IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS 444444444444 NO . 10-0374 444444444444
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE, HONORABLE MIKE GEESLIN, COMMISSIONER OF INSURANCE AND HONORABLE DANNY SAENZ, SENIOR ASSOCIATE COMMISSIONER, PETITIONERS, v.
AMERICAN NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY AND AMERICAN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF TEXAS, RESPONDENTS
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Argued September 14, 2011
JUSTICE MEDINA delivered the opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE HECHT did not participate in the decision.
The issue in this appeal is whether stop-loss insurance sold to self-funded employee health-
benefit plans is “direct health insurance” or “reinsurance.” The distinction is significant because
direct insurance is subject to state insurance regulation, while reinsurance is not. Reinsurance is not
regulated because it typically involves the reallocation of risk between two insurance companies
rather than a consumer-insurance transaction. The parties to this appeal disagree about whether an employer who self funds a health-benefit plan for its employees is an “insurer” under the Texas
Insurance Code, and therefore should be treated as a reinsurer when purchasing stop-loss insurance.
The court of appeals concluded that an employer’s self-funded plan was clearly an insurer
under the Texas Insurance Code and that a plan’s purchase of stop-loss insurance was also clearly
reinsurance beyond the regulatory scope of the Texas Department of Insurance. ___ S.W.3d ___,
___ (Tex. App.—Austin 2010) (mem. op.). The court accordingly reversed the trial court’s
judgment, which had sustained the agency’s regulation of the stop-loss policies at issue as direct
insurance. Because the regulatory agency did not clearly err in its regulation of these stop-loss
policies, however, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and render judgment for the agency.
I
American National Insurance Company and American National Life Insurance Company of
Texas (collectively American) are licensed to sell insurance in Texas. American sells stop-loss
insurance to self-funded employee health-benefit plans, among other types of policies. Under a self-
funded benefit plan, an employer assumes the risk of providing health insurance to its employees,
instead of ceding the risk to a third-party insurance company. The employer then either sets aside
funds for its employees’ covered medical expenses or pays for such expenses out of its general
accounts. Self-funded plans typically hire third parties to administer the plan and often purchase
stop-loss insurance to limit financial exposure to catastrophic losses.
During a routine audit, the Texas Department of Insurance discovered that American had sold
stop-loss policies between January 1998 and December 2002 without paying taxes or complying with
other regulatory requirements applicable to insurers. The Department later formally found that
2 American had violated article 3.10(a) of the Insurance Code by “improperly recording the direct
stop-loss policy premiums obtained from the self-insured employers as ‘assumed reinsurance,’”
rather than as “direct written premium.”1 The Department reasoned that, because self-funded
employers to which American sold its stop-loss policies were not themselves “insurers authorized
to do the business of insurance,” stop-loss coverage was not “assumed reinsurance.” The
Department further found that American had failed to pay assessments due the Texas Health
Insurance Risk Pool on these stop-loss policies in violation of article 3.77.2 Finally, the Department
found that American had failed to submit these policy forms to the Department for approval or to
request an exemption as required by the Administrative and Insurance Codes. See 28 Tex. Admin.
Code §§ 3.4002, 3.4004(e)(2)(J), and TEX . INS. CODE art. 3.42 (repealed).3
After exhausting its administrative remedies, American sued the Department, seeking
declaratory and injunctive relief. American contended that its stop-loss policies were reinsurance
over which the Department lacked regulatory authority. It asked the trial court to declare the
Department’s actions invalid and to enjoin the Department from enforcing its findings. The
Department, on the other hand, argued that American’s stop-loss policies were direct insurance
subject to the Texas Insurance Code and its regulatory authority. Both American and the Department
1 See Act of June 14, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 614, § 2, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 3468, 3468–69, repealed by Act of June 16, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 727, § 18(a)(3), 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1752, 2186-87.
2 See Act of June 16, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 1094, § 2, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 4484, 4484–91, repealed by Act of June 21, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 1274, § 26(a)(1), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 3611, 4138.
3 See Act of May 23, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 176, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 1889, 1889–92, repealed by Act of June 21, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 1274, § 26(a)(1), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 3611, 4138.
3 filed motions for summary judgment. The trial court granted the Department’s motion and denied
American’s, causing American to appeal.
In a memorandum opinion, the court of appeals concluded that self-funded employee health-
benefit plans were insurers under Texas law and that the stop-loss policies sold to the plans by
American were therefore reinsurance rather than direct insurance. ___ S.W.3d at ___. Moreover,
the court concluded that the Department’s contrary view was entitled to no deference because such
view was plainly inconsistent with the Insurance Code. Id. at ___. The court of appeals accordingly
reversed the trial court’s judgment, holding the Department’s findings of Insurance Code violations
to be invalid because American’s stop-loss policies, as reinsurance, were not subject to the
Department’s regulation. Id. at ___.
II
American contends that an employer who self funds a health-benefit plan for its employees
is an “insurer” in the “business of insurance” under the Insurance Code and therefore a reinsurer
when purchasing stop-loss insurance. According to American, the plan’s purchase of stop-loss
insurance is a redistribution of the risk assumed by the plan in the same sense as a reinsurance
contract is a redistribution of risk from one insurance company to another. Because reinsurance
contracts are not subject to regulation under the Insurance Code, American concludes that the
Department erred in categorizing its stop-loss policies as direct health insurance and requiring it to
comply with those provisions applicable to the sale of that kind of insurance.
The Department responds that reinsurance is the redistribution of risk between sophisticated
insurers in the business of insurance and that an employee health-benefit plan is neither as a matter
4 of law. Although an employee health-benefit plan may in some ways act like an insurer with respect
to the plan’s participants, the Insurance Code does not regulate it as one. Insurance purchased by
the plan is therefore not reinsurance, according to the Department. It is instead direct insurance in
the nature of health insurance because the stop-loss policies are purchased by the plans to cover
ultimate claims associated with their health-care expenses.
As the court of appeals acknowledged, the term “reinsurance” is not defined in the Insurance
Code. Moreover, the term’s common meaning has become confused over time by indiscriminate
use. As one authority has commented:
The term “reinsurance” has been used by courts, attorneys, and writers with so little discrimination that much confusion has arisen as to what that term actually connotes. Thus, it has so often been used in connection with transferred risks, assumed risks, consolidations and mergers, excess insurance, and in so many other connections that it now lacks a clean-cut field of operation.
1 ERIC MILLS HOLMES & MARK S. RHODES, HOLMES’ APPLEMAN ON INSURANCE § 2.15, at 317 (2d
ed. 1996). The Insurance Code also does not define stop-loss insurance. Stop-loss insurance,
however, has similarities with both excess insurance and reinsurance. See KENNETH THOMPSON ,
REINSURANCE 8 (4th ed. 1966) (“The self-insurer for economic stability and soundness will obtain
coverage which some may call ‘reinsurance’ but which is really of a type of ‘specific’ excess
insurance.”).
Under a stop-loss policy, the insurer agrees to reimburse a self-funded plan for healthcare
costs that exceed a contractually predetermined amount. The obligation generally takes one of two
forms: specific or aggregate. Specific stop-loss policies cover claims over a certain dollar amount
5 per employee, while aggregate stop-loss policies provide a cap for an employer’s overall liability for
all covered persons.
Similarly, excess insurance is an agreement to indemnify against any loss that exceeds the
amount of primary or other coverage. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Ins. Co. of N.
Am., 955 S.W.2d 120, 138 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997), aff’d sub nom. Keck, Mahin &
Cate v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 20 S.W.3d 692 (Tex. 2000). Reinsurance, on
the other hand, has been described as the transfer of all or part of one insurer’s risk to another
insurer, which accepts the risk in exchange for a percentage of the original premium. Stark v.
Geeslin, 213 S.W.3d 406, 410 n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.) (citing BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY 1290 (7th ed. 1999)). “The true reinsurer is merely an insurance company or
underwriter which deals only with other insurance companies as its policyholders.” Great Atl. Life
Ins. Co. v. Harris, 723 S.W.2d 329, 330 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, writ dism’d) (quoting
APPLEMAN , INSURANCE LAW AND PRACTICE § 7681, at 480 (1976)). Both direct insurance and
reinsurance reallocate risk with the principal distinction being the nature of the purchaser. Insurance
consumers reallocate their risk by purchasing direct insurance, both primary and excess, while
insurance companies reallocate the risks they assume by purchasing reinsurance.
Employers who self fund their employee health-benefit plans are clearly not insurance
companies, but they perform a similar service. This was enough for the court of appeals to conclude
that the self-insured employer is an insurer. The court observed that self-funded plans are insurers
under Texas law because they meet the broad definition of “insurer” found in the Insurance Code
chapter prohibiting the unauthorized business of insurance, and because much of what the plans do
6 comports with that same chapter’s definition of conduct constituting the “business of insurance.”
See ___ S.W.3d at ___ (quoting TEX . INS. CODE §§ 101.002(1)(A), 101.051).
The definitions used by the court of appeals are from Chapter 101 of the Insurance Code.4
The chapter’s stated purpose is to “subject certain insurers and persons to the jurisdiction of the
[insurance] commissioner and proceedings before the commissioner” and “the courts of this state
in suits by or on behalf of the state or an insured or beneficiary under an insurance contract.” TEX .
INS. CODE §§ 101.001(c)(1), (2). The legislative concern was that insurers were operating in this
state without authorization and, therefore, were evading the Code’s regulatory framework. Id.
§§ 101.001(a), (b)(4). The Legislature therefore broadly defined the terms “insurer” and “business
of insurance” to capture all unauthorized activity. The court of appeals use of the chapter’s
definitions here is somewhat ironic because it removes American’s stop-loss insurance from the
state’s regulatory authority.
Without question, self-funded employee health-benefit plans operate much like insurers.
Their activities not surprisingly then fit the definitions of “insurer” and “business of insurance”
found in the chapter designed to prohibit the unauthorized business of insurance. But that chapter’s
purpose is to extend the state’s regulatory authority to those conducting the business of insurance
in the state without authorization. That purpose does not include self-funded employee health-
benefit plans because they are not regulated like insurance companies.
4 During part of the relevant period these definitions were located in article 1.14-1 of the Code. See T EX . I N S . C O D E art. 1.14-1, § 2(a) (repealed).
7 Most private self-funded plans qualify as “employee welfare benefit plans” under the federal
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1). ERISA prohibits states
from deeming these self-funded plans “insurance compan[ies] or other insurer[s]” or “to be engaged
in the business of insurance” for purposes of state insurance regulation. Id. § 1144(b)(2)(B). Simply
put, states cannot regulate private self-funded insurance plans.5 Id.
While Chapter 101 defines insurer and the business of insurance, it does so only for purposes
of that particular chapter. Id. § 101.002. These definitions are not comprehensive or for all purposes
as the Insurance Code provides variations in different contexts. For example, the article that governs
insurance carrier licensing defines “insurer” as “the issuer of an insurance policy that is issued to
another in consideration of a premium and that insures against a loss that may be insured against
under the law.” TEX . INS. CODE § 801.001(2) (formerly TEX . INS. CODE art. 1.14, § 2).6 This
definition excludes self-funded employers, who do not issue policies for a premium. Although the
Department contends that the Legislature has left it to define the difference between stop-loss
insurance and reinsurance, it submits that this would have been a more sensible definition for the
court of appeals to have used in its analysis.
As we have previously observed, the “Insurance Code is somewhat different from Texas’s
other statutory codifications in that it is not a formal, unified Code containing uniform definitions.”
5 ERISA does not apply to self-funded plans of governmental entities and churches, but state law exempts those entities from regulation as well. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1003(b)(1), (2); T EX . B U S . O RGS . C O D E § 22.409 (exempting church plans); T EX . G OV ’T C O D E § 2259.037 (exempting governmental plans).
6 See Act of June 7, 1951, 52nd Leg., R.S., ch. 491, § 1, art. 1.14, 1951 Tex. Gen. Laws 868, 872, repealed by Act of May 22, 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1419,§ 31(a), 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 3658, 3662.
8 Dallas Fire Ins. Co. v. Tex. Contractors Sur. & Cas. Agency, 159 S.W.3d 895, 896 (Tex. 2004) (per
curiam) (citing Great Am. Ins. Co. v. N. Austin Mun. Util. Dist. No. 1, 908 S.W.2d 415, 424 (Tex.
1995)). In Dallas Fire, we considered a similar question regarding the contextual application of
Insurance Code definitions. There, the issue was whether former article 1.14-1's definition of
“business of insurance” applied equally to article 21.21, which provides a private cause of action for
unfair or deceptive acts in the “business of insurance.” Dallas Fire Ins. Co., 159 S.W.3d at 895.
A surety company argued that it was not in the business of insurance as used in article 21.21, despite
the fact that former article 1.14-1 defined the business of insurance to include the business of
suretyship. Id. at 896.
Former article 1.14-1 was the predecessor to the unauthorized insurance provisions now
found in Chapter 101 and contained essentially the same “business of insurance” definition. Indeed,
the language of the specified conduct constituting the business of insurance at issue in Dallas Fire
Insurance has not changed. Compare TEX . INS. CODE art. 1.14-1, § 2(a) (repealed),7 with TEX . INS.
CODE § 101.051. Former article 1.14-1, like Chapter 101, provided that, among other conduct, “[t]he
making of or proposing to make, as guarantor or surety, any contract of guaranty or suretyship as a
vocation and not merely incidental to any other legitimate business or activity of the guarantor or
surety” constituted the insurance business. TEX . INS. CODE art. 1.14-1, § 2(a)(2). In concluding that
the business of insurance for purposes of article 21.21 did not include suretyship, we relied on Great
American Insurance Company v. North Austin Utility District No. 1, where we said:
7 Act of May 28, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 254, § 1, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1573, 1573, repealed by Act of May 17, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 101, § 1, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 486, 525–26.
9 Nowhere in the “purpose” clause of article 1.14-1 did the Legislature indicate that the list of acts contained therein which constitute “doing an insurance business” was to apply throughout the Code. Rather, the purpose clause of article 1.14-1 points out that in defining “what constitutes doing an insurance business,” the Legislature was exercising its power to address its explicitly listed concerns. The expressed concerns do not evidence an intention to promulgate a uniform definition of the acts which constitute doing an insurance business; rather, they indicate concern that particular parties may escape the jurisdiction of the State Board of Insurance and evade suit by contractual beneficiaries.
Great Am., 908 S.W.2d at 423 (emphasis added). Applicable here is our observation that “‘the
business of insurance’ has meant different things in different sections of the Code.” Dallas Fire Ins.
Co., 159 S.W.3d at 896. Thus, unlike the court of appeals, we do not find Chapter 101's definitions
to be determinative in this case, and we must look elsewhere for guidance. The Department submits
that we should look to the statutes at issue in this case for the answer.
III
For more than a decade, the Department has categorized stop-loss coverage as direct
insurance (not reinsurance) subject to assessment by the Texas Health Insurance Risk Pool8 under
article 3.77 and subject to the reporting requirements of article 3.42. From 1998 to 2002, former
article 3.77 authorized the Pool to “assess insurers . . . for the [Pool’s] organizational and interim
operating expenses.” TEX . INS. CODE art. 3.77, § 13(a). For purposes of this assessment, the Code
defines “insurer” as:
[A]ny entity that provides health insurance in this state, including stop-loss or excess loss insurance. For the purposes of this article, “insurer” includes but is not limited
8 The “Risk Pool is a quasi-governmental entity [created by the Legislature] to provide affordable insurance to Texans who have pre-existing conditions or other high-risk conditions that might prevent them from obtaining insurance otherwise.” Tex. Health Ins. Risk Pool v. Sigmundik, 315 S.W .3d 12, 13 n.1 (Tex. 2010).
10 to an insurance company; . . . an insurer providing stop-loss or excess loss insurance to . . . any benefit arrangements to the extent permitted by [federal law] . . . .
Id. art. 3.77, § 2(11) (emphasis added). The Department argues that by including stop-loss insurance
in the above definition the Legislature intended to include it as a type of health insurance subject to
assessment by the Pool.9
The Department further submits that article 3.77's definition of “health insurance” is to the
same effect. Health insurance is defined to include “any hospital and medical expense incurred
policy . . . or any other health care plan or arrangement that pays for or furnishes medical or health
care services whether by insurance or otherwise.” Id. art. 3.77, § 2(7). Because stop-loss policies
are designed to cover claims for hospital or medical expenses that exceed a predetermined
attachment point, either individually or in the aggregate, the Department maintains that the policies
qualify as a “hospital and medical expense incurred policy” subject to assessment.10
Soon after the passage of article 3.77, the Department proposed a regulation instructing that
stop-loss and excess policies like American’s were subject to assessment. See 28 Tex. Admin. Code
§ 3.13001 (1999) (Tex. Dep’t of Ins.). The rule was open for public comment for 30 days before
adoption but no one questioned the rule’s explicit inclusion of stop-loss and excess-loss policies.
See 23 TEX . REG . 1309, 1311 (1998). Because this regulation is reasonable and consistent with
9 The Department similarly argues that stop-loss coverage as a form of health insurance was also subject to the reporting requirements of Texas Insurance Code article 3.42.
10 The Department further submits that its interpretation has been subsequently confirmed by the Legislature’s 2003 clarification that the term health insurance includes “stop-loss insurance or excess loss insurance or reinsurance.” See Act of May 29, 2003, 78th Leg. R.S., ch. 840, § 1, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2627, 2627.
11 article 3.77, the Department argues that it was entitled to deference. First Am. Title Ins. Co. v.
Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627, 632 (Tex. 2008).
American argues, however, that the Fifth Circuit has already determined under Texas law that
stop-loss insurance sold to self-insured employee health-benefit plans is not direct health insurance.
See Brown v. Granatelli, 897 F.2d 1351, 1354 (5th Cir. 1990) (concluding “that under Texas law
stop-loss insurance is not accident and sickness insurance”). Brown involved former article 3.70-
2(E), which required that accident-and-sickness insurance cover newborns from birth. TEX . INS.
CODE art. 3.70-2(E) (repealed). The underlying plan was an employee welfare-benefit plan within
the meaning of ERISA. Brown, 897 F.2d at 1352. The plan excluded coverage for all newborns
during the child’s first 31 days and thereafter for any child who was disabled, hospitalized, or sick
on the 31st day. Id. at 1353. The employer, however, also purchased stop-loss insurance to
reimburse the plan for claims paid that exceeded $30,000 for anyone covered during the policy year.
Id.
The plan refused to pay for medical costs associated with two premature births, and the
parents sued the employer and the plan, who joined the stop-loss insurer as a third-party defendant.
The parents admitted that ERISA prohibited the direct application of article 3.70-2(E) to the plan,
but argued that under Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724 (1985), the
provision could be applied to the plan indirectly through the stop-loss policy. The stop-loss insurer
argued that an insurance policy purchased by an employee-benefit plan to protect the plan from
catastrophic loss was not accident-and-sickness insurance even though it indirectly covered accident
12 and sickness losses. Neither argument attracted a majority of the court, although a majority did agree
that the stop-loss insurer was not liable. The court’s decision produced three separate opinions.
The lead opinion reasoned that the stop-loss policy was primary coverage for the plan’s
catastrophic losses rather than the individual losses of the group’s participants and therefore not
accident-and-sickness insurance to which the statute applied. Brown, 897 F.2d at 1354
(Higginbotham, J.). The lead opinion cautioned in dicta, however, that a stop-loss policy might be
an accident-and-sickness policy if coverage were to trigger at an unreasonably low amount: “If, for
example, a plan paid only the first $500 of a beneficiaries’ health claim, leaving all else to the
insurer, labeling its coverage stop-loss or catastrophic coverage would not mask the reality that it is
close to a simple purchase of group accident and sickness coverage.” Id. at 1355.
The dissenting justice complained that this distinction was “contrary to the substance of the
Texas Insurance Code, and unworkable as a standard for future cases.” Id. at 1356 (Brown, J.,
dissenting). The dissent agreed that ERISA preempted state law from regulating the group plan’s
content but did not agree that it also preempted regulation of the insurance company that sold the
stop-loss insurance to the plan. Id. at 1357. The dissent concluded that ERISA’s “insurance savings
clause” left the stop-loss insurer subject to state insurance law, despite the preemption of that law
as to the plan, under the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Metropolitan. Id. (citing Metropolitan, 471
U.S. at 740–41).
The third and final justice in Brown agreed with both of his colleagues that ERISA preempted
state law from requiring the benefit plan to cover newborns, and therefore the plan could not incur
losses for such claims. Id. at 1355 (Reavley, J., concurring). Because the stop-loss insurer had
13 agreed to reimburse the plan only for losses exceeding $30,000 and that trigger had apparently not
been reached, the third justice concurred in the judgment affirming the summary judgment for the
plan and its stop-loss insurer.
ERISA’s broad preemption provision provides that:
Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the provisions of this subchapter and subchapter III of this chapter shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan described in section 1003(a) of this title and not exempt under section 1003(b) of this title.
29 U.S.C. § 1144(a), ERISA § 514(a). This preemption provision, however, is modified by section
514(b), the “insurance savings clause,” which provides in pertinent part:
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to exempt or relieve any person from any law of any State which regulates insurance, banking, or securities.
29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A). Subparagraph (B) is the “deemer clause” that exempts plans from the
operation of state laws regulating insurance.
In Metropolitan, the Supreme Court concluded ERISA preempted the direct application of
mandated-benefit laws to employee-benefit plans, but it did not necessarily preempt their indirect
application to the insurance policies purchased by such plans. 471 U.S. at 736 & n.14, 747 & n.25.
In the context of that case, the Court observed that ERISA would cause insured and uninsured plans
to receive different treatment. Id. at 747. This distinction subsequently led courts to struggle with
the question of whether an employee health-benefit plan that self insures its members but also
purchases stop-loss insurance is functionally insured or self-insured. Such plans would appear to
be a bit of both. Some courts, like the lead opinion in Brown, have suggested that the answer lies
14 in whether the plan is predominantly insured or self-insured, but that approach has been criticized
as fundamentally misguided. See Russell Korobkin, The Battle Over Self-Insured Health Plans, or
“One Good Loophole Deserves Another,” 5 YALE J. HEALTH POL’Y L. & ETHICS 89, 115 (2005).11
Unlike Brown, the question in this case does not involve the extent of coverage under the
group health-benefit plan, either directly or indirectly, or the contractual relationship between a plan
and its stop-loss insurer. Instead, the questions are (1) whether the state can regulate stop-loss
insurers who contract with such plans, as it does other direct health-care insurers by requiring them
to contribute to the Pool and to submit their policies for approval, and (2) whether it has chosen to
do so. The answer to the first question is clearly yes under ERISA’s “insurance savings clause” and
the Supreme Court’s decision in Metropolitan. The answer to the second question is less clear, but
the Department’s longstanding interpretation of the statute is entitled to serious consideration.
IV
Our primary objective when construing a statute is to determine and give effect to the
Legislature’s intent. McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741, 745 (Tex. 2003). We begin with the
words the Legislature used because the surest guide to what lawmakers intended is what they
enacted. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 258 S.W.3d at 631. “‘If the statute is clear and unambiguous, we
11 “[W ]hether an EHBP maintains the actual insurance risk associated with employee illness bears no direct relevance to the question of whether the deemer clause, according to its text, prohibits state regulation of its members’ health insurance contracts. Courts need only ask which entity promises to pay the health care costs incurred by plan members. If the EHBP must pay these costs, and thus acts as an insurer of its employee’s health care, the state may not regulate the provisions of the employee-EHBP contract, and the plan is therefore ‘self-insured’ according to the Metropolitan Life dichotomy. If a third-party insurance company bears the insurance risk of the employee’s health care, the state may regulate the insurance contract, and the plan is therefore ‘insured’ under Metropolitan Life. W hether a self-insured plan does or does not purchase stop-loss insurance, or whether that stop-loss insurance has a low or high attachment point, is simply irrelevant, at least under a close reading of ERISA’s text.”
15 must apply its words according to their common meaning’ in a way that gives effect to every word,
clause, and sentence.” Id. (quoting State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006)). But when
a statute’s meaning is ambiguous, we frequently defer to administrative agencies’ statutory
interpretations. “Construction of a statute by the administrative agency charged with its enforcement
is entitled to serious consideration, so long as the construction is reasonable and does not contradict
the plain language of the statute.” Tarrant Appraisal Dist. v. Moore, 845 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tex.
1993). This is particularly true where the agency’s interpretation has been sanctioned by long
acquiescence. Stanford v. Butler, 181 S.W.2d 269, 273 (Tex. 1944).
If a statute is vague or ambiguous, we defer to the agency’s interpretation unless it is plainly
erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the statute. TGS–NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs,
340 S.W.3d 432, 438 (Tex. 2011). Our deference, however, is “tempered by several considerations.”
R.R. Comm’n of Tex. v. Tex. Citizens for a Safe Future & Clean Water, 336 S.W.3d 619, 625 (Tex.
2011). An administrative agency’s construction of a statute it implements ordinarily warrants
deference when: (1) the agency’s interpretation has been formally adopted; (2) the statutory
language at issue is ambiguous; and (3) the agency’s construction is reasonable. Id. (quoting Fiess
v. State Farm Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744, 747–48 (Tex. 2006)).12
12 The court of appeals here remarked that a court would be bound by an agency’s reading of a statute, if reasonable and in harmony with the rest of the statute. ___ S.W .3d at ___ (quoting City of Plano v. Pub. Util. Comm'n, 953 S.W .2d 416, 421 (Tex. App.— Austin 1997, no writ). Although we have never referred to an agency’s reasonable and harmonious reading of a statute as binding on the Court, we have acknowledged the agency’s interpretation to be worthy of “serious consideration” and “great weight.” See, e.g., Mid-Century Ins. Co. of Tex. v. Ademaj, 243 S.W .3d 618, 623 (Tex. 2007); Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W .3d 31, 51 (Tex. 2000).
16 The Legislature has chosen not to define the terms “stop-loss insurance” and “reinsurance”
in the Insurance Code. American, however, identifies provisions in the Code where the term
“reinsurance” is used in connection with self-funded plans in support of its argument that stop-loss
insurance is reinsurance. See, e.g., TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 845.406(f) (to protect against adverse claim
experience, a self-funded state employee benefit arrangement may secure reinsurance); TEX . INS.
CODE § 1551.208 (under Texas Employees Group Benefits Act, the board of trustees may reinsure
any coverage the board decides to self-insure out of its life, accident, and health insurance fund).
American contends these statutes express the Legislature’s view of stop-loss insurance as
reinsurance, which is beyond the Department’s regulatory authority. See id. § 101.053(b)(2).
The Department responds that the Legislature has used the terms reinsurance and stop-loss
insurance generally as shorthand for the redistribution of risk without defining them in any specific
or technical sense. See, e.g., TEX . INS. CODE § 846.053(h) (requiring multiple employer welfare
arrangements to purchase specific and aggregate stop-loss insurance); id. § 1506.107 (authorizing
pool to “contract for stop-loss insurance for risks incurred by the pool”); id. § 1508.261 (providing
the fund “may purchase stop-loss insurance or reinsurance from an insurance company licensed to
write that coverage in this state”); id. § 1506.002(a)(3) (defining a health care plan or arrangement
as “including stop-loss insurance or excess loss insurance or reinsurance for individual or group
health insurance or for any other health care plan or arrangement”).
Because the Insurance Code does not define these terms or use them consistently, the parties
are left to emphasize the provisions most favorable to their respective interpretations. Those
17 provisions yield competing plausible interpretations but no definitive answer under the Code. We
conclude then that the Insurance Code is ambiguous on how stop-loss insurance should be treated.
To fill the void, the Department submits that it has promulgated a rule instructing that stop-
loss and excess loss policies like American’s are in the nature of direct health insurance, not
reinsurance, and subject to assessment under former article 3.77. The Department reasons that
reinsurance is the redistribution of risk between sophisticated insurers in the business of insurance
and that an employee health-benefit plan is neither as a matter of law. Although an employee health-
benefit plan may in some respects act like an insurer with respect to the plan’s participants, the
Insurance Code does not regulate it as one, and ERISA generally precludes the Code from deeming
these plans to be insurers or in the business of insurance. 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a); FMC Corp. v.
Holliday, 498 U.S. 52, 61 (1990). The Department has therefore concluded that stop-loss insurance
purchased by a plan does not involve two insurers and is therefore not reinsurance. It is instead
direct insurance in the nature of health insurance because the stop-loss policies are purchased by the
plans ultimately to cover claims associated with their health-care expenses. The Department’s
construction is reasonable, was formally promulgated, and is not expressly contradicted by the
Insurance Code. We accordingly agree with the Department’s construction and hold that stop-loss
insurance sold to a self-funded employee health-benefit plan is not reinsurance, but rather direct
insurance subject to regulation under the Insurance Code.
*****
The court of appeals’ judgment is reversed, and judgment is rendered for the Department.
18 ________________________________ David M. Medina Justice
Opinion delivered: May 18, 2012