PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
The Browns appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Tuneup Masters Employee Benefit Plan, Andy Granatelli, the Plan’s trustee, and North American Life and Casualty Company which upheld the denial of benefits under the Plan for two of the Browns’ children who were born premature with congenital defects. The district court found that the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 preempted the application of Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-2(E) to the Plan, Granatelli, or NALAC. Article 3.70-2(E) requires individual and group health insurance policies to provide coverage for newborn babies with congenital defects. The district court also found that the Plan was not structurally defective. We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Plan, Granatelli, and NALAC.
I
The Plan is a group medical plan providing certain health care benefits for employees of Tuneup Masters and their eligible dependents. The Plan has been maintained by Tuneup Masters since 1980 as an employee welfare benefit plan within the meaning of ERISA. First Fund Insurance Administrators administers the plan and is solely responsible for processing and pay[1353]*1353ing the claims of Tuneup Masters’ employees and their dependents. Tuneup Masters funds the Plan for all covered employees. The employee pays for the cost of his dependents if dependent coverage is elected.
Mr. Granatelli, as the owner of Tuneup Masters, purchased excess or “stop-loss” insurance from NALAC. Under the policy NALAC reimburses the Plan for claims the Plan pays which exceed $30,000 for any covered individual during the policy year. From the end of 1983 through 1988 only four individuals out of an average of over 800 individuals covered by the Plan yearly submitted claims in excess of the $30,000 stop-loss coverage attachment point. NA-LAC has no authority to approve claims or otherwise to manage the plan and no authority to approve changes in the plan itself.
In 1985 the Plan was amended in response to the large expense of a premature birth. As amended the Plan excludes coverage for all newborn babies until the 31st day after birth. The Plan also excludes coverage for any baby which on the 31st day is disabled, hospitalized, or sick.
The Browns’ first child was born in January 1986. The child was premature with related physical problems requiring extensive medical care and treatment. The Browns’ second child was born in November 1986, also premature and with birth defects. He remained in the hospital until his death five months later. The Plan refused to pay for the children’s treatment because the expenses were incurred during the 30-day waiting period and because the children were not eligible for coverage because of their preexisting disabilities and hospital confinement.
The Browns then filed suit in state court against the Plan and Granatelli. The Plan and Granatelli removed the case to federal district court based upon the presence of a federal question and then joined NALAC as a third party defendant.
The parties stipulated that there were no genuine issues of material fact and moved for summary judgment. The Browns sought the denied benefits and other damages based upon two theories relevant to this appeal: that Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-2(E) required the Plan and NALAC’s policy to cover newborns and that the Plan was structurally defective because it did not. The district court denied the Browns’ motion for summary judgment and granted defendants’ motion, holding that ERISA preempted Article 3.70-2(E) and that the Plan was not structurally defective.
II
The Browns admit that if Article 3.70-2(E) by its letter applied directly to employee benefit plans, its application would be preempted by ERISA. In Metropolitan Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 105 S.Ct. 2380, 85 L.Ed.2d 728 (1985), the Supreme Court held that mandated-benefit laws directly applicable to employee benefit plans are preempted by ERISA. Id. at 735 n. 14, 747, 105 S.Ct. at 2387 n. 14, 2393. However, according to the Court, plans which purchase insurance can be indirectly regulated by mandated-benefit laws because ERISA does not prevent those laws from being applied to the insurance policies which plans purchase. Id. at 747 & n. 25, 105 S.Ct. at 2393 & n. 25. Although the facts of Metropolitan are distinguishable from the facts of this case — the insurance policies at issue in Metropolitan were group insurance policies purchased by plans for the plan participants and not stop-loss policies — the Browns argue that under Metropolitan Article 3.70-2(E) can be applied to the Plan indirectly through the stop-loss policy it purchased from NALAC. Article 3.70-2(E) cannot require the Plan to provide mandated coverage, and because we conclude that Article 3.70-2(E) does not apply to stop-loss insurance purchased by an employee benefit plan to insure that plan against catastrophic loss, we do not reach the ERISA preemption issues as to stop-loss insurance coverage.
III
Article 3.70-2(E) requires that
[n]o individual policy or group policy of accident or sickness insurance, ... which provides for accident and sickness cover[1354]*1354age of additional newborn children or maternity benefits, may be issued ... if it contains any provision excluding or limiting the initial coverage of a newborn infant for a period of time, or limitations or exclusions for congenital defects of a newborn child.
Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-2(E) (Vernon 1981). “Accident and Sickness insurance” is defined broadly as “any policy or contract providing insurance against loss from sickness or from bodily injury or death by accident or both.” Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-1(B)(3) (Vernon 1981).
NALAC argues that an insurance policy purchased by an employee benefit plan to protect that plan from catastrophic loss is not accident and sickness insurance even though it indirectly covers accident and sickness losses. NALAC argues that Article 3.70-2(E) only applies to insurance purchased for sick or injured individuals. With one important qualification, we agree.
Subchapter G of the Texas Insurance Code contains the provisions dealing with accident and sickness insurance. Few if any of these provisions can appropriately be applied to an insurance policy that reimburses an employee benefit plan for catastrophic loss and does not pay sick or injured persons. See Tex.Ins.Code Ann. 3.70-1 to -3 (Vernon 1981 & Supp.1989). The focus of Subchapter G is on protecting sick or injured individuals; Subchapter G has nothing to say about protecting employee benefit plans from catastrophic loss. The statement of purpose in Subchapter G is illustrative. It states:
The purpose of this Act shall be to provide for reasonable standardization, readability, and simplification of terms and coverages contained in individual accident and sickness insurance policies; to facilitate public understanding of coverages; to eliminate provisions contained in individual accident and sickness insurance policies which may be unjust, unfair, misleading, or unreasonably confusing in connection with the purchase of such coverages or with settlement of claims; and to provide for full and fair disclosure in the sale of accident and sickness coverages.
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PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
The Browns appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Tuneup Masters Employee Benefit Plan, Andy Granatelli, the Plan’s trustee, and North American Life and Casualty Company which upheld the denial of benefits under the Plan for two of the Browns’ children who were born premature with congenital defects. The district court found that the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 preempted the application of Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-2(E) to the Plan, Granatelli, or NALAC. Article 3.70-2(E) requires individual and group health insurance policies to provide coverage for newborn babies with congenital defects. The district court also found that the Plan was not structurally defective. We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Plan, Granatelli, and NALAC.
I
The Plan is a group medical plan providing certain health care benefits for employees of Tuneup Masters and their eligible dependents. The Plan has been maintained by Tuneup Masters since 1980 as an employee welfare benefit plan within the meaning of ERISA. First Fund Insurance Administrators administers the plan and is solely responsible for processing and pay[1353]*1353ing the claims of Tuneup Masters’ employees and their dependents. Tuneup Masters funds the Plan for all covered employees. The employee pays for the cost of his dependents if dependent coverage is elected.
Mr. Granatelli, as the owner of Tuneup Masters, purchased excess or “stop-loss” insurance from NALAC. Under the policy NALAC reimburses the Plan for claims the Plan pays which exceed $30,000 for any covered individual during the policy year. From the end of 1983 through 1988 only four individuals out of an average of over 800 individuals covered by the Plan yearly submitted claims in excess of the $30,000 stop-loss coverage attachment point. NA-LAC has no authority to approve claims or otherwise to manage the plan and no authority to approve changes in the plan itself.
In 1985 the Plan was amended in response to the large expense of a premature birth. As amended the Plan excludes coverage for all newborn babies until the 31st day after birth. The Plan also excludes coverage for any baby which on the 31st day is disabled, hospitalized, or sick.
The Browns’ first child was born in January 1986. The child was premature with related physical problems requiring extensive medical care and treatment. The Browns’ second child was born in November 1986, also premature and with birth defects. He remained in the hospital until his death five months later. The Plan refused to pay for the children’s treatment because the expenses were incurred during the 30-day waiting period and because the children were not eligible for coverage because of their preexisting disabilities and hospital confinement.
The Browns then filed suit in state court against the Plan and Granatelli. The Plan and Granatelli removed the case to federal district court based upon the presence of a federal question and then joined NALAC as a third party defendant.
The parties stipulated that there were no genuine issues of material fact and moved for summary judgment. The Browns sought the denied benefits and other damages based upon two theories relevant to this appeal: that Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-2(E) required the Plan and NALAC’s policy to cover newborns and that the Plan was structurally defective because it did not. The district court denied the Browns’ motion for summary judgment and granted defendants’ motion, holding that ERISA preempted Article 3.70-2(E) and that the Plan was not structurally defective.
II
The Browns admit that if Article 3.70-2(E) by its letter applied directly to employee benefit plans, its application would be preempted by ERISA. In Metropolitan Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 105 S.Ct. 2380, 85 L.Ed.2d 728 (1985), the Supreme Court held that mandated-benefit laws directly applicable to employee benefit plans are preempted by ERISA. Id. at 735 n. 14, 747, 105 S.Ct. at 2387 n. 14, 2393. However, according to the Court, plans which purchase insurance can be indirectly regulated by mandated-benefit laws because ERISA does not prevent those laws from being applied to the insurance policies which plans purchase. Id. at 747 & n. 25, 105 S.Ct. at 2393 & n. 25. Although the facts of Metropolitan are distinguishable from the facts of this case — the insurance policies at issue in Metropolitan were group insurance policies purchased by plans for the plan participants and not stop-loss policies — the Browns argue that under Metropolitan Article 3.70-2(E) can be applied to the Plan indirectly through the stop-loss policy it purchased from NALAC. Article 3.70-2(E) cannot require the Plan to provide mandated coverage, and because we conclude that Article 3.70-2(E) does not apply to stop-loss insurance purchased by an employee benefit plan to insure that plan against catastrophic loss, we do not reach the ERISA preemption issues as to stop-loss insurance coverage.
III
Article 3.70-2(E) requires that
[n]o individual policy or group policy of accident or sickness insurance, ... which provides for accident and sickness cover[1354]*1354age of additional newborn children or maternity benefits, may be issued ... if it contains any provision excluding or limiting the initial coverage of a newborn infant for a period of time, or limitations or exclusions for congenital defects of a newborn child.
Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-2(E) (Vernon 1981). “Accident and Sickness insurance” is defined broadly as “any policy or contract providing insurance against loss from sickness or from bodily injury or death by accident or both.” Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-1(B)(3) (Vernon 1981).
NALAC argues that an insurance policy purchased by an employee benefit plan to protect that plan from catastrophic loss is not accident and sickness insurance even though it indirectly covers accident and sickness losses. NALAC argues that Article 3.70-2(E) only applies to insurance purchased for sick or injured individuals. With one important qualification, we agree.
Subchapter G of the Texas Insurance Code contains the provisions dealing with accident and sickness insurance. Few if any of these provisions can appropriately be applied to an insurance policy that reimburses an employee benefit plan for catastrophic loss and does not pay sick or injured persons. See Tex.Ins.Code Ann. 3.70-1 to -3 (Vernon 1981 & Supp.1989). The focus of Subchapter G is on protecting sick or injured individuals; Subchapter G has nothing to say about protecting employee benefit plans from catastrophic loss. The statement of purpose in Subchapter G is illustrative. It states:
The purpose of this Act shall be to provide for reasonable standardization, readability, and simplification of terms and coverages contained in individual accident and sickness insurance policies; to facilitate public understanding of coverages; to eliminate provisions contained in individual accident and sickness insurance policies which may be unjust, unfair, misleading, or unreasonably confusing in connection with the purchase of such coverages or with settlement of claims; and to provide for full and fair disclosure in the sale of accident and sickness coverages.
Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.70-1 (Vernon 1981). Article 3.70-2(E) fits this statutory scheme, and we decline to apply it to stop-loss insurance purchased by an employee benefit plan to protect itself against catastrophic loss. That is, we are persuaded that under Texas law stop-loss insurance is not accident and sickness insurance. Accord Cuttle v. Federal Employees Metal Trades Council, 623 F.Supp. 1154, 1157 (D.Me.1985) (holding that a stop-loss insurance policy is not group health insurance under Maine law); cf. United Food & Commercial Workers & Employers Arizona Health & Welfare Trust v. Pacyga, 801 F.2d 1157, 1161-62 (9th Cir.1986) (holding that because stop-loss insurance is not health insurance for plan participants, a plan which purchases such insurance is not an insured plan subject to state regulation under Metropolitan).
Article 3.70-2(E) prohibits health and accident insurance policy provisions that exclude or limit the coverage of newborns with congenital defects. The policy issued by NALAC contains no limiting provisions; NALAC reimburses the Plan for all the losses it incurs up to $1,000,000.00 per person in excess of the $30,000.00 per person stop-loss attachment point. The Plan, however, does not incur any losses because of newborns with congenital defects, and the state is preempted by ERISA from requiring the Plan to include those losses. Section 514(a) of ERISA preempts all state laws which “relate to” employee benefit plans. 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). At the same time, the preemptive effect of § 514(a) is limited by § 514(b)(2)(A), the “insurance savings clause,” which states that, with one exception, nothing in ERISA “shall be construed to exempt or relieve any person from any law of any State which regulates insurance, banking, or securities.” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A). The “deemer clause,” § 514(b)(2)(B), however, provides that no employee benefit plan “shall be deemed to be an insurance company ... or to be engaged in the business of insurance ... for purposes of any law of any state purporting to regulate insurance compa[1355]*1355nies.” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(B). Because of the deemer clause the Plan’s payments to beneficiaries cannot be considered insurance payments. Under Metropolitan the mandated benefit law cannot apply to the Plan itself, but only to health and accident insurance it purchases.
By adopting words of exclusion to express its purpose the Texas legislature plainly intended that coverage be mandated only when the primary coverage of a policy is for health and accident coverage. Here the primary coverage is for the Plan’s catastrophic losses. We find additional support for our decision in the language of Article 3.70-2(E) limiting the statute’s application to “individual” or “group” accident and sickness insurance policies. “Individual” policies are purchased by an individual for himself and his family. See Tex.Ins.Code 3.70-2(A)(3) (Vernon 1981). “Group” policies are purchased by an employer or other qualified organization for a group of individuals and their families. See Tex.Ins. Code 3.51-6, sec. 1(a) (Vernon Supp.1989). Read literally, the stop-loss policy purchased by the Plan is not an “individual” or “group” policy since it does not benefit individuals, but the Plan itself.
At the same time, we are wary lest an overly literal reading of the statute frustrate an otherwise manifest legislative purpose. We do not suggest that Article 3.70-2(E) can be avoided by naming an employee benefit plan as the insured on a policy which in reality insures the plan participants. If, for example, a plan paid only the first $500 of a beneficiaries’ health claim, leaving all else to the insurer, labeling its coverage stop-loss or catastrophic coverage would not mask the reality that it is close to a simple purchase of group accident and sickness coverage. We look beyond form to the substance of the relationship between the plan, the participants, and the insurance carrier to see whether the plan is in fact purchasing insurance for itself and not for the plan participants, recognizing that as insurance is less for catastrophic loss, it is increasingly like accident and sickness insurance for plan participants. In this case the fact that the Plan has only had to call on NALAC to reimburse it for its payments to four individuals in five years supports the Plan’s assertion that the insurance is for itself and not for the plan participants. In short, if the Plan were merely a conduit for claims from participants to NALAC we could not reach the same conclusion.
IV
In sum, we hold that Article 3.70-2(E) does not apply to an insurance policy which insures a plan against catastrophic losses. Because all of the Browns’ grounds for reversal derive from the failure of the Plan, Granatelli, and NALAC to comply with Article 3.70-2(E), the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Plan, Granatelli, and NALAC is
AFFIRMED.