Bryan Ivey v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
• Decided: March 14, 2023
• Docket: A22A1214
• Status: Published

Opinion

FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, P. J., GOBEIL and LAND, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

March 14, 2023

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A22A1214. IVEY v. THE STATE.

MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.

After a jury trial, Bryan Ivey was convicted of two counts of interference with

government property. Ivey, who is proceeding pro se, filed this appeal. Some of

Ivey’s arguments cannot be addressed because he failed to raise them in the trial

court. Others lack merit. But we agree with Ivey that the trial court did not comply

with the requirements of the First Offender Act, OCGA §§ 42-8-60 through 42-8-66.

So we vacate the judgment of conviction and sentence and remand for further

proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

1. Sufficiency of the evidence.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), the evidence showed that Ivey had been an inmate at the Baldwin County jail since May 4, 2020. On July

17, 2020, an officer with the Baldwin County Sheriff’s Department was monitoring

the jail by video camera when he saw a bright flash of light in a common area

between two dorms. A review of the video showed Ivey squatting in front of a wall

and allowing inmates to stand on his shoulders to reach an electrical outlet ten feet

from the ground. The inmates tampered with the electrical outlet, causing it to emit

sparks and flames, burning it, and requiring it to be replaced.

A jail administrator reviewed video recordings of the common area from the

days preceding the July 17 incident. A recording from July 14, 2020 also showed Ivey

squatting down and allowing an inmate to climb onto his shoulders to reach the

outlet. The inmate tampered with the outlet, causing it to emit sparks, so that he could

light something.

Ivey testified in his defense. He testified that before the July 2020 incidents,

someone already had inserted into one of the two sockets of the outlet a foreign object

that conducts electricity. He explained that the inmates who climbed onto his

shoulders tapped the already-inserted foreign object with a pencil lead to create a

spark to ignite paper. He also testified that the outlet already had soot on it.

2 Ivey argues that the evidence did not support his convictions because the

electricity-conducting foreign object already had been inserted into the socket by an

unknown person before the July 2020 incidents. But he admitted that it was the

actions of the inmates whom he assisted that caused the sparks and flames.

He also argues that there was no evidence that the acts damaged the outlet, as

the state did not prove that the soot visible on the outlet was not present before the

July 14 and July 17 incidents. We hold that the evidence allowed the jury to infer

damage. The video recordings show that in both incidents, Ivey’s and the other

inmates’ conduct caused sparks to shoot from the outlet; the jail administrator’s

assistant testified that the outlet was damaged; and the jail administrator testified that

the outlet had been burnt and taxpayers had to pay to fix all the damage. From this

evidence, the jury could infer that the outlet was damaged in each incident. “(W)e

leave to the jury the resolution of conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence,

credibility of witnesses, and reasonable inferences to be derived from the facts, and

we do not reweigh the evidence.” Pritchett v. State, 314 Ga. 767, 770 (1) (879 SE2d

436) (2022) (citation and punctuation omitted). “Thus, viewed in the light most

favorable to the verdicts, the evidence presented at trial support[ed] the jury’s guilty

verdicts. . . .” Beamon v. State, 314 Ga. 798, 803 (2) (879 SE2d 457) (2022).

3 2. Applicable statute.

Ivey argues that his conduct falls within OCGA § 36-9-11, destruction or

damaging of any county building, which is a misdemeanor, as well as OCGA § 16-7-

24 (a), interference with government property, which is a felony, so he should have

been prosecuted for the misdemeanor.

It is true that a specific criminal statute prevails over a general one, State v.

Nankervis, 295 Ga. 406, 410 (2) (761 SE2d 1) (2014), and arguably, OCGA § 36-9-

11 is more specific than OCGA § 16-7-24 (a). But Ivey has not shown that he raised

this argument in the trial court, and our review of the record does not show that he

raised it. “We do not consider issues raised for the first time on appeal, because the

trial court has not had opportunity to consider them.” Sevostiyanova v. State, 313 Ga.

App. 729, 731-732 (2) (722 SE2d 333) (2012) (citation omitted). So we do not

address Ivey’s argument.

3. Right to appointed counsel at government expense.

Ivey argues that he was entitled to appointed counsel at the government’s

expense. But he concedes that he is not indigent, so he was not entitled to the

appointment of counsel at the government’s expense. See Allen v. Daker, 311 Ga.

485, 504 (3) (858 SE2d 731) (2021); Hawkins v. State, 222 Ga. App. 461, 462 (1)

4 (474 SE2d 666) (1996). See also Elam v. Rowland, 194 Ga. 58, 61 (20 SE2d 572)

(1942) (“If the accused has means to employ counsel . . . and neglects or refuses to

do so, the court is under no obligation or duty to appoint counsel to represent him.”)

(citation and punctuation omitted).

4. Malicious prosecution.

Ivey argues that he is the victim of malicious prosecution and sentencing:

because he was prosecuted when the state knew that it could not prove the crime, but

as detailed in Division 1, the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions;

because there was a single crime, but there were two incidents, one occurring on July

14, 2020, and one occurring on July 17, 2020; and because he could only be

sentenced to a misdemeanor, but we decline to hold that any legal error in prosecuting

Ivey for the felony of interference with government property instead of the

misdemeanor damaging a county building amounts to malicious prosecution.

5. Constitutionality of OCGA § 16-7-24 (a).

Ivey argues that OCGA § 16-7-24 (a), a subsection of the interference with

government property statute, is unconstitutional because, unlike federal law, its

penalty provision does not provide for a misdemeanor sentence when the property

damaged has a value of less than $1,000. “Because this constitutional claim was not

5 raised and ruled upon in the trial proceedings below, it has been waived.” In the

Interest of P. T., 353 Ga. App. 511, 517 (2) (838 SE2d 596) (2020). See also Colton

v. State, 297 Ga. App. 795, 797-798 (2) (678 SE2d 521) (2009) (although challenge

to the constitutionality of sentencing provisions of criminal statute would be in

exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, the constitutional issue had not been

raised or ruled on by the trial court so the Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction).

6. First Offender Act.

Ivey argues that the trial court erred by failing to address the First Offender Act

with him. We agree.

Until July 1, 2015, OCGA § 42-8-61, a provision of the First Offender Act, was

entitled “Defendant to be informed of terms of article at time sentence imposed,” and

provided that “[t]he defendant shall be informed of the terms of [the Act] at the time

of imposition of sentence.” The statute was amended, effective July 1, 2015. It is now

entitled “Defendant to be informed of eligibility for sentencing as first offender,” and

it now provides:

When a defendant is represented by an attorney, his or her attorney shall be responsible for informing the defendant as to his or her eligibility for sentencing as a first offender. When a defendant is pro se, the court shall inquire as to the defendant’s interest in entering a plea pursuant

6 to the terms of this article. If the defendant expresses a desire to be sentenced as a first offender, the court shall ask the prosecuting attorney or probation official if the defendant is eligible for sentencing as a first offender. When imposing a sentence, the court shall ensure that, if a defendant is sentenced as a first offender, he or she is made aware of the consequences of entering a first offender plea pursuant to the terms of this article.

Ga. L. 2015, p. 422, § 5-74.1 (Emphasis supplied.) The amended statute, which

applies here, thus imposes a duty upon the court to ask a pro se defendant whether the

defendant is interested in entering a plea under the Act. See Ben W. Studdard, Ga.

Criminal Trial Practice § 27:24 (2022 ed.). The record does not show that the trial

court made such an inquiry, even though Ivey has been pro se throughout the entire

proceeding.

The dissent asserts that “the trial judge’s duty to inquire with pro se defendants

arises only when a guilty or nolo contendere plea is under consideration.” Nothing

1 In its February 2015 report, the Georgia Council on Criminal Justice Reform made recommendations “to [r]estore the [i]ntent of the First Offender Act.” See https://dcs.georgia.gov/important-links/georgia-council-criminal-justice-reform. One of the recommendations provided that, “When imposing a sentence, the court shall be required to inquire into the defendant’s eligibility for the First Offender Act and ensure that, if the defendant is eligible, he or she is made aware of the consequences of entering a plea pursuant to the terms of the Act.” pp. 19-20.

7 in the language of the statute so conditions the trial court’s duty. And of course, “[i]n

interpreting statutes, we presume that the General Assembly meant what it said and

said what it meant. Accordingly, we afford the statutory text its plain and ordinary

meaning, and read the statutory text in its most natural and reasonable way, as an

ordinary speaker of the English language would[.]” State v. Arroyo, __ Ga. __, __ (__

SE2d __) (Case No. S22G0593, decided Feb. 7, 2023).

The dissent concludes that the First Offender Act only comes into effect at

sentencing and not before. This conclusion ignores the significant changes made to

the Act in 2015. As detailed above, until July 1, 2015, OCGA § 42-8-61 was entitled,

“Defendant to be informed of terms of article at time sentence imposed.” (Emphasis

supplied.) It now is entitled, “Defendant to be informed of eligibility for sentencing

as first offender.” Similarly, until July 1, 2015, OCGA § 42-8-61 provided that “[t]he

defendant shall be informed of the terms of [the Act] at the time of imposition of

sentence.” (Emphasis supplied.) It now provides, “[w]hen a defendant is pro se, the

court shall inquire as to the defendant’s interest in entering a plea pursuant to the

terms of this article.” We must assume that the General Assembly purposefully

omitted the language about the imposition of sentence. See Minnix v. Dept. of

Transp., 272 Ga. 566, 571 (2) (533 SE2d 75) (2000).

8 It is true, as the dissent asserts, that the First Offender Act is generally oriented

toward sentencing. In that context, the dissent’s reading of the statute makes sense.

But “[w]hen, as here, statutory text is clear and unambiguous, our interpretive task

begins and ends with the text itself.” State v. Arroyo, __ Ga. at __. Finally, it is not

remarkable that, as the dissent notes, nothing in the record indicates that Ivey ever

considered entering a guilty or nolo contendere plea. Had he been informed of the

possibility of entering such a plea under the Act, he might have.

The trial court’s obligation under OCGA § 42-8-61 to inquire about the pro se

defendant’s interest in entering a plea under the First Offender Act “is express and

unequivocal — [“the court shall inquire as to the defendant’s interest”] — [but] the

statute does not articulate what the remedy is for [failing to so inquire].” In the

Interest of M. D. H., 300 Ga. 46, 50 (3) (793 SE2d 49) (2016) (emphasis supplied)

(concerning remedy for court’s failure to “fix a time” for an adjudicatory hearing on

a delinquency petition). And “what is an appropriate remedy presents a far more

substantial hurdle and is an issue that neither this Court nor the Supreme Court of

Georgia has considered.” State v. Dorsey, 364 Ga. App. 731, 737 (2) (875 SE2d 900)

(2022) (although trial counsel performed deficiently by misadvising defendant about

9 the sentence he faced if he proceeded to trial, what remedy was appropriate was

unclear) (emphasis in original).

Three statutes provide potential remedies for First Offender Act errors, but all

three concern remedies available after an adjudication of guilt while the error here

occurred before Ivey had been adjudicated guilty. OCGA § 42-8-60 (k) provides that

“[w]hen a defendant has not been previously convicted of a felony, the court may,

after an adjudication of guilt, sentence the defendant pursuant to this article as

provided in Code Section 42-8-66 or modify a sentence as provided in subsection (f)

of Code Section 17-10-1 so as to allow a sentence pursuant to this article.” (Emphasis

supplied.)

OCGA § 42-8-66 (a) (1) provides that “[a]n individual who qualified for

sentencing pursuant to this article but who was not informed of his or her eligibility

for first offender treatment may, with the consent of the prosecuting attorney, petition

the court in which he or she was convicted for exoneration of guilt and discharge

pursuant to this article.” OCGA § 42-8-66 (a). (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 17-10-1

(f) provides that “within 120 days after receipt by the sentencing court of the

remittitur upon affirmance of the judgment after direct appeal, . . . the court imposing

the sentence has the jurisdiction, power, and authority to correct or reduce the

10 sentence and to suspend or probate all or any part of the sentence imposed.”

(Emphasis supplied.)

None of these potential remedies redress the trial court’s failure to inquire

about the pro se defendant’s interest in entering a plea under the First Offender Act

— as required by OCGA § 42-8-61 — which necessarily must occur before an

adjudication of guilt. “That said, the remedy issue was not briefed by the parties on

appeal[. T]hus, we leave the issue to be briefed by the parties and considered by the

trial court on remand.” Dorsey, 364 Ga. App. at 738 (2) (footnote omitted).

Accordingly, we vacate the judgment of conviction and remand the case for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction. Gobeil, J., concurs fully

to Divisions 1 - 5, and specially to Division 6. Land, J., dissents.

11 A22A1214. IVEY v. THE STATE.

GOBEIL, Judge, concurring fully to Divisions 1-5, and specially to Division 6.

The First Offender Act generally comes into effect at sentencing, yet the

language of OCGA § 42-8-61, as revised in 2015, no longer limits the trial court’s

obligation to inform a pro se defendant about the Act to the sentencing phase of a

criminal proceeding. Accordingly, I agree with the Majority that the plain language

of OCGA § 42-8-61 mandates its conclusion. That said, as a practical matter, it seems

illogical to vacate the conviction to address an issue that is irrelevant to the

defendant’s guilt or innocence. However, because of the General Assembly’s specific

mandate for the court to “inquire as to the defendant’s interest in entering a plea...”

and because pleas necessarily precede an adjudication of guilt, I concur with the

Majority. A22A1214. IVEY v. THE STATE.

LAND, Judge, dissenting.

I agree with the majority that Ivey has waived his constitutional and statutory

challenges to his conviction under OCGA § 16-7-24 (a) and that his arguments as to

sufficiency, right to appointed counsel, and malicious prosecution fail as well.1

However, I disagree with respect to the majority’s handling of the first offender issue

and accordingly dissent. The majority imposes a new requirement for trial courts to

sua sponte inquire as to a pro se defendant’s interest in entering a first offender plea

even where a defendant has never expressed any interest in entering a guilty or nolo

contendere plea and has in fact chosen not to plead guilty or nolo contendere. I do not

believe this result is supported by the statutory text or the intent of the law, and I

1 On Ivey’s waiver of his statutory challenge to his conviction, see Smallwood v. State, 310 Ga. 445, 451 n. 5 (3) (851 SE2d 595) (2020) (addressing defendant’s argument that more specific criminal statute prevailed over general one where review of record showed that defendant “made this argument at the hearing on the general demurrer prior to conviction and entry of judgment, thereby preserving it for appeal”). believe it imposes an unnecessary burden on the trial courts, not just in this case but

in all future cases involving pro se defendants. For these reasons, I dissent.

The first provision in the First Offender Act provides as follows:

When a defendant has not been previously convicted of a felony, the court may, upon a guilty verdict or plea of guilty or nolo contendere and before an adjudication of guilt, without entering a judgment of guilt and with the consent of the defendant, defer further proceedings and (1) [p]lace the defendant on probation; or (2) [s]entence the defendant to a term of confinement.

(Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 42-8-60 (a). The Act comes into effect, in other words,

at sentencing, and not before. OCGA § 42-8-61, amended in 2015, provides:

When a defendant is represented by an attorney, his or her attorney shall be responsible for informing the defendant as to his or her eligibility for sentencing as a first offender. When a defendant is pro se, the court shall inquire as to the defendant’s interest in entering a plea pursuant to the terms of this article. If the defendant expresses a desire to be sentenced as a first offender, the court shall ask the prosecuting attorney or probation official if the defendant is eligible for sentencing as a first offender. When imposing a sentence, the court shall ensure that, if a defendant is sentenced as a first offender, he or she is made aware of the consequences of entering a first offender plea pursuant to the terms of this article.

2 (Emphasis supplied.) Again, these emphasized portions show that the issue of first

offender treatment is a sentencing issue and that the trial judge’s duty to inquire with

pro se defendants arises only when a guilty or nolo contendere plea is under

consideration. There is nothing in the text of the statute that places this duty on the

trial court prior to its consideration of a guilty or nolo contendere plea, and I do not

believe we should create that duty.

There is no indication in the record before us that Ivey ever considered entering

a guilty or nolo contendere plea. According to that record, no such plea was ever

presented to the trial court at any time. Under these circumstances, I would hold that

the trial court has no duty to make the inquiry set forth in OCGA § 42-8-61.2 See

Camaron v. State, 246 Ga. App. 80, 82 (1) (539 SE2d 577) (2000) (absent evidence

that a trial court affirmatively refused to consider a defendant’s first offender status,

the court was presumed to have acted correctly); Griffin v. State, 244 Ga. App. 447,

448 (535 SE2d 783) (2000) (under the previous version of OCGA § 42-8-61, and in

2 The cases cited by the majority for the proposition that such a requirement exists do not cite or discuss OCGA § 42-8-61 and are therefore inapposite. Likewise, its quotation from the Council on Criminal Justice Reform confirms that the trial court “shall be required to inquire into the defendant’s eligibility for the First Offender Act” only “[w]hen imposing a sentence” (p. 8 n. 1), and not at any time before.

3 the absence of a request by the defendant, the trial court was not obligated to consider

defendant’s eligibility for first offender status). Because Ivey has not shown that the

trial court erred in failing to raise the first offender issue under the circumstances of

this case, I would affirm his conviction.