FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 28, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court JOHN CHRISTIAN BURTON,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 18-5117 (D.C. No. 4:18-CV-00201-GKF-FHM) JIMMY MARTIN, Warden, (N.D. Okla.)
Respondent - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before LUCERO, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Pro se state inmate John C. Burton seeks a certificate of appealability (COA)
to appeal the district court’s dismissal of his petition for habeas relief under 28
U.S.C. § 2254.1 For the reasons discussed below, we deny Burton’s request for a
COA and dismiss the appeal.
I.
Burton is serving a 42-year sentence at the North Fork Correctional Center
(NFCC) in Sayre, Oklahoma for committing second-degree burglary after two or
* This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 Because Burton is proceeding pro se, “we construe his filings liberally.” Garza v. Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1201 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010). more prior felony convictions. In 2016, Burton appealed his sentence to the
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, which affirmed his conviction and sentence.
Burton never filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court,
nor did he file any post-conviction relief applications in state court.
On April 11, 2018, Burton filed the § 2254 habeas petition underlying this
proceeding in the district court. The petition laid out several claims for relief.
Respondent moved to dismiss the petition as time barred. Burton did not dispute that
his petition was filed outside the one-year limitation period provided by 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d). Rather, he argued that he originally filed his habeas petition in a timely
manner, on August 28, 2017. See COA Petition at 2. When he learned that the
original filing “never made it to the court,” he filed the instant petition, on April 11,
2018. Id.
Burton gave two reasons for why the district court should not find the instant
petition time-barred: (1) by applying the prison mailbox rule, and (2) by applying
principles of equitable tolling. The district court found neither argument persuasive
and dismissed Burton’s petition. The district court also denied Burton a COA.
Burton timely appealed.
II.
Before we may consider the merits of a habeas petition, Burton must obtain a
COA. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). To do so, Burton must make a “substantial
showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2). Here, where the
district court denied his petition as untimely, Burton must make that showing by
2 demonstrating both (1) “that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the
petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right” and (2) “that
jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its
procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). Further, “[w]here
a plain procedural bar is present and the district court is correct to invoke it to
dispose of the case, a reasonable jurist could not conclude either that the district court
erred in dismissing the petition or that the petitioner should be allowed to proceed
further.” Id.
III.
Burton first argues that the district court should have applied the prison
mailbox rule to his initial habeas petition, allegedly mailed on August 28, 2017, in
order to deem the instant petition timely. The prison mailbox rule provides that “an
inmate’s notice of appeal is timely if it is placed in the prison mailing system on or
before the last day for filing, provided it is accompanied by a declaration complying
with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, a notarized statement or other evidence that the notice was so
deposited.” Jackson v. Oklahoma, 735 F. App’x 504, 509 n.6 (10th Cir. 2018) (citing
Fed. R. App. P. 4(c)(1)). Additionally, the rule specifies that, if an institution “has a
system designed for legal mail, an inmate confined there must use that system to
receive the benefit of” this rule. Fed. R. App. P 4(c)(1).2
2 This court has previously noted that Oklahoma does not recognize a prison mailbox rule. See Moore v. Gibson, 250 F.3d 1295, 1298 (10th Cir. 2001). However, this court applies the rule to filings by state inmates in federal court. See,
3 Below, the district court reasoned that, “even assuming [Burton] mailed a
federal habeas petition to this Court in August 2017, he has not met his burden to
establish that he did so by utilizing the NFCC’s legal mail system.” Dist. Ct. Op. at
9. “As a result,” the district court could not “apply the prison mailbox rule to deem
his April 2018 petition timely.” Id.
Reasonable jurists would not debate whether the district court correctly arrived
at this conclusion. In her affidavit submitted by Respondent, the NFCC law librarian,
Paula Bethea, explained that the NFCC “follows Department of Corrections
Operating Procedures for the handling of legal mail.” ROA at 62.3 Specifically, “all
outgoing legal mail will be marked ‘legal’ and entered in a mail log and identified as
legal.” Id. Further, “a staff member [must] observe the inmate place outgoing legal
mail in an envelope before sealing the envelope.” Id.
At the direction of the district court, Respondents provided a certified copy of
the Outgoing Legal/Privileged Mail Log for the NFCC for the months of July,
August, and September 2017. Supp. ROA at 3. Consistent with Bethea’s
e.g., Davis v. Bryant, 737 F. App’x 878, 881 (10th Cir. 2018) (applying prison mailbox rule to conclude Oklahoma state inmate’s notice of appeal from district court’s denial of COA in habeas case was timely filed). 3 Both parties submitted affidavits from Bethea to the district court. Burton submitted the first affidavit, in which Bethea stated that Burton “deposited his § 2254 Habeas Petition in the Prison’s Institutional Mailbox on August 28th, 2017 . . . .” ROA at 26. Respondent filed Bethea’s second affidavit, which sought to “clarify [Bethea’s] earlier affidavit.” Id. at 62. In the second affidavit, Bethea explained that her “previous affidavit [submitted by Burton] was based solely on [Bethea’s] recollection of conversations with inmate Burton and was not based on any official record of outgoing legal mail.” Id. 4 description, the log records the date of the legal mailing, along with the sender’s
name, his Department of Corrections number, the name of the recipient, and other
details. Id. at 4–36. The log shows no entries for legal mail sent by Burton in those
months.
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 28, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court JOHN CHRISTIAN BURTON,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 18-5117 (D.C. No. 4:18-CV-00201-GKF-FHM) JIMMY MARTIN, Warden, (N.D. Okla.)
Respondent - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before LUCERO, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Pro se state inmate John C. Burton seeks a certificate of appealability (COA)
to appeal the district court’s dismissal of his petition for habeas relief under 28
U.S.C. § 2254.1 For the reasons discussed below, we deny Burton’s request for a
COA and dismiss the appeal.
I.
Burton is serving a 42-year sentence at the North Fork Correctional Center
(NFCC) in Sayre, Oklahoma for committing second-degree burglary after two or
* This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 1 Because Burton is proceeding pro se, “we construe his filings liberally.” Garza v. Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1201 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010). more prior felony convictions. In 2016, Burton appealed his sentence to the
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, which affirmed his conviction and sentence.
Burton never filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court,
nor did he file any post-conviction relief applications in state court.
On April 11, 2018, Burton filed the § 2254 habeas petition underlying this
proceeding in the district court. The petition laid out several claims for relief.
Respondent moved to dismiss the petition as time barred. Burton did not dispute that
his petition was filed outside the one-year limitation period provided by 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d). Rather, he argued that he originally filed his habeas petition in a timely
manner, on August 28, 2017. See COA Petition at 2. When he learned that the
original filing “never made it to the court,” he filed the instant petition, on April 11,
2018. Id.
Burton gave two reasons for why the district court should not find the instant
petition time-barred: (1) by applying the prison mailbox rule, and (2) by applying
principles of equitable tolling. The district court found neither argument persuasive
and dismissed Burton’s petition. The district court also denied Burton a COA.
Burton timely appealed.
II.
Before we may consider the merits of a habeas petition, Burton must obtain a
COA. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). To do so, Burton must make a “substantial
showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2). Here, where the
district court denied his petition as untimely, Burton must make that showing by
2 demonstrating both (1) “that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the
petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right” and (2) “that
jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its
procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). Further, “[w]here
a plain procedural bar is present and the district court is correct to invoke it to
dispose of the case, a reasonable jurist could not conclude either that the district court
erred in dismissing the petition or that the petitioner should be allowed to proceed
further.” Id.
III.
Burton first argues that the district court should have applied the prison
mailbox rule to his initial habeas petition, allegedly mailed on August 28, 2017, in
order to deem the instant petition timely. The prison mailbox rule provides that “an
inmate’s notice of appeal is timely if it is placed in the prison mailing system on or
before the last day for filing, provided it is accompanied by a declaration complying
with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, a notarized statement or other evidence that the notice was so
deposited.” Jackson v. Oklahoma, 735 F. App’x 504, 509 n.6 (10th Cir. 2018) (citing
Fed. R. App. P. 4(c)(1)). Additionally, the rule specifies that, if an institution “has a
system designed for legal mail, an inmate confined there must use that system to
receive the benefit of” this rule. Fed. R. App. P 4(c)(1).2
2 This court has previously noted that Oklahoma does not recognize a prison mailbox rule. See Moore v. Gibson, 250 F.3d 1295, 1298 (10th Cir. 2001). However, this court applies the rule to filings by state inmates in federal court. See,
3 Below, the district court reasoned that, “even assuming [Burton] mailed a
federal habeas petition to this Court in August 2017, he has not met his burden to
establish that he did so by utilizing the NFCC’s legal mail system.” Dist. Ct. Op. at
9. “As a result,” the district court could not “apply the prison mailbox rule to deem
his April 2018 petition timely.” Id.
Reasonable jurists would not debate whether the district court correctly arrived
at this conclusion. In her affidavit submitted by Respondent, the NFCC law librarian,
Paula Bethea, explained that the NFCC “follows Department of Corrections
Operating Procedures for the handling of legal mail.” ROA at 62.3 Specifically, “all
outgoing legal mail will be marked ‘legal’ and entered in a mail log and identified as
legal.” Id. Further, “a staff member [must] observe the inmate place outgoing legal
mail in an envelope before sealing the envelope.” Id.
At the direction of the district court, Respondents provided a certified copy of
the Outgoing Legal/Privileged Mail Log for the NFCC for the months of July,
August, and September 2017. Supp. ROA at 3. Consistent with Bethea’s
e.g., Davis v. Bryant, 737 F. App’x 878, 881 (10th Cir. 2018) (applying prison mailbox rule to conclude Oklahoma state inmate’s notice of appeal from district court’s denial of COA in habeas case was timely filed). 3 Both parties submitted affidavits from Bethea to the district court. Burton submitted the first affidavit, in which Bethea stated that Burton “deposited his § 2254 Habeas Petition in the Prison’s Institutional Mailbox on August 28th, 2017 . . . .” ROA at 26. Respondent filed Bethea’s second affidavit, which sought to “clarify [Bethea’s] earlier affidavit.” Id. at 62. In the second affidavit, Bethea explained that her “previous affidavit [submitted by Burton] was based solely on [Bethea’s] recollection of conversations with inmate Burton and was not based on any official record of outgoing legal mail.” Id. 4 description, the log records the date of the legal mailing, along with the sender’s
name, his Department of Corrections number, the name of the recipient, and other
details. Id. at 4–36. The log shows no entries for legal mail sent by Burton in those
months. Further, Bethea stated, “Inmate Burton did not bring any legal mail to the
law library at NFCC on or around August 28, 2017 to be stamped.” Id. at 62.
Burton very well may have attempted to mail a habeas petition in August of
2017. But the evidence provided by both parties makes plain that, while a legal mail
system was available at the NFCC for Burton to use, he did not do so. As such,
Burton has failed to demonstrate eligibility for the prison mailbox rule. Because the
district court correctly invoked the bar to the prison mailbox rule’s application in this
case, we decline to grant Burton a COA on this issue.
IV.
Burton also argues that the district court should have applied equitable tolling to
the one-year limitation period that would otherwise bar the instant petition. “[E]quitable
tolling of the one-year period may be granted, but only in ‘rare and exceptional
circumstances.’” Coppage v. McKune, 534 F.3d 1279, 1280 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting
York v. Galetka, 314 F.3d 522, 527 (10th Cir. 2003)). “[E]quitable tolling requires a
litigant to establish two elements: ‘(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and
(2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.’” Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d
925, 928 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Lawrence v. Florida, 549 U.S. 327, 336 (2007)).
“‘[A]n inmate bears a strong burden to show specific facts to support his claim of
5 extraordinary circumstances and due diligence.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting
Brown v. Barrow, 512 F.3d 1304, 1307 (11th Cir. 2008)).
Burton claims that “extraordinary circumstance[s] beyond his control made it
impossible to file his petition on time.” COA Petition at 1. First, he argues that he
mailed his initial petition on August 28, 2017, “using the only postage system available.”
Id. at 3. To explain his failure to use the legal mail system, rather than the regular mail
system, Burton complains that no one at the NFCC went through all the facility’s mail to
“check[]” for legal mail. Id. at 4. In his estimation, that procedure should be
“automatic.” Id.
Burton, though, fails to “allege with specificity the steps he took” to confirm that
the legal mail system was not available to him at the time of his initial filing. Yang, 525
F.3d at 930 (quotation omitted) (finding lack of extraordinary circumstances where
petitioner claiming language deficiency did “not set forth what actions he pursued to
secure assistance with his language barrier inside or outside prison”). Merely arguing
that the facility should find his legal mail for him once it is placed in a general mailbox is
not enough, particularly in light of evidence that other inmates were able to log and mail
their legal documents in the days before and immediately after August 28. See ROA at
23.
Burton also argues that Robin Dickerson, the mailroom supervisor, was not at the
NFCC the week Burton mailed his original petition. COA Petition at 4. He argues that
her absence accounted for his legal mail not appearing on the Outgoing Legal Mail Log.
6 But again, the Log undermines Burton’s claim: four NFCC inmates had legal mail logged
on August 26, 2017, and seventeen had legal mail logged on August 29. ROA 23–24.
Without specific facts supporting either a claim of extraordinary circumstances or
due diligence, the district court correctly concluded that Burton failed to show that
equitable tolling should be applied. Dist. Ct. Op. at 10. Because reasonable jurists would
not debate the correctness of the district court’s conclusion, we decline to grant Burton a
COA on this issue.
V.
Based on the foregoing, we DENY Burton’s request for a COA and DISMISS
this appeal.
Entered for the Court
Allison H. Eid Circuit Judge