Brown v. Houser

129 F. Supp. 3d 1357, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119187, 2015 WL 5228005

• Court: District Court, N.D. Georgia
• Decided: September 4, 2015
• Docket: No. 1:13-cv-1807-WSD
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

WILLIAM S. DUFFEY, JR., District Judge.

This matter is,before the Court on Magistrate Judge Walter E. Johnson’s Final Report and Recommendation (“R & R”) on Defendants John R. Houser and Cobb County, Georgia’s (“Cobb County”) (together, “Defendants”) First Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [59] and their Second Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [61].

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts¹

This case arises from Plaintiffs Lieutenant James Brown (“Brown”) and Lieutenant Craig Owens’s (“Owens”) (together, “Plaintiffs”) allegation that Defendants failed to promote them to the rank of police captain because of their race. Owens also alleges that Cobb County discriminated against him because of his military service, in violation of the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (“USERRA”), 38 U.S.C. § 4301 et seq., and that Cobb County retaliated against him for exercising his rights under USERRA. (First Am. Compl. [4] ¶¶ 77-92).

Mr. Owens was hired by the Cobb County Police Department (“CCPD”) in 1989 and became a lieutenant on May 23, 2004 (Defs.’ Statement of Material Facts on Counts I — III[76] (“DMSF1”) ¶2; Pls.’ Resp. to DSMF1 [79] (“R-DSMF1”) ¶2). Mr. Brown was hired by the CCPD in 1988 and became a lieutenant on December 31, 2000. (DSMF1 ¶ 1; R-DSMF1 ¶1). Plaintiffs are African Americans. (Brown Decl. [79-3] ¶7). Plaintiffs’ professional qualifications are summarized below.

1. Owens

Owens’s professional experience includes positions as a SWAT team first responder, traffic death investigator, supervisor in the special operations division, an adjutant to the chief of police, a critical incident commander of the Metro Atlanta Critical Incident Response Team, and a supervisor in the Criminal Investigations Unit. (Pls.’ Statement of Additional Facts Presenting Genuine Issues for Trial as to Counts I-III [79-1] (“PSAF1”) ¶¶11, 13; Defs.’ Resp. to PSAF1 [82] (“R-PSAF1”) ¶¶ 11, 13; Pis.’ Statement of Additional Facts Presenting Genuine Issues for Trial as to Counts IV-V [78-1] (“PSAF2”) ¶¶ 10-11; Defs.’ Resp. to PSAF2 [83] (“R-PSAF2”) ¶¶ 10-11). The chief selected Owens to train at the FBI Academy. (DSMF1 ¶ 125; R-DSMF1 ¶ 125; PSAF1 ¶ 12; RPSAF1 ¶ 12). Owens received the Bureau Commendation Award, Physical Fitness Award, Police Driving Award, State of Georgia Grant Writing Award, and several other honors. (PSAF2 ¶ 13; R-PSAF2 ¶ 13). He received annual “good performance” ratings from 2006 to 2012. (PSAF1 ¶ 19; R-PSAF ¶ 19),

Owens holds a master’s degree in public administration, a bachelor’s of science in criminal justice, a graduate certificate in pre-command from the Command General Staff College of the United States Army Command College, five certifications from the Georgia Peace Officer Standards and Training Council (“P.O.S.T.”), and twenty other trainings and certifications in law enforcement, command, and management. (PSAF1 ¶ 14; R-PSAF1 ¶ 14). Owens is a Command Sergeant Major in the United States Army Reserves and served multiple tours of duty in Iraq and Afghanistan. (PSAF2 ¶ 1; R-PSAF2 ¶ 1).

2. Brown

Brown has a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice and four P.O.S.T. certifications. (PSAF ¶ 21; R-PSAF1 ¶ 21). Brown managed the robbery and homicide unit. (PSAF ¶ 22; R-PSAF ¶ 22). He received annual “good performance” ratings from 2006 to 2012. (PSAF1- 23; R-PSAF1 ¶ 23). Brown has been a member of the SWAT team. (PSAF1 ¶ 39; R-PSAF1 ¶ 39).

B. Cobb County Government

The government of Cobb County is organized into departments. The Depart: ment of Public Safety (“DPS”) includes a number of subsidiary departments and agencies. (Defs.’ Statement of Material Facts on Counts IV-V[75] (“DSMF2”) ¶ 1; Pls.’ Resp. to DSMF2 [78] (“R-DMSF2”) ¶ 2). DPS has administrative responsibility for the CCPD, and direct authority over certain police-related units, including Internal Affairs, 911 Emergency Center, Training Center, and Animal Control Unit (“ACU”); (DSMF ¶3; R-DMSF ¶3). DPS does not manage the CCPD’s day-today operations, but represents the CCPD before the County Manager and Board of Commissioners on budgetary and funding issues. (Hatfield Decl. [61-4] ¶ 5).

Gary Lloyd served as director of DPS from 2003 to 2010. (DSMF2 ¶ 2; RDSMF2). Director Lloyd reported to David Hankerson, the County Manager. (DSMF2 ¶ 6, R-DSMF2 ¶6), Mr. Hankerson reports to the Board of Commissioners. (DMSF2 ¶ 7; R-DSMF2 ¶7). The DPS director is authorized to select and appoint police offers for assignment to certain DPS subsidiary departments, such as the ACU. (DSMF2 ¶ 12; R-DSMF2 ¶ 12). Officers appointed by the DPS director report to the DPS director, not the police chief. (DSMF2 ¶13, R-DSMF2 ¶ 13). '

C. Owens’s Allegation Director Lloyd Denied Him a Promotion Because of His Military Service

Owens alleges he was denied a promotion to captain of the Animal Control Unit for discriminatory reasons. The ACU was responsible for enforcing animal-related ordinances, dealing with -vicious animals, managing the shelter and its adoption ' services, interfacing with animal rights organizations, managing a volunteer force, and representing Cobb County in connection with public interest groups and the media; (DMSF2 ¶ 16; R-DMSF2 ¶ 16). Civilians managed the ACU from 2006 to 2008; (DSMF2 -¶ 17). In response to the Board of Commissioners’ concerns about the unit, Director Lloyd replaced the ACU’s civilian management with a sworn command. (DSMF2 ¶ 18; R-DSMF2 ¶ 18).

In June 2007, the United States Army placed Owens, on active duty. (DSMF2 ¶ 39, as modified by R-DMSF2 ¶ 39). Owens took leave from the CCPD to serve in Afghanistan. (Owens Decl. [79-2] ¶ 3; Owens Dep. [71] at 12). While abroad, the chief of police, George Hatfield, sent Owens an e-mail notifying'him that he had been selected as captain of the ACU. (Owens Dep. [71] at 11, 13, 31; see also DSMF2 ¶41). Chief Hatfield later retracted this statement, explaining that Director Lloyd would not allow Owens tó be prompted while on military duty because, if he was, Mr. Hankerson, would eliminate Owens’s position. (PSAF2 ¶ 35, citing, inter alia, Owens Dep. [71] 11-12; see also Defs.’ Mot.,Summ. J. Ex. H [61-10].)

In February 2008, while Owens was on rest and recuperation leave (Owens Decl. [79-2] ¶ 4), he met with Chief Hatfield and Deputy Chief Mull. (Owens Dep. [71] at 12). The Chief repeated that he had selected (or recommended) Owens for a promotion, but that Director Lloyd would not allow him to promote Owens. (Id. at 11-12). Chief Hatfield stated that this directive came from Hankerson. (Id.). About this same time, Chief Hatfield told Owens that “there was a captain position coming open.” (PSAF2 II29). Owens expressed to' Chief Hatfield’ his interest in being promoted to captain. (Id. ¶ 8Q; RPSAF2 ¶ 30). He also told Director Lloyd about his interest in being promoted to captain. (PSAF2 ¶ 31; R-PSAF2 ¶31).

-Chief Hatfield and Director Lloyd discussed Owens’s military leave and his interest in being promoted. (PSAF2 ¶ 32; R-PSAF2 ¶ 32). - Director Lloyd testified that Chief Hatfield “had concerns about the perception of the rank and file of promoting someone to [captain], or appointing them to a high rank, when that person was gone more than they were, there.” (Lloyd Dep. [69] at 61; see also PSAF2 ¶ 33, as modified by R-PSAF2 ¶ 33). Chief Hatfield believed promoting someone who “was not present a lot” would have “repercussions through the ranks.” (PSAF2 ¶ 34, as modified by R-PSAF ¶ 34; Lloyd Dep. [69] at 59). '

Concerned his military leave made him ineligible for promotion to captain, Owens met with County Manager Hankerson to ask about his promotion eligibility while on leave. (PSAF2 ¶ 36; R-PSAF2 ¶ 36; DSMF2 ¶44). Mr. Hankerson assured Owens that he could compete for a promotion on the same footing as other candidates and that he “lost no rights” because of'his military obligations. (DSMF2 ¶ 45; R-DSMF2 ¶ 45; PSAF2 ¶ 37; R-PSAF2 ¶37). Mr. Hankerson’s testimony confirms the substance of this conversation. (PSAF2 ¶ 37; R-PSAF2 ¶ 37).

Owens went straight from Mr. Hanker-son’s office to Director Lloyd’s office. (PSAF2 ¶ 38; R-PSAF2 ' ¶ 38); (Owens Dep. [71] 25). Consistent with Chief Hatfield’s account, Director Lloyd told Owens that he was ineligible for a promotion because of his military leave. (PSAF2 ¶ 38; R-PSAF2 ¶38). Director Lloyd added that County Manager Hankerson had told him this: (PSAF2 ¶ 39; R-PSAF2 ¶ 39). When Owens told Director Lloyd that Mr. Hankerson had just told him the opposite, Director Lloyd claims he had “misunderstood”- Mr. Hankerson. (PSAF ¶ 40; DSMF2 ¶ 46). Owens then asked Director Lloyd whether he could “fix the problem.” Lloyd responded: “[l]et me just get my stuff squared away.” (PSAF2 ¶ 42).

In March 2008,.Owens returned to active duty in Iraq. (PSAF2 ¶ 43; R-PSAF2 ¶43). On March 6, 2008, Owens sent a letter to Chief Hatfield explaining the conversations between Director Lloyd, County Manager Hankerson, and him regarding the impact of his active duty service on promotion. (PSAF2 ¶ 44, citing, inter alia, Hatfield Dep. Ex. 108 [67-1].)

Director Lloyd claims he wanted a no-nonsense ACU captain with the personality, demeanor, tact, and people skills required for the “delicate” task of overhauling the unit’s operations, interfacing with animal rights activists, and managing civilian employees. (DSMF2 ¶ 28; R-DSMF2 ¶ 28; see also Prince Decl. [61-3] ¶ 11), Director Lloyd and Major Ronald Prince, the DPS Executive Officer, knew Lieutenant Jeffrey Patellis’s (“Patellis”) management style arid work ethic because of Patellis’s assignment to the Training Center. (DSMF2 ¶¶ 14-15, 31; R-DSMF2 ¶¶14-15). Director Lloyd claims that, with input from Major Prince,' he decided that Patellis, a “no-nonsense” manager, was “best suited to command the ACU in light of the operational issues at hand” because “his personality combined strong leadership skills with flexibility needed to lead the [ACU] through transition and deal with the pressure and scrutiny of animal rights groups.” (DSMF2 ¶¶ 29,32-33; see also Prince Deck [61-3] ¶ 15).

Director Lloyd knew Owens was eager to be appointed captain. (DSMF2 ¶34; R-DSMF2 ¶ 34). He testified that Owens:

[d]idn’t have the personality to deal with that position. A lot of public affairs, a lot of dealing with the public and animal control rights-type people, ■ and being able to communicate, talk to people. Lieutenant Owens is more of a black and white person, no gray area with him. Animal control is a very delicate position.

(Lloyd Dep. [69] at 78, quoted in DSMF2 ¶ 35). Director Lloyd thought Owens was qualified to be a captain, but not of the ACU. (PSAF2 ¶ 48, as modified by RPSAF2 ¶ 48). Chief Hatfield stated that Owens’s “leadership and command styles” were “firm, direct and unbending,” and “could be viewed as rigid and lacking patience,” creating “collateral problems with [c]ommand [s]taff, [p]olice peers and subordinates, and civilian employees and members of the public who did not respond well to Owens’s style of leadership.” (Hatfield Decl. [61-4] ¶27). He felt, however, that Owens was “very mission oriented and could do the job.” (PSAF2 ¶ 47; R-PSAF2 ¶ 47). Chief Hatfield told Director Lloyd he “need[ed] to look at” Owens as a candidate for the ACU position because Owens “would be a good choice.” (PSAF2 ¶ 47; R-PSAF2 ¶ 47; . Hatfield Dep. [67-1] 42). He also recommended several other candidates. (DSMF2, 49).

The DPS created the ACU captain position in June 2008. (DSMF2 ¶48). On June 16, 2008, Director Lloyd appointed Patellis captain of the ACU, effective June 29, 2008. (DSMF2 ¶ 36; R-DSMF2 ¶36; Lloyd Decl. [61-7] ¶38). As stated in a memorandum, Director Lloyd promoted Patellis based on, among other reasons, his (1) “good” performance ratings in 2005 and 2006; (2) his Distinguished Performance Award and other awards, (3) a lack of “recent, relevant disciplinary history,” and (4) his experience working for the DUI task force, STEP, the SWAT team, Internal Affairs, and the Training Center. (Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. S,12 [59-27] at 50-51).

Owens’s active military duty-ended by July 2008, and on July 28, 2008, he returned to full-time duty as a police lieutenant. (DSMF2 39; R-DSMF2 39)..

D. Chief Hatfield’s Captain Appointments: 2005-2010

From 2005 to .2010, George Hatfield served as police chief, reporting to Director Lloyd. (DSMF1 ¶3; R-DSMF1 ¶ 3; DSMF2 ¶ 5; R-DSMF2T5). During this time, Chief Hatfield promoted seven lieutenants to captain. (DSMF1 ¶ 13; see also DSMF2 ¶ 50). In. 2009, Director Lloyd’s role in the promotion process was to sign off on and approve funding for the appointments. (DSMF2 53). Under Chief Hatfield’s process, when a captain position became available, every lieutenant was considered as a candidate. (DSMF1 ¶ 14). Chief Hatfield, along with the command staff (all police captains, majors, and deputy chiefs), evaluated each lieutenant. (Id.). The appointment process was not wélldefined, but Chief Hatfield’s criteria accounted for a candidate’s education, training, assignments, and disciplinary and complaint history. (PSAF1 ¶¶6-7, RPSAF1 ¶¶ 6-7). With one exception (the appointment of Lt. Batterton), the captain selection process was as follows:

(a) Chief Hatfield called a’ meeting of the command staff;

(b) The command staff discussed each lieutenant’s strengths, weaknesses, experience, history, training, discipline, education, assignments, and communication skills;

(c) Chief Hatfield did not view any particular assignment or training as superior in terms of appointment readiness; .

(d) Direct supervisors and other command staff members provided firsthand information about each lieutenant;

(e) To avoid biasing the group, Chief . Hatfield offered no opinions or comments;

(f) Each member of the command staff provided Chief Hatfield with rankings of the top five candidates he or she deemed most qualified;

(g) Chief Hatfield considered all information and made his - assessment based on the factors listed in subparagraphs (b), (d), and (f).

(DSMF1 ¶ 15). Chief Hatfield appointed the following captains: T.- Arnold (9/24/06), C. Cox (12/16/07), J. Quan (12/16/07), David Gallmon (4/17/08), Stephen Merrifield (1/11/09), Dale Bolenbaugh (6/28/09), and Brian Batterton (12/13/09). (Id. 117; RPSAF1 ¶ 17). David Gallmon is African American. (Hatfield Deck [59-3] ¶24). Chief Hatfield also promoted Robert Sampson to the rank of major. Mr. Sampson is African American. (Lloyd.Dep. [69] 51-52).

While Gary Lloyd was DPS director during the time that Lts. Merrifield, Bolenbaugh,. and Batterton were. appointed (see PSAF2 p 28; R-PSAF2 128), Gary Hatfield, decided to promote these three officers without input from Director Lloyd. (DSMF2 ¶ 52). Chief Hatfield declared he did not believe Owens was the most highly qualified candidate for the appointment opportunities in 2009, based on his observation of Owens’s managerial style as adjutant! (Id. 59).

Owens alleges that, when he asked Chief Hatfield and Deputy Chief Mull why he was not appointed to captain in 2009, they told him “it was not up to them,” but rather to Director Lloyd. (PSAF2 ¶! 73-74; R-PSAF2 ¶ 73). While Chief Hatfield does not recall making this remark, he states that when confronted with similar situations, “[i]n order to avoid detailed discussion regarding comparative merit of candidates,” he would “typically refer[] the disappointed candidate to the fact that DPS ‘signed off on the appointment.’” (Hatfield Deck [59-3] ¶¶ 35-36).

E. Plaintiffs’ Complaints About Discriminatory Promotions

In 2009, Brown, and another lieutenant who is African American, met with County Manager Hankerson to complain that they were not receiving promotions and assignments on account of their race. (PSAF1 ¶ 34; R-PSAE11 ¶ 34). Mr. Hankerson told Brown he “had his eye on” the Department and was concerned that the Sheriffs Office was more progressive in promoting African Americans. (PSAF1 ¶ 35). -Owens also met with Mr. Hanker-son to discuss, the lack of promotions of African American men. (Owens Dep. [71] 118-21). Mr. Hankerson told Owens he would “look into it.” (Id. at 11.9-21). Owens also expressed to Director Lloyd and Chief Hatfiejd his interest in being promoted to captain. (PSAF ¶ 48; R-PSAF1 ¶ 48).

Around 2009, Brown shared his concerns about discrimination with the command staff. He and other black officers told Chief Hatfield and Deputy Chiefs Ron Storey and John Houser that they were being passed over for promotions and assignments on account of their race. (PSAF 45; R-PSAF 45). Deputy Chief Storey told Brown that his complaint was legitimate, that he should have been considered for and assigned to better. units given the length of time he had been a'lieutenant, and that white lieutenants with less time in rank had received special unit assignments. (PSAF1 46; R-PSAF1 ¶46). Brown expressed his interest in being promoted. to captain. (PSAF1 ¶47; RPSAF1 ¶ 47).

F. Chief Houser’s Captain Appointments: 2010-2011.

On August 10, 2010, John Houser assumed command of the CCPD.

(DSMFl ¶¶ 4, 23; R-DSMF1 ¶¶ 4, 23). Chief Houser had the authority to appoint captains. (PSAF1 ¶ 4; R-PSAF1 ¶ 4). In 2010 and 2011, he appointed two captains. (DSMFl ¶ 25; R-DSMF1 ¶ 25). At first, Chief Houser used his predecessor’s captain selection process. (DSMFl ¶ 26). He considered all lieutenants as candidates for promotion and directed members of the command staff to rank their top five or six candidates in order of' preference. (Id. 27). To fill the two openings for captain, Chief Houser chose Lt." Steven Goodyear in August 2010 and Lt. Jeff Adcock in May 2011. (Id: ¶ 29; R-DSMF ¶29). Both Mr. Goodyear and Mr. Adcock are white. (Houser Dep. [68] at 160).

Chief Houser listed Lt. Goodyear’s qualifications in a memorandum. These qualifications include: (1) “good performance” ratings from 2006 through 2008; (2) no “recent, relevant disciplinary history”; (3) his “extensive and varied experience” over 27 years with the CCPD; (4) his work as a NIMS instructor and assistance-with multi-agency training exercises; and (5) his education, including 25 college credit hours, completion of a professional management program, and several other professional certifications. ' (PSAF1 ¶ 65; Houser Dep. Ex. 24 [68-1]). The memorandum does not state whether command staff had input. (PSAF1 ¶ 66; R-PSAF1 ¶ 66). Lt. Goodyear received official reprimands in 1998 and 2007 for preventable automobile accidents. (PSAF1 ¶ 67).

According to Chief Houser’s memorandum, Lt. Adcock’s qualifications include: (1) “good performance” ratings from 2008 through 2010; (2) no “recent, relevant disciplinary history”; (3) his “extensive and varied experience” over 19 years with the CCPD; (4) his work as á NIMS instructor and assistance with multiagency training exercises; and (5) his education, including a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, a master’s degree in public administration, and 3,542 .hours of P.O.S.T.- credits. (PSAF1 ¶ 68; Houser Dep. Ex. 25 [68-1]). The memorandum does not state whether command staff provided input. (PSAF1 ¶ 69; R-PSAF1 69). In a second memorandum dated May 5, 2011,- Chief Houser indicated that he had convened a command staff meeting on March' 29, 2011, and that the command staff held Lt. Adcock in “high regard.” (PSAF1 ¶ 70, citing Houser Dep. Ex. 26 [68-1]; R-PSAF1 ¶ 70).

G. Development of . Standardized CCPD Captain Appointment Process

In early 2012, ’ Chief Houser consulted with Tony Hagler, Director of Human Resources, and Kathleen Daniel, Human Resource Manager, to standardize the process for selecting CCPD captains. (DSMFl ¶¶ 30-31). Chief Houser had received negative feedback on the informal process he had been using, and he asked Ms. Daniel for recommendations for improving the process. (PSAF1 ¶ 86). On February 27, 2012, Chief Houser’s office emailed all lieutenants, notifying them that they needed to have served three continuous years in rank “as of March 1, 2009” to be eligible for promotion. (DSMFl ¶¶ 32, 34; R-DSMF1 ¶¶ 32, 34).

As part of the new selection process, a spreadsheet was created for use in tallying scores for each criterion on which the candidates would be evaluated, and for recording “promotional points” received by the candidates.. (DSMFl ¶ 36; Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. I [59-17]). Chief Houser named subject matter experts (“SMEs”) to work with him and Ms. Daniel, to..develop evaluation criteria and determine the weight assigned to each factor. (DSMFl ¶ 40). The SMEs consisted of three white men, one white woman, ’ and one black man. (Id. ¶41; R-DSMF1 ¶41). On March 29, 2012, the SMEs decided on the following promotion criteria and the weight assigned to the criteria:, .

Tablet

Length of time in rank as lieutenant up to 5 promotional points

Education___up to 5 promotional points

Disciplinary history _up to 15 promotional points

Supervisory evaluation_up to 20 promotional points

Command staff rating_ up to 30 promotional points

Interview panel rating _up to 20 promotional points

Fitness evaluation ___, up to 5 promotional points

(DSMF1 ¶ 43). The SMEs also agreed to consider a candidate’s past three years of discipline and to exclude any discipline relating to vehicle accidents or damage of a County vehicle. (Id. ¶ 44,'. as modified by R-DSMF1 ¶ 44). The disciplinary history factor did not exclude letters of .reprimand. Brown claims, that .the CCPD did not, in the past, consider letters-of reprimand in the promotion process. (PSA'FIK 85).-

H. The March 2012 List

In March 2012, promotion candidates’ raw scores were determined, .weighted, and assigned promotional points according to the March 29, 2012 criteria and weighting schedule (see supra Table 1). (DSMF1 ¶49). The scores were, entered into a spreadsheet (“March 2012 List”). (Id. ¶ 50, citing Defs. Mot. Summ. J. Ex. O [59-23]). The five highest scoring candidates were Dwayne Pickett (94), Ernest VanHoozer (83), Sydney Ellis (81), Kevin Flynn (63), and T.R. Alexander (63). (Id. ¶ 51). Plaintiffs 'Brown and ‘ Owens received’ 45 and 38 promotional points, respectively, and ranked well below the top tier candidates. (Id. ¶52). On April 5, 2012, Chief Houser promoted Lt. Pickett to the rank' of captain. (DSMF1 ¶ 53; RDSMF1 - ¶ 53). Lt. Pickett is white. (Houser Dep. [68] at 160).

I. 2012 Selection Procedures

On May 21, 2012, Chief Houser, Mr. Hagler, and the Public Safety Director executed a document titled “Cobb County Department of Public Safety Police Department Selection Procedures: Police Captain” (“2012 Procedures”).. (DSMF1 ¶ 54; R-DMSF1 ¶ 54). The 2012. Procedures formalized the selection process that the SMEs and Human Resources created earlier that year. (DMSF1 ¶ 55). The 2012 Procedures adopted the weighting criteria determined by the SMEs in March 2012 (see supra Table 1).' (DMSF1 ¶59). The look-back period for disciplinary history remained three years, and discipline for vehicular .accidents or damage was not considered. , (Id.) Chief Houser had authority to promote from the three topscoring candidates. (Id. ¶ 60). The 2012 Procedures allowed the SME panel to “meet to change weighting if circumstances change such as more emphasis being placed on fitness and education.” (PSAF1 ¶ 98, quoting Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. P [59-24] at. 3; R-PSAF^98).

J.The June and July 2012 Lists

Similar - to the March 2012 List, a spreadsheet was created in June 2012 arranging candidates for captain in order of promotional points each had received. (DSMF1 ¶ 62). Lt. T.R. Alexander (white male) -was tied for third-highest points. (Id. ¶ 63). On June 27,2012, Chief Houser promoted -Lt. Alexander to captain. (Id. ¶ 64; R-DSMF1. ¶64). Chief Houser chose Lt.- Alexander over higher scoring candidates Ellis (white male) and VanHoozer (white male). (DSMFl ¶ 65).

The three highest-scoring candidates on the July 2012 List were Lts. VanHoozer (93), Ellis (81), and Barry Little (64). (DSMFl ¶¶ 73-74; R-DMSF1 ¶ 74). Brown scored 45 promotional points, and Owens scored 38.- (DSMFl ¶73). The July 2012 List did not include Lt. Cebula’s July 19, 2012, letter of reprimand under disciplinary history. (PSAF1 ¶118; RPSAF1 ¶ 118). On August 30, 2012, Chief Houser promoted Lt. VanHoozer to the rank of captain. (DMSF1 ¶ 75; R-DMSF1 ¶ 75).

K. Plaintiffs File EEOC Charges2

On July 31, 2012, Brown filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) against the CCPD, alleging he was denied assignments to special units and appointments to captain' because of his race. (PSAF1 ¶ 123; R-PSAF1 ¶123). On October 8, 2012, Owens filed a charge of discrimination, alleging the CCPD denied him promotions to captain because of his race. (PSAF1 ¶124; R-PSAF1 ¶ 124). An EEOC charge filed by a CCPD officer triggered a notice to Chief Houser by certified mail. (Houser Dep. [68] at 127). Chief Houser was not aware that Brown-had filed a discrimination- charge until after Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit. (Id. at 126). He could not recall whether he discovered Owens had filed a charge before or after the lawsuit was filed. (Id. at 127-28).

L. 2013 Revisions to 2012 Procedures.

Because candidates were still dissatisfied with the. captain promotion process (PSAF1 ¶ 128, as modified by R-PSAF1 ¶128), on March 7, 2013, Chief Houser, Mr. Hagler, and the Public Safety Director executed a document titled “Cobb County Départmént of Public Safety Police Department Selection Procedures: Police Captain” (“2013 Procedures”), which amended the 2012 Procedures. (DSMFl ¶80, citing Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. V [59-30]; R-DMSF1 ¶-80).-

The following were among the' revisions made: the top five ranked candidates could be promoted by Chief Houser; the disciplinary history look-back period was extended from three years to five years; the command staff rating process was changed to a sliding scale ranking of 1-5; and the education factor was changed to allow points only for degrees conferred, not for “equivalency education.” (DSMFl ¶¶ 82-84).

M.Chief Houser’s Captain Appointments: 2013

In 2013, sixteen lieutenants, including Plaintiffs, participated in the captain selection process. (DSMFl ¶ 85; R-DSMF1 ¶ 85). On May 3, 2013, the CCPD released the 2013 Captain’s List. (DMSF1 ¶ 89, citing Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. T [59-28]; R-DSMF1 ¶ 89). The seven highest scorers were Lts. Hagebak (88.44), Ellis (88.42), Padilla (85.74), Flynn (85.62) and Bullock and Davidson (tied at 84.6). (DMSF ¶ 90). Brown and Owens received scores of 67.76 and 58.76, respectively, the lowest scores on the 2013 Captain’s List. (Id. ¶ 91). On May 10, 2013, Chief Houser promoted Lts. Hagebak (white male) and Little (white male) to the rank of captain. (Id. ¶ 92; R-DSMF1 ¶ 92). Plaintiffs filed the instant suit .after this round of promotions. (PSAF1 ¶ 143; R-PSAF1 ¶ 143).

After the 2013 promotions were made, Lts. Bullock (white male) and Davidson (white female), previously tied for sixth place, entered the group of the five highest-scoring candidates. (DSMF1 ,¶94). On August 18, .2013, Chief Houser appointed Lt. Davidson captain. ■ (Id. ¶ 95; RDSMF1 ¶ 95). On October 13, 2013, Chief Houser promoted Lt. Ellis to captain. (DSMF1 ¶ 97; R-DSMF1 ¶ 97).

N. Disciplinary History (2012-2013)

On December 16, 2010, Chief Houser issued Brown a letter of reprimand charging him with conduct unbecoming an officer. (DSMF1 ¶ 103; R-DSMF1 11103). On January 24, 2011, Owens received a two-day suspension arising from a traffic collision while operating a Cobb County take-home vehicle in violation of department regulations. (DSMF1 ¶ 104; Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. BB [60-2] at 4).

The 2012 three-year disciplinary history look-back period included Brown’s December 2010 letter of reprimand and Owens’s January 2011 suspension. Accordingly, out of a possible fifteen points for disciplinary history, Brown received ten points and Owens did not receive any points. Even if Plaintiffs each received the full fifteen disciplinary history points, they would not have been in the top three candidates group. (DSMF1 ¶¶ 107-08).

The 2013 five-year look-back period included Brown’s letter of reprimand and Owens’s suspension. (DSMF1 ¶ 110; RDSMF1 ¶ 110). A three-year lookback period also would have still included these disciplinary incidents. (DSMF ¶ 111; RDSMF1 ¶ 111). Even if Plaintiffs received the maximum disciplinary history points, they would not have been among the top five candidates. (DSMF1 ¶ 112).

O. 2014 Revisions to 2013 Procedures

In March 2014, Human Resources engaged CPS HR Consulting (“CPS”) to develop and administer the captain promotional assessment. (DSMF1 ¶¶ 7, 113). The point weighting was changed so that a candidate’s knowledge, skills, and abilities comprised 50 percent of the score, the command staff rating changed from 30 percent to 25 percent of the score, and the disciplinary history changed from 15 to 10 percent of the score. (Daniel Decl. [59-4] ¶88, 117, 118; Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. EE [60-5] at 11-12). The remaining criteria weighting (time in rank, education, and fitness) remained the same as- in the 2012 and 2013 Procedures. (Id. If 119).

Brown retired from the CCPD on February 8, 2014, and did not participate in the 2014 Procedures. (DSMF1 ¶ 120; RDSMF1 ¶ 120).. Owens was one of eleven candidates (two black and nine white) who participated in the 2014 process. (DSMFÍ ¶¶ 121, 123; R-DSMF1 1Í1Í 121, 123). Owens ranked tenth. (DSMF1 ¶ 123). In 2014, Chief Houser appointed the highest-scoring candidate, Lt. James Ferrell (white male). (Id. 11124; R-DSMF1 ¶ 124).

P.Procedural History

On May 29, 2013, Plaintiffs filed this action against Defendants, asserting numerous claims of race-based discrimination and unlawful retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, as well as race discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Owens additionally alleged discrimination and retaliation under USERRA. On October 17, 2014, Defendants moved for summary judgment [59, 61]. On May 18, 2015, Magistrate Judge Walter E. Johnson issued his R & R. In it, the Magistrate Judge' recommended that (i) Defendants’ First Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [59] be granted on Plaintiffs’ claims under Sections 1981 and. the Equal Protection Clause, and (ii) that Defendants’ Second Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [61] be granted on Owens’s USERRA retaliation. claim and denied on his USERRA discrimination claim.

On June 15, 2015, Owens filed objections to the R & R (“PL’s Obj.”) [89] on the ground that the Court should, reject the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that summary judgment be granted oh Owens’s USERRA. retaliation claim. The same day, Cobb County filed objections to the R & R (“Def.’s Obj.”) [88] on the ground that the Court should reject the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that summary judgment should be denied on Owens’s USERRA discrimination claim. On June 29, 2015, Owens filed a Response to Cobb County’s Objections to the R & R [90]. No party objected to the Magistrate Judge’s findings and conclusions regarding Plaintiffs’ claims for race-based discrimination.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standards

1. Standard of Review for R & Rs

After conducting a careful and complete review of the findings and recommendations, a district judge may accept, reject, or modify a magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Williams v. Wainwright, 681 F.2d 732, 732 (11th Cir.1982) (per curiam). A district judge “shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).' If no party has objected to the report and recommendation, a court conducts only a plain error review of the record. United States v. Slay, 714 F.2d 1093, 1095 (11th Cir.1983) (per curiam).

2. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The party seeking summary judgment bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine dispute as'to any material fact. Herzog v. Castle Rock Entm’t, 193 F.3d 1241, 1246 (11th Cir.1999). Once the moving party has met this burden, the nonmovant must demonstrate that summary judgment is inappropriate by designating specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial. Graham v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 193 F.3d 1274, 1282 (11th Cir.1999). The non-moving party “need not present evidence in a form nécessary for admission at trial; however, he may not merely rest on his pleadings.” Id.

“At the summary judgment stage, facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party only if there is a ‘genuine’ dispute as to those facts.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007). Where the record tells two different stories, one blatantly contradicted by the evidence, the Court is not required to adopt that version of the facts when ruling on summary judgment. Id. “[Credibility determinations, the weighing of evidence, and the drawing of inferences from the facts are the function of the jury....” Graham, 193 F.3d at 1282". “If the record présents factual issues, the court must not decide them; it ihiist deny the motion and proceed to trial.”" Herzog, 193 F.3d at 1246. The party opposing summary judgment “ ‘must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material fadts.....Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.’ ” Scott, 550 U.S. at 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769 (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)). A party is entitled to summary judgment if “the facts and inferences point overwhelmingly in favor of .the , moving party, such that reasonable people could not arrive at a contrary verdict.” Miller v. Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d 1269, 1275 (11th Cir.2002) (internal quotations omitted).

B. Plaintiffs’ Race-Based Discrimination Claims

The First Amended Complaint raises the following race-based discrimination claims: race discrimination under Section 1981 (asserted via 42 U.S.C. § 1983); race, discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (asserted via 42 U.S.C. § 1983); retaliation under Section 1981 (asserted via 42 U.S.C. § 1983). No party objects, to the Magistrate Judge’s findings, and the Court conducts a plain error review of the Magistrate Judge’s findings and recommendations on these claims. Slay, 714 F.2d at 1095.

“Section 1981 prohibits intentional race discrimination in the making and enforcement of public, and private com tracts, including employment contracts.” Ferrill v. Parker Grp., Inc., 168 F.3d 468, 472 (11th Cir.1999). Under the McDonnel Douglas evidentiary framework, “[a] plaintiff establishes a prima facie, case of discriminatory failure to promote by showing that (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) , he was , qualified and applied for the promotion; (3) he was rejected despite his .qualifications; and (4) other equally or less qualified employees who were not members of the protected class were promoted.” Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1080 (11th Cir.2004). Defendants concede that Plaintiffs established a prima facie case' of failure to promote, and the Magistrate Judge agreed a prima facie case was shown. (R & R at 89; Defs.’ 1st Br. 7 &■ n. 6).³

The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiffs did not respond to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ prima facie case with regard to alleged denials of assignments and transfers to special units, and therefore the Plaintiffs had abandoned their claim, (R & R at 90), The Magistrate Judge recommended granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on this issue. The Court finds no plain error in these findings and recommendation, and

The second step of the McDonnell Douglas analysis requires defendants to produce a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for their alleged discriminatory failure to promote. This burden is “exceedingly light.” Turnes v. AmSouth Bank, NA, 36 F.3d 1057, 1061 (11th Cir.1994) (quotations omitted). The Magistrate Judge found that Defendants “presented a detailed account of the criteria Chief Houser used to make promotions in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Accordingly, defendants have met their exceedingly light burden.,..” (R & R at 92). The Court finds no plain error in this finding.

Where a prima facie case is rebutted, Plaintiffs have an opportunity to show that Defendants' stated reasons are pre texts for discrimination. Kragor v. Takeda Pharm. Am., Inc., 702 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir.2012). Plaintiffs must show “such, weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, or contradictions ip the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could find them unworthy of credence.” Combs v. Plantation Patterns, Meadowcraft, Inc., 106 F.3d 1519, 1528 (11th Cir.1997).

Plaintiffs offered a number of theories in attempting to show that Defendants’ stated reasons for their promotion decisions were pretexts for discrimination. Plaintiffs first argued that Gobb County’s initial lack of a standardized promotional process itself was evidence of pretext. (Pis.’ 1st Resp. [72-1] 19). The Magistrate Judge deemed the criteria used by Chiefs Hatfield and Houser to be sufficiently detailed and consistent to distinguish their hiring practices from -those cases where ad hoc and highly subjective hiring practices were found to be a pretext for discrimination. (R & R at 95-96). Plaintiffs also attempted to show that Chief Houser manipulated the promotional criteria to favor white candidates (Pis. 1st Resp. 10), an assertion the Magistrate Judge found “does not belong to the realm of reasonable inference.” (R & R at 97). The Magistrate Judge carefully demonstrated that Plaintiffs would not have received captain promotions regardless of the changes to the promotional criteria, and that the 2013 revision in fact made Plaintiffs more competitive by allowing them to receive maximum points in the education category. (R & R 98-102).

Plaintiffs also argued that Chief Houser failed to adhere to the selection procedures in an effort to favor white candidates. (Pis. 1st Resp. 19). The Magistrate Judge found that the promotions of Lts. Pickett, Alexander, VanHoozer, and Cebula were made by following the procedures. (R & R at 105-09). The Magistrate Judge found further that minor errors in score tabulation identified by Plaintiffs could not reasonably be seen as discriminatory and, in any-case, would not have affected the outcome. (Id.).

The Magistrate Judge next rejected Plaintiffs’ pretext argument that their qualifications were markedly superior to those ,of white lieutenants promoted to captain, (R & R 109). Comparing Plaintiffs’ qualifications to those of Lts, Goodyear and Adcock does not show a disparity so obvious that no reasonable person would have promoted Lts. Goodyear and Adcock instead of Plaintiffs. The Magistrate Judge also noted that Plaintiffs were consistently among the lowest-ranking candidates in 2012-2014, and “a comparison of plaintiffs’ qualifications with those of other candidates does not turn up evidence of pretext.” (R & R at 114-115).

Plaintiffs next support their pretext argument by claiming that a statistical analysis shows a pattern of race discrimination in the CCPD’s hiring and promotion practices. (Pls.’ 1st Resp. 2-3, 21 & n. 13). The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiffs failed to present any evidence of the racial composition of the applicant pool or of officers who were eligible and qualified for promotions. The Magistrate Judge found their statistical evidence without any credible basis and effectively meaningless. (R & R 116-17). The Magistrate Judge also found that Plaintiffs failed to make out a viable pretext-based argument under the “convincing mosaic” analysis of Smith v. Lockheed-Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321 (11th Cir.2011). (R & R 119-122).

Plaintiffs having failed to rebut Defendants’ legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons to explain why Plaintiffs were not promoted, Magistrate Judge Johnson recommended that Defendants’ First Motion for Partial Summary Judgment be granted on Plaintiffs’ Section 1981 discrimination claim. The Court finds no plain error in these findings or recommendation, and Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is granted on Plaintiffs’ Section 1981 discrimination claim.

Noting that discrimination claims brought under the Equal Protection Clause, Section 1981, and Title VII are subject to the same standards of proof and employ the same analytical framework, the Magistrate Judge recommended that Defendants’ First Motion for Partial Summary Judgment be granted on Plaintiffs’ Equal Protection Clause claim. The Court finds no plain error- in these findings and recommendation, and Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is granted- on Plaintiffs’ Equal Protection Clause claim.

Finally, the Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiffs did not satisfy their burden to show a prima facie case on their Section 1981 retaliation claim, because they failed to present probative evidence of a causal connection between their protected activity and subsequent materially adverse action. (R & R at 125-127). "A causal connection may be inferred if there is close temporal proximity between the protected activity and the materially adverse action. Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506 F.3d 1361, 1364 (11th Cir.2007) (per curiam). The Magistrate Judge concluded that the time between Plaintiffs’ EEOC charges (July and October 2012) and the next adverse action (no promotion in May 2013) was ten and seven months, and this extended period does not provide a temporal proximity sufficient for a reasonable juror to find that causation was established. (R & R at 125-26). Plaintiffs do not present any alternative evidence of causation, and their prima facie- case thus fails. The Court finds no plain error in these findings and recommendations. Defendants’ First Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is granted on Plaintiffs’ Section 1981 retaliation claim.

C. Owens’s USERRA Discrimination Claim

“Congress enacted USERRA to prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of military service as well as to provide prompt reemployment to those individuals who engage in non-career service in the military.” Coffman v. Chugach Support Servs., Inc., 411 F.3d 1231, 1234 (11th Cir.2005) (citing 38 U.S.C. § 4301). Section 4311 of USERRA grants service members separate and distinct protections. Coffman, 411 F.3d at 1234. - Section 4311 prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of military service, and prohibits -employers from retaliating against individuals (service members or not) who testify or give, statements on behalf of a USERRA claimant. Id. Subsection (a), the anti-discrimination provision, provides:

A person who is a member of, applies to be a member of, performs, has performed, applies to perform,, or has an obligation to perform service in a uniformed service shall not be denied initial employment, reemployment, retention in employment, promotion, or any benefit of employment by an employer on the basis of that, membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation.

38 U.S.C. § 4311(a).

To establish a prima facie case, Owens must show by a preponderance' of the evidence that his military membership or service was a “motivating factor” in Cobb County’s decision to deny him a'promotion to ACU captain. Ward v. United Parcel Serv., 580 Fed.Appx. 735, 738 (11th Cir.2014) (per curiam) (citing 38 U.S.C. § 4311(c)(1)). “A motivating factor does not mean that it had to be the sole cause of the employment action. Instead, it is one of the factors that a truthful employer would list if asked for the reasons for . its decision.’ ” . Coffman, 411 F.3d at 1238 (quoting Brandsasse v. City of Suffolk, Va., 72 F.Supp.2d 608, 617 (E.D.Va.1999)); see also id. (“[M]ilitary status is a motivating factor if the defendant relied on, took into account, considered, or conditioned- its decision on that consideration.” (quotation-marks omitted)).

After the employee satisfies the prima facie burden, “the burden shifts to the employer to prove the affirmative defense that legitimate reasons, standing alone, would have induced the employer to take the same adverse action.” Coffman, 411 F.3d at 1238-39 (quotation marks omitted).⁴

1. Prima Facie Case

The Magistrate Judge found that Owens presented sufficient evidence to show that his military service was a motivating factor in Director Lloyd’s decision not to appoint him captain of the ACU.⁵ This finding was based principally on the comments allegédly made by Chief Hatfield and Director Lloyd in February 2008 that Owens’s military leave status barred him from, or excluded him from consideration for, a promotion to captain.

While Owens was in Afghanistan, Chief Hatfield allegedly retracted Owens’s promotion to ACU captain, explaining in an email that Director Lloyd would not allow Owens to be promoted while he was on active duty. In February 2008, Chief Hatfield told Owens that he had selected (or recommended) Owens for a promotion, but reiterated that Director Lloyd .would not allow him to promote Owens. This directive not to hire, he said, came from County Manager Hánkersdn. That same day, Director Lloyd told Owens that he was ineligible for a promotion .because of his military leave, and that he was told this by Mr. Hankerson. Owens was denied a promotion, about four months, later, while on active duty.

Relying on Ross v. Rhodes Furniture, Inc., the Magistrate Judge noted that a decisionmaker’s comments evincing a discriminatory bias may constitute circumstantial evidence of the decisionmaker’s discriminatory attitude “when read in conjunction with the entire record.” 146 F.3d 1286, 1291-92 (11th Cir.1998). The Magistrate Judge concluded that Owens carried his burden to establish a prima facie case for a USERRA discrimination claim. No party objects to this finding, and the Court finds no plain error in it.

2. Affirmative Defense

The Magistrate Judge found that Cobb County did not meet its burden of rebutting the presumption that Owens’s military service was a motivating factor in the adverse action.- Cobb County objects to the Magistrate Judge’s finding, and the Court conducts its de novo review of his finding.

Cobb County must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Director Lloyd would have made the same decision not to promote Owens regardless of Owens’s military service. Coffman, 411 F.3d at 1239. “All that is meant [by this standard] is that if the [employer] had two reasons for taking an adverse action against the [employee], one of them forbidden by the statute and the other not, and the [employer] can show that even if the forbidden one had been absent the adverse action would still have been- taken, the [employee] loses.” Madden v. Rolls Royce Corp., 563 F.3d 636, 638 (7th Cir.2009).

“Courts have held that summary judgment for the employer is appropriate if the employer can produce uncontested evidence that it would have taken the adverse employment -action even in the absence of an improper motive.”

Murphy v. Radnor Tp., 542 Fed.Appx. 173, 177 (3rd Cir.2013) (citing cases); see also Leisek v. Brightwood Corp., 278 F.3d 895, 899 (9th Cir.2002) (holding that the standard on summary judgment is whether the employer “has established as,an uncontroverted fact that it would have terminated [the employee] even if he had not been a member of the [military forces]”); Hill v. Michelin N. Am., Inc., 252 F.3d 307, 314 (4th Cir.2001) (granting summary judgment where employer presented evidence which “clearly established that it would have fired [the employer for the proffered reasons] even in the absence of any improper motive”)

One court has stated that this affirmative defense burden is a “high hurdle” and an “uphill climb” Mayeaux v. Hous. Indep. Sch. Dist., 986 F.Supp.2d 842, 848, 850 (S.D.Tex.2014). To prevail, the employer must show that its defense is so strong that any reasonable jury must accept it. Maxfield v. Cintas Corp., 487 F.3d 1132, 1138 (8th Cir.2007). “Although the [employer] has the burden of proving that the adverse action would have been taken in any event,” summary judgment is appropriate where the employer’s evidence is “so compelling and so meagerly contested ... that a trial would be a waste of time.” Madden, 563 F.3d at 638

Cobb County argues that it met its burden by showing that “the chosen candidate had a more flexible and tactful management style-than plaintiff Owens.” (R & R at 139)- Director Lloyd allegedly sought a candidate for the ACU post with the “personality, demeanor, tact and people skills” to “deal -with public demands and scrutiny,” and manage civilian employees and a volunteer corps, all while overhauling the organization.” (Def.’s 2d Br. 15-16). Director Lloyd testified that, in his judgment, Owens was not suited .for the “ ‘delicate’ balances needed at the ACU” because “his style and decision-making approach [was] too inflexible [and] too ‘black and white.’ ” (Def.’s 2d Br. 15-16). The Magistrate Judge found that Cobb County’s proffered explanation “pales in comparison to the mass of evidence defendants have marshaled in cases where courts have credited their affirmative defenses.” (R & R at 139);

Cobb County first argues that the “R & R imposes an erroneous evidentiary burden on the County” by requiring the employer to present a “mass of evidence” that Owens was “unfit or incompetent to fill the position in question” (Def.’s Obj. at 5, 10-11). Cobb County misrepresents the Magistrate Judge’s reasoning. Magistrate Judge Johnson did not find that Cobb County must show' Owens was unfit or incompetent. He dimply compared the affirmative defense evidence offered by Cobb County to cases where courts have credited an employer’s affirmative defense. For example, in Madden, the Seventh Circuit found that “trial would be a waste of time” where the employer showed the terminated plaintiffs performance was dangerously incompetent and he had lied about his qualifications, 563 F.3d at 638-39.⁶ Judge Johnson does not suggest that Cobb County must show the same or similar facts as those in Madden. He uses the case only as an example of a case in which the employer presented specific and sufficient evidence to carry its burden, and to show that the affirmative defense burden is robust. Magistrate Judge Johnson here found that Cobb County offered “conclusory” and “vague” evidence and supposition on why Owens was not qualified and Patellis was. (R & R at 139).

The Magistrate Judge applied the appropriate standard. He correctly noted that, to prevail on a ÜSERRA affirmative defense, the employer “must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the stated reason was not a pretext.” (R & R at 139 (citing Velazquez-Garcia v. Horizon Lines of P.R., Inc., 473 F.3d 11, 17 (1st Cir.2007))). See also Coffman, 411 F.3d at 1239. The R & R points out that the descriptions of both candidates’ management styles — the purported basis for candidate selection — were strikingly similar. Cobb County’s first objection is not persuasive.

Cobb County next objects that the R & R erroneously rejects facts that allegedly establish “specific County needs and priorities for a highly specialized position.” (Def.’s Obj. at 5). The Magistrate Judge noted that Cobb County offered a “narrative of the process by which Director Lloyd replaced the ACU’s civilian management with a sworn command — all irrelevant to its affirmative defense.” (R & R at 138). Cobb County argues that the supposedly “irrelevant” evidence in fact supports that the 2008 captain, position “had certain extraordinary requirements” that “justifiably and necessarily factored into the selection process.” (Id. at 15-16).

Cobb County is correct that the Court should take into account evidence that supports that Director Lloyd viewed the ACU captain position as requiring specific talents. Considering this evidence, Cobb County has failed to carry its burden, because the-existence of specific criteria is not the relevant consideration. Cobb County must establish the absence of. a genuine issue of material fact as. to whether those specific criteria would have compelled the selection of Patellis regardless of Owens’s military service. The evidence they complain the Magistrate Judge ignored, standing alone, does not satisfy this burden, or they at least support that the facts on the selection criteria issue are disputed.

Judge Johnson listed specific inconsistencies in Director Lloyd’s and Chief Hatfield’s actions and testimony that cast significant doubt on whether any specific criteria compelled the selection of Patellis over Owens. For instance, at his deposition, Chief Hatfield alleged that, while serving as his adjutant, Owens took an unbending approach to management, creating problems and generating “needless clashes and problems in effective collaboration.” (Hatfield Deck [61-4]' ¶¶ 27-28). Owens’s -poor performance in the adjutant role “significantly influenced” Chief Hatfield’s decision not to promote him. (Id.-30). Despite this, when Director Lloyd was seeking a captain for the ACU, Chief Hatfield told Director Lloyd that he needed to take a look at Owens, and he commended Owens as a “good choice” for-the job. Cobb County explained that the recommendation was made without knowledge of the specific “leadership style and approach” required of that post. (Hatfield Decl. [61-4] ¶53). This explanation is unsatisfactory and doubtfully credible — or at least the Court concludes a jury could find it so. As the Magistrate Judge noted, it is unclear why an employee with a propensity, for unnecessary conflict and a. counterproductive management style would be recommended by Chief Hatfield at all, unless-this propensity was exaggerated or untrue — an issue for a jury to decide.

The Magistrate Judge also found Director Lloyd’s purportedly subjective reasons inconsistent in light of the fact that Lloyd said he preferred .Patellis because he was a “no-nonsense manager,” yet he testified that -Owens had “a very strong personality” and a “dominant managerial/command style,” so that Patellis and Owens “sound awfully alike.” (R & R at 135). These inconsistencies undercut Cobb County’s attempts to establish a causal link between the specific criteria for the ACU captain and the ultimate decision made by Director Lloyd. Though Cobb County shows evidence of its needs for a specialized ACU position, this evidence, without more, is not enough to show that Director Lloyd would have made the same decision regardless of Owens’s military service. A jury must sort all of this out.

The inconsistencies described above also are fatal to Cobb County’s final argument. Cobb County argues that the R & R is “contrary to Eleventh Circuit axioms-fully authorizing the employer’s use of subjective criteria in managerial hiring/promotions” and “places the district court and/or jury in the position of ‘a super-personnel department’ to re-weigh [the employer’s] decision-making process.” (Def.’s Obj. at 5-6). Cobb County cites several Eleventh Circuit cases supporting an employer’s right to rely on subjective evaluation of an, individual’s potential for success in making promotional decisions. (Id. at 13-14).

The Magistrate Judge, however, thoughtfully considered the subjective criteria evidence offered by -Defendant. There simply are inconsistencies in Chief Hatfield’s and Director Lloyd’s accounts of the subjective criteria they purportedly applied in denying Owens a promotion to ACU captain. A finding that Cobb County has not met its affirmative defense burden does not equate to placing the district court in the position of a- super-personnel department. It- simply says this issue is for a finder, of fact to decide.

Cobb County argues that it offered evidence that' it would not have promoted Owens in the absence of any improper motive. That evidence, however, is not “so compelling and ,so meagerly contested” that it demonstrates Owens would not have been promoted despite his military service. See Madden, 563 F.3d at 638.

Construing all of the evidence in a light most favorable to Owens as the non-moving party, the Court on its de novo review finds that Cobb County has failed to establish the- absence of a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Director Lloyd would have selected Patellis instead of Owens for promotion if Owens was not absent by reason of his military service. Accordingly, Cobb County’s objection to the Magistrate Judge’s findings and recommendation on Owens’s USERRA claim is overruled, and Defendants’ Second Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Owens’s USERRA discrimination claim is denied.

D. Owens’s USERRA Retaliation Claim

USERRA also prohibits employers from taking adverse employment actions against individuals (1) who have taken action to enforce USERRA’s protections, (2) who have testified in a USERRA proceeding, (3) who have participated in a USERRA investigation, or (4) who have exercised a right that USERRA provides. Lisdahl v. Mayo Found., 633 F.3d 712, 720 (8th Cir.2011) (citing 38 U.S.C. § 4311(b)).⁷ An employer violates Section 4311(b) when an employee’s protected activity is a motivating factor in the employer’s advérse employment action, unless the employer proves that the action would have been taken in the absence of the protected activity. Ward, 580 Fed.Appx. at 739 (citing 38 U.S.C. § 4311(c)(2)). To establish a retaliation claim under USERRA, Owens must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse action taken against him. Otero v. N.M. Corr. Dep't, 640 F.Supp.2d 1346, 1353 (D.N.M.2009); see also Crews v. City of Mt. Vernon, 567 F.3d 860, 868-70 (7th Cir.2009) (adverse action must be “materially adverse”).

The Eleventh Circuit has imported Title VII principles into the USER-RA context. See Ward, 580 Fed.Appx. at 739. “In the context of employment retaliation cases, a plaintiffs burden to prove causation can be met by showing a close temporal proximity between the statutorily protected activity and adverse employment action.” Id. (citing Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506 F.3d 1361, 1364 (11th Cir.2007)). In. the absence of close temporal proximity, Owens must “offer , additional evidence to demonstrate a causal connection, such as a pattern of antagonism or that the adverse action was the first opportunity for the employer to retaliate.” Id. A plaintiff can also meet the causation requirement by showing inconsistent reasons given by the employer for the adverse employment action. Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 280-81 (3d Cir.2000); Waddell v. Small Tube Prods., Inc., 799 F.2d 69, 73 (3d Cir.1986).

It is uncontested that. Owens’s meetings with Mr. Hankerson and Director Lloyd in February 2008 were statutorily protected expressions under USER-RA. (R & R at 141-42 (citing 38 U.S.C. § 4311(b))). These meetings took place approximately four months before Director Lloyd promoted Patellis (June 2008), ten months before Chief Hatfield promoted Lt. Merrifield (January 11, 2009), sixteen months before he promoted Lt. Bolenbaugh (June 28, 2009), and twenty two months before he promoted Lt. Batterton (December 13, 2009). The Magistrate Judge found the temporal proximity , was not sufficiently close to. establish a prima facie case of USERRA retaliation, therefore Owens must offer additional evidence to demonstrate a causal _ connection. The Court agrees. See Henderson v. FedEx Express, 442 Fed.Appx, 502, 506 (11th Cir.2011) (per curiam) (holding that where “there is a delay of-more than three months between the two events, then the temporal proximity is not close enough, and the plaintiff must offer some other evidence tending to show causation”).

The Magistrate Judge concluded that “Plaintiff Owens has not a scintilla- of evidence — certainly not a preponderance of the evidence — that defendant denied him a promotion in retaliation for his protected activity under,USERRA, - He has only speculation.” (R & R at 145). Owens objects, arguing that the Magistrate Judge erred by excluding certain evidence. Specifically, Owens argues that the Magistrate Judge should not have excluded evidence that Director Lloyd was “publicly exposed for. having falsely embellished his own military record.” (Pl.’s Obj. at 3).. Owens contends that this evidence is relevant to show the motive of jealousy underlying Director Lloyd’s animus against Owens for his military service. (Id. at 3-4). Even taking this evidence into account, the evidence amounts to mere speculation. “Speculation does not create a genuine issue of fact; instead, it creates a false issue, the demolition of which is a primary-goal of summary judgment.” Cordoba v. Dillard’s Inc., 419 F.3d 1169, 1181 (11th Cir.2005) (quotation omitted). There is nothing else in the record to support an inference that Director Lloyd retaliated against Owens because of jealousy, and this evidence alone is not enough to show causation.

Owens also seeks to show he was so much more qualified than the other candidates that retaliation is the only conceivable explanatiori for the adverse action. The Magistrate Judge concluded'that Owens’s contention is “not supported by the record.” (R & R at 145). Owens argues that Magistrate Judge Johnson erred in excluding evidence that would show that Owens was more qualified than the candidates chosen for captain. (Pl.’s Óbj. at 4, 7 — 8). Owens argues in favor of including evidence that he appeared oh Good Morning America and on radio stations speaking on- behalf of-Cobb County, because such evidence shows he had the skills to deal with the public ' that Director .Lloyd claimed were necessary for the ACU position. (PL’s Obj. at 4). Owens also argues for including evidence that Patellis had more discipline and less education than Owens; that Merrifield had more discipline, less special unit experience, and no P.O.S.T. certifications; ánd that Bolenbaugh had less education, training, and time- as á lieutenant and with the department than Owens did. While this evidence may be relevant, it does not establish Owens’s ' qualifications to be so strong as- -to show that retaliation is the only reasonable explanation for his failure to be promoted.⁸

Owens next relies on an argument based on the “first opportunity to retaliate” doctrine. In the absence of. close .temporal proximity, a plaintiff can show causation by offering “additional evidence to demonstrate a causal connection, such as a pattern of antagonism or that the adverse action was the first opportunity for the employer to retaliate.” Ward, 580 Fed.Appx. at 739. Owens argues that the 2009 captain openings presented Director Lloyd with his first' opportunity to' retaliate against him. ‘ (Pls.’ 2d Resp. [73-1] at 23). He argued that, although policy dictated that Chief Hatfield had appointing authority between 2006 and 2010, Director Lloyd, in fact, made all hiring decisions during this time, and that Hatfield admitted so. (Id. at 2-3). The Magistrate Judge concluded .that there is no evidence Lloyd had any input in Hatfield’s 2009 promotions, and, in any event, Director Lloyd’s first opportunity to retaliate was in June 2008, when he-appointed Patellis as ACU chief. (R & R at 143). The Magistrate Judge found that Owens’s characterizations of the 2009 promotion denials as “new” first opportunities for retaliation were “not first opportunities at all, but second, third, and fourth opportunities.” (R & R at 143-44).

Owens argues that the Magistrate Judge misconstrues the law, and that the.first opportunity to retaliate, doctrine is not restricted to “only the next available position that the employer denied, to the plaintiff.” (Pl.’s Obj. at 14). The cases Owens cites in support of his argument do not apply the first opportunity to retaliate doctrine at all.⁹ It defies reason to. interpret the doctrine to encompass anything but the first opportunity to retaliate. See Rose v. Wal-Mart Stores East, Inc., No. 2:13-CV-1080, 2015 WL 1345718, at *8 (N.D.Ala. Mar. 23, 2015) (“The ‘first opportunity, to retaliate’ doctrine allows a plaintiff to prove the causation element of a retaliation claim ... if the plaintiff can show that the defendant had no earlier opportunity to retaliate and that the evidence shows the events are not completely unrelated.” (emphasis added)).¹⁰ The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge’s assessment that the first opportunity to retaliate was the 2008 ACU captain appointment.¹¹ As a result, the Court independently evaluates the evidence in the record on' the 2008 ACU captain promotion under the first opportunity to retaliate doctrine.

Evaluating the facts of .the 2008 ACU captain promotion, the Court finds inconsistencies in Director Lloyd’s reasons for hiring Patellis instead of Owens sufficient to support an inference, of causation. The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge’s conclusion that Director Lloyd’s purportedly subjective reasons for hiring Patellis are inconsistent in light of the fact that Lloyd said he preferred Patellis because he was a “no-nonsense manager,” yet he testified that. Owens had “a very strong personality” and a “dominant managerial/command style,” so that Patellis, and Owens “sound awfully alike.” (R & it at 135).¹² When considering the inconsistencies in light of the Court’s finding that the 2008 ACU captain promotion was Director Lloyd’s first opportunity to retaliate, the Court concludes, viewing the evidence as a whole, that there are facts sufficient to meet the causation element of Owens’s prima facie case for USERRA retaliation. Our Circuit supports this conclusion.

The Eleventh Circuit has held that a plaintiff can show causation in the absence of temporal proximity by offering “additional evidence to demonstrate a causal connection, such as a pattern of antagonism or that the adverse action was the first opportunity for the employer to retaliate.” Ward, 580 Fed.Appx. at 739. “Although timing and ongoing antagonism have often been the basis for the causal link,” the Third Circuit has held, in well-reasoned opinions, that a “plaintiff may establish the connection by showing that the employer gave inconsistent reasons for [the adverse action].” Farrell, 206 F.3d at 280-81 (citing Waddell, 799 F.2d at 73); see also Kahan v. Slippery Rock Univ. of Penn., 50 F.Supp.3d 667, 701 (W.D.Penn.2014).¹³ In Farrell, the Third Circuit took into account Farrell’s supervisor’s sexual advances, his involvement in the termination decision, the timing, and the inconsistent reasons given for termination to hold that Farrell had met the causation element of her prima facie case for retaliation. Id. at 286,

Here, Owens asserted his USER-RA. rights in February 2008, and was denied the ACU captain position in June 2008. Though the temporal proximity between the protected activity and the adverse action, standing alone, is insufficient to raise an inference of causation, the Court also takes into account evidence' (i) that the June 2008 promotion decision was Chief Floyd’s first opportunity to retaliate, and (ii) that Chief Lloyd’s reasons for promoting Patellis instead of Owens are, as discussed above, inconsistent. Coupling the first opportunity causation inference with Chief Lloyd’s inconsistent promotion explanations creates a factual issue whether Owens suffered retaliation when the June 2008 promotion decision was made. Construing all of the evidence in favor of Plaintiff, the non-moving party, and mindful that “USERRA is to be liberally construed for the benefit of those who left private life'to serve their country,” Coffman, 411 F.3d at 1238 (citation and quotation omitted) — the Court finds, albeit barely, sufficient evidence to establish a genuine issué of material fact on Owens’s USERRA retaliation claim., Cobb County has not presented adequate evidence to meet its burden to rebut Owens’s prima facie case.

Accordingly, Owens’s objection to the findings and recommendation in the R & R regarding Owens’s USERRA retaliation claim is sustained, and Defendants’ Second Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is denied on Owens’s' USERRA retaliation claim.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Magistrate Judge Walter • E. Johnson’s Final Report and Recommendation [85] is ADOPTED AS MODIFIED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Cobb County’s Objections to the R & R [88] are OVERRULED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Owens’s Objections to the R & R [89] are SUSTAINED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ First Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [59] is GRANTED on Plaintiffs’ claims under Section 1981 and the Equal Protection Clause.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants’ Second Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [61] is DENIED on Owens’s claims for USERRA discrimination and USERRA retaliation.

1 . The facts are taken from the R & R and the record. The Court finds no plain error in the facts. To the extent that the parties have not objected to any specific facts determined in the R & R, the Court adopts them. See Garvey v. Vaughn, 993 F.2d 776, 779 n. 9 (11th Cir.1993). Specific objections to evidence rejected in the R & R are addressed in Section II, infra.

2 . The EEOC has yet to issue Plaintiffs right to sue letters on their claims. Upon receiving their notices of right to sue, Plaintiffs anticipate seeking leave to amend their First Amended Complaint to include Title VII discrimination and retaliation claims. (Pis.’ 1st Resp. [72-1] 12 n. 6).

3 . The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiffs did not respond to Defendants’ motion 'for summary judgment .on Plaintiffs' prima facie , case with regard to alleged denials of assignments and transfers to special units, and therefore the Plaintiffs had abandoned their claim. (R & R at 90). The Magistrate Judge recommended granting Defendants' motion fer summary judgment on this issue. The Court finds no plain error in these findings and recommendation, and Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is granted on Plaintiffs’ claim that they were denied assignments and transfers to special units based on tlieir race.

4 . This procedural framework is founded on the Supreme Court’s decision in NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp., 462 U.S. 393, 103 S.Ct. 2469, 76 L.Ed.2d 667 (1983). Sheehan v. Dep’t of Navy, 240 F.3d 1009, 1013-14 (Fed.Cir.2001). ' "Unlike the McDonnell Douglas framework [utilized in Title VII claims], the procedural framework and evidentiary burdens set out in section 4311 shift the burden of persuasion, as well as production, to the employer.” Maxfield v. Cintas Corp. No. 2, 427 F.3d 544, 551 (8th Cir.2005) (alternation in original, quotation marks omitted); see also Velazquez-Garcia v. Horizon Lines of P.R., Inc., 473 F.3d 11, 16-17 (1st Cir.2007).

5 . There are at least disputed facts on whether it was a motivating factor.'

6 . The Magistrate Judge also' compared the instant case to Cayoso, where the District of Hawaii held that an employer carried its affirmative defense burden by showing that the plaintiff violated the employer’s workplace violence policy.

7 . Although it "does not use the term ‘retaliation,’ the gravamen of [Section 4311(b)] is to prohibit adverse action taken in retaliation for involvement in the assertion of the substantive rights established by USERRA.” Quick v. Frontier Airlines, Inc., 544 F.Supp.2d 1197, 1208 (D.Colo.2008).

8 . Owens does not argue thát the 2008 selection of Patellis as ACU captain was a retaliatory action. He argues only that the 2009 captain selections were retaliatory. .(See Pls.’ 2d Resp. [73-1]; Pl.’s Obj.). Accordingly, evidence that Owens was more qualified than Patellis does not support Owens’s retaliation argument based on the 2009 promotions. This evidence may support a retaliation argument based on the 2008 ACU captain promotion.

9 . See Porter v. Cal. Dep't of Corr., 419 F.3d 885, 895-96 (9th Cir.2005) (relying on the "pattern of antagonism” rationale for finding a causal connection); Gupta v. Fla. Bd. of Regents, 212 F.3d 571, 590 (11th Cir.2000) (close temporal proximity showed a causal connection); See Williams v. The Nashville Network, 132 F.3d 1123 (6th Cir.1997) (no discussion of or reliance on the first available opportunity rationale).

10 . See also Templeton v. First Tenn. Bank, N.A., 424 Fed.Appx. 249, 251 (4th Cir.2011) ("Because Templeton resigned her employment shortly after she complained of harassment, Templeton was retaliated against, if at all, upon the employer’s first opportunity to do so; i.e., when Templeton expressed her interest in being rehired approximately two years after her resignation.”); Dale v. Wynne, 497 F.Supp.2d 1337, 1346 (M.D.Ala.2007) (“In this instance, a six-week gap is enough to show temporal proximity, particularly because Dale’s return to work was the first opportunity Wilson had to retaliate against her.”).

11 . Owens contends that there is “a disputed issue of material fact ... as to whether Lloyd was the decisionmaker with respect to the other remainder [sic] of the promotions to captain other than Patellis before Lloyd stepped down as the Director of Public Safety.” (Pl.'s Obj. at 6-7). This contention is irrelevant to Owens’s first opportunity argument, because, as’ discussed above, Chief Lloyd's first opportunity for retaliation was the ACU captain promotion in 2008.

Assuming Owens raises this objection to attempt to show a pattern of antagonism, the argument requires the Court to make speculative. leaps. First, the Court would have to find a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Director Lloyd was the decisionmaker in 2009. The Court then would be required to find a genuine issue of material fact whether Lloyd’s denials of promotion to Owens are adequate to show a pattern of antagonism. This argument, in turn, would be contingent on Owens showing that Director Lloyd harbored some animus against Owens stemming from Owens’s assertion of his USERRA rights. Owens’s proffered evidence does not and cannot satisfy these burdens, and there is 'no logical progression to their argument because it is based on unwarranted and rank speculation.

12 . Further, Chief Hatfield testified that, while serving as his adjutant, Owens took an unbending approach to management, creating problems and generating “needless clashes and problems in effective collaboration.” (Hatfield Decl. [61-4] ¶¶ 27-28). Owens’s poor performance in the adjutant role significantly influenced” Chief Hatfield’s decision not to promote him. (Id. ¶ 30). Despite this, when Director Lloyd was seeking a captain for the ACU, Chief Hatfield told Director Lloyd that he needed to take a look at Owens, and he commended Owens as a “good choice” for the job.

13 . The Court believes the reasoning in these cases would be applied by our Circuit.