discretion in concluding the erroneously admitted evidence had a prejudicial and harmful effect on Eusey's credibility vis-a-vis his entire testimony. Burt's argues the error is harmless because of its evidence of Eusey's contributory negligence and Eusey's other evidence of injury. We disagree with Burt's argument that Eusey's credibility before the jury was not so irreparably damaged as to have an impact upon substantial justice or his substantial rights.
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SHIELDS, Judge.
Burt's Wrecker Service, Inc., and William Wilson (jointly referred to as "Burt's") appeal the trial court's grant of a new trial to Wesley H. Eusey (Eusey) and Helen M. Eusey (jointly referred to as "Euseys").
We affirm.
The Euseys brought an action against Burt's for damages resulting from an automobile collision in which Eusey was injured. William Wilson was driving a tow truck owned by Burt's Wrecker Service, Inc., when he struck Eusey's car in the rear. Burt's alleged Eusey was contributo-rily negligent because his brake lights and turn signals were not operating. The case was tried before a jury which rendered a verdict in favor of Burt's.
At trial, Eusey testified that he had on several occasions sought treatment for his injuries related to the collision from Dr. Thomas M. Brogan at Dr. Brogan's office. The trial court allowed Burt's on cross-examination to ask Eusey, over objection, whether he agreed or disagreed with a statement appearing in a document at tached to Eusey's interrogatories. The document purportedly was a report under the signature of Dr. Brogan which recited he had not seen Eusey at his office for the injuries that were the subject of the instant suit. Dr. Brogan did not testify at the trial.
The Euseys filed a motion to correct error asserting, inter alia, the trial court erred in permitting Burt's to cross-examine Eusey by using information from Dr. Brogan's report, because the report was hearsay. The trial court agreed and granted a new trial.1 Burt's appeals that order.
[25] The initial issue before us is whether the trial court erred in overruling Euseys' objection to the question concerning Dr. Brogan's report propounded to Eusey on cross-examination. Burt's argues the Brogan statement constitutes an adoptive admission by Eusey and, therefore, was admissible both as impeaching and substantive evidence. Eusey counters with the argument the Brogan statement is inadmissible hearsay.
The statement is inadmissible hearsay. It does not qualify as an adoptive admission because Eusey did not deal with the written statement in a manner that his assent to its correctness may be inferred.2
A party's use of a document made by a third party may amount to an approval of its contents as correct and thus it may be received against him as an admission by adoption. 4 Wigmore, Evidence § 1073 (Chadbourne Rev.1972).
Examples of use sufficient to infer approval and thereby to qualify as an adoptive admission include a physician's statement as to the insured's cause of death submitted as proof of death to insurer by beneficiary, Haughton v. Aetna Life Insurance Co., (1905) 165 Ind. 32, 73 N.E. 592, an accountant's statement of financial status submitted by parties in support of a loan application, Courtney v. Courtney, (1975) Alaska, 542 P.2d 164, and a statement of assets used in preparing a registration statement for the Securities and Exchange Commission, Oxley v. Linnton Plywood Association, (1955) 205 Or. 78, 284 P.2d 766. A common thread in these cases is the voluntary use of the third-party statement, for his own purpose, by the party against whom the third-party statement is offered, in a transaction unrelated in subject and parties to the litigation in issues.3
Eusey did not make use of the Brogan statement voluntarily and in an unrelated transaction. To the contrary, rather than specifically describing the reports of any physicians he had received regarding his medical condition, as requested in an interrogatory propounded to him by Burt's, he supplied the reports. The reports, including Dr. Brogan's, were clearly discoverable upon a request for, their production. Had they been so supplied the coer-civeness of a request for production would prohibit their production as constituting a use such that their correctness could be inferred. To deny Eusey similar protection because he produced Dr. Brogan's report in response to the interrogatory would constitute an indefensible deference to form over substance. A contrary result would have a chilling effect upon, if not defeat entirely, the discovery process.
We therefore conclude Dr. Brogan's statement does not constitute an adoptive admission.4 It was hearsay. As such it was not admissible as substantive evidence. Furthermore, it was not admissible for impeachment purposes. Quite frequently, a [26] prior inconsistent statement of a witness sought to be impeached is hearsay in the sense it is an out-of-court statement. However, because it is not offered for the truth of the statement when offered for impeach, ment purposes, it may be admissible. However, that principle does not serve to benefit Burt's because Dr. Brogan's statement is not a prior inconsistent statement of Eusey. Eusey cannot be impeached by the statement of a third person. Consequently, the trial court was correct in its determination that it erroneously admitted evidence of Dr. Brogan's statement.
The second issue, then, is whether the trial court abused its discretion in concluding the erroneously admitted evidence had a prejudicial and harmful effect on Eusey's credibility vis-a-vis his entire testimony. Burt's argues the error is harmless because of its evidence of Eusey's contributory negligence and Eusey's other evidence of injury. We disagree with Burt's argument that Eusey's credibility before the jury was not so irreparably damaged as to have an impact upon substantial justice or his substantial rights.
In this instance, the issue of substantial justice and rights involves a determination of the impact and influence the impeaching evidence had upon the jury in its function of weighing the evidence and determining the credibility of a witness, the plaintiff, Mr. Eusey. If he would lie about visiting a physician for treatment of his injuries, would he not also lie about his injuries, and indeed, about how the accident itself occurred? Is that not the reason for offering impeaching evidence, to in fact cast doubt on all testimony of the witness? If that is so, this court is not in a position, by reviewing a cold record, to evaluate the impact and influence of the erroneously received evidence (except perhaps, where the evidence on the merits of the case is overwhelmingly in favor of one party). Certainly, this court is not in as good position as is the trial court to make that determination. The trial judge is present in the courtroom, hearing the case along with the jury, with the opportunity to see and know the jury and to observe the manner in which the jury receives particular evidence. This is the same trial judge who is given the responsibility of a thirteenth juror and to whom we show such deference in ruling on a motion for mistrial, which, after all, involves an evaluation of the impact and influence upon a jury of inadmissible evidence. This is the trial judge who bears the awesome responsibility of serving as a safeguard of the right to trial by jury by "warranting that the jury system does not become a whimsical tool without restraint." Memorial Hospital v. Scott, (1973) 261 Ind. 27, 33, 800 N.E.2d 50, 54.
Thus, we disagree with the dissenting opinion's position that based upon Eusey's rehabilitative evidence, the trial judge's determination constitutes an abuse of discretion or a flagrant injustice to Burt's. All rehabilitative evidence came from Eusey himself. Can a "liar" realistically rehabilitate himself in the eyes of the jury by more words from his own mouth or documents from his own hands? Such is a possibility, certainly, but again, the trial judge deemed Eusey could not; from the cold record, a record which contains conflicting evidence, basically from the mouths of the parties, we can not disagree with the trial court's decision.
Accordingly, we defer to the trial judge's determination that:
"[The] report contradicted the testimony of Plaintiff, Jim Eusey, and had a prejudicial and harmful effect on his eredibility on that factual matter and on the remainder of his testimony." (emphasis added)
Record at 241.
The trial court's grant of a new trial is affirmed.
BUCHANAN, C.J., concurs.
CONOVER, J., dissents, with opinion.
"There was an uncorrected error of law which occurred at the trial herein, which error was properly raised at trial, and which error was prejudicial and harmful to Plaintiffs, namely, that Defendants were permitted to cross-examine Jim Eusey, over objection of Plaintiffs, by reading from a medical report prepared by Dr. Tom Brogan. Such report was hearsay, and did not constitute an admission, since the words of such report were not the words of Jim Eusey, nor can Plaintiff's conduct in providing such report to Defendants in discovery be said to constitute an admission. Further, such report did not constitute a judicial admission, as it was not attached to or incorporated in the pleadings, which are the allegations made for the purpose of definitely presenting the issue or issues to be tried and determined. (Seastrom, Inc. v. Amick Construction Co., Inc., 1974, 159 Ind.App. 266, 306 N.E.2d 125, 127) Such report contradicted the testimony of Plaintiff, Jim Eusey, and had a prejudicial and harmful effect on his credibility on that factual matter [25] and on the remainder of his testimony. For this reason, it would be unfair to Plaintiffs not to allow a new trial."
Record at 240-241.