BPI, Inc. v. National Mutual Insurance Co.

773 S.E.2d 647, 235 W. Va. 303, 2015 W. Va. LEXIS 675

Opinion

WORKMAN, Chief Justice:

This matter is before the Court upon certified question from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky (hereinafter “District Court”). That court has certified two questions regarding retroactive application.of this Court’s decision in Cherrington v. Erie Insurance Property & Casualty Co., 231 W.Va. 470, 745 S.E.2d 508 (2013). This Court accepted the certified questions and docketed the matter for resolution. Upon review of the parties’ briefs and 'arguments, this Court answers the retro-activity issue presented in the first certified question and remands this matter to the' District Court for further proceedings.

I. . Factual and Procedural History

The underlying insurance dispute arose from a construction project in Prestonsburg, Kentucky, for which BPI, Inc. (hereinafter “BPI”), was the general contractor. In February 2008, American Towers LLC (hereinafter “American Towers”) hired BPI, a West Virginia contractor, to construct a 300-foot cell tower and cell tower compound, with an access road to the tower, using plans engineered and provided by American Towers. The access road collapsed within one year after the completion of the project, allegedly due to faulty workmanship of BPI and/or its subcontractors.

American Towers filed a civil- action against BPI, and BPI filed a cross-claim against Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company (hereinafter “Nationwide”), claiming that BPI’s potential liability was covered under the commercial general liability (hereinafter “CGL”) policy it had purchased from Nationwide. In response, Nationwide sought a declaration that it was not obligated to insure BPI for this incident. Subsequent to discovery, BPI and Nationwide filed cross-motions for summary judgment. 1

The District Court determined that West Virginia law should apply, based upon the residence of the named insured and the contract itself. The District Court also recognized that determinative issues in this case depend upon the application of West Virginia law regarding BPI’s insurance policy covering property damage .caused by ah “occurrence.” The District Court examined this Court’s holding in Cherrington and noted that damages arising from faulty workmanship had not been deemed damages caused by an “occurrence” prior to this Court’s Cherrington decision. See, e.g., Corder v. William W. Smith Excavating Co., 210 W.Va. 110, 116, 556, S.E.2d 77, 83 (2001); Erie Ins. Prop. & Cas. Co. v. Pioneer Home Improvement, Inc., 206 W.Va. 506, 512, 526 S.E.2d 28, 34 (1999) (“[Djamages to a building sustained by an owner as the result of a breach of a construction contract due to a contractor’s faulty workmanship are a business risk to be borne by the contractor and not by his commercial general liability insurer.”).

The 2013 Cherrington decision, issued after American Towers filed the underlying civil action against BPI, overruled several eases examined by the District Court, 2 holding as follows in syllabus point six:

Defective workmanship causing bodily injury or property damage is an “occurrence” under a policy of commercial general liability insurance. To the extent our prior pronouncements in Syllabus point 3 of Webster County Solid Waste Authority v. Brackenrich and Associates, Inc., 217 W.Va. 304, 617 S.E.2d 851 (2005); Syllabus point 2 of Corder v. William W. Smith Excavating Co., 210 W.Va. 110, 556 S.E.2d 77 (2001); Syllabus point 2 of Erie Insurance Property and Casualty Co. v. Pioneer Home Improvement, Inc., 206 W.Va. 506, 526 S.E.2d 28 (1999); and Syllabus point 2 of McGann v. Hobbs Lumber Co., 150 W.Va. 364, 145 S.E.2d 476 (1965), and their progeny are inconsistent with this opinion, they are expressly overruled.

231 W.Va. at 473, 745 S.E.2d at 511-12, syl. pt. 6. Thus, under ' Cherrington, defective workmanship may qualify as an occurrence, allowing resulting damages to be covered under a policy such ás BPI’s policy in this case.

In the certified questions presented to this Court, the District Court observes that at least a portion of BPI’s potential damages may arise from what could be characterized as defective workmanship. Thus, the District Court requests this Court to answer the question of whether our decision in Cherrington applies retroactively. Further, the District Court poses the question: “if Cherrington does not apply retroactively, and the road collapsed because it was poorly constructed, then does the collapse of the road nevertheless qualify as an ‘oqcurrence’?” For reasons ejqdained below, this Court holds that Cherrington applies retroactively.

II. Standard of Review

Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 51-1A-3 (2014),

the supreme court of appeals of West Virginia may answer a question of law certified to it by any court of the United States or by the highest appellate court or the intermediate appellate court of another state or of a tribe or of Canada, a Canadian province or territory, Mexico or a Mexican state, if the answer may be determinative of an issue in a pending cause in the certifying court and if there is no controlling appellate decision, constitutional provision or statute of this state.

This Court has consistently explained that “‘[a] de novo standard is applied by this court in addressing the legal issues present ed by a certified questions from a federal district or appellate court.’ Syl. Pt. 1, Light v. Allstate Ins. Co., 203 W.Va. 27, 506 S.E.2d 64 (1998).” Syl. Pt. 2, Aikens v. Debow, 208 W.Va. 486, 541 S.E.2d 576 (2000); see also Syl. Pt. 1, T. Weston Inc. v. Mineral Cnty., 219 W.Va. 564, 638 S.E.2d 167 (2006): Syl. Pt. 1, Feliciano v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 210 W.Va. 740, 559 S.E.2d 713 (2001); Syl. Pt. 1, Gallapoo v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 197 W.Va. 172, 475 S.E.2d 172 (1996). Likewise, in syllabus point one of Bower v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 206 W.Va. 133, 522 S.E.2d 424 (1999), this Court explained that we “undertaken plenary review of legal issues presented by certified question from a federal district or appellate court.” Under this plenary standard of review,' we proceed to consider this matter.'

III. Discussion

A. Holding of Cherrington: No Specific Reference to Retroactivity

As referenced above, this Court’s decision in Cherrington addressed the issue of defective workmanship causing bodily injury or property damage and held that such event is properly characterized as an “occurrence” under a CGL insurance policy. The Cherrington decision altered the law in West Virginia with regard to that issue, and the new principle was applied to the 2004 insurance policy under review in Cherrington. Beyond its decision to apply the new principle to the 2004 policy in that ease, this Court did not address the matter of retroactivity in Cherrington, and no reference- to past or future insurance policies was made.

B. Retroactivity of Judicial Decisions

This Court has wisely explained that we will not attempt to formulate a “single answer to questions that may arise on the issue of retroaetivity.” Adkins v. Leverette, 161 W.Va. 14, 20, 239 S.E.2d 496, 499 (1977). 3 In this Court’s scrutiny of concepts of retro-activity, however," discussions appropriately commence with the recognition that this Court, “like all courts in the country, adheres to the common law principle that, ‘[a]s a general rule, judicial decisions are retroactive in the sense that they apply both to the parties in the case before the court and to all other parties in pending eases.’ Crowe v. Bolduc, 365 F.3d 86, 93 (1st Cir.2004).” Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 225 W.Va. 128, 157, 690 S.E.2d 322, 351 (2009); see also Alaskan Vill., Inc. v. Smalley, 720 P.2d 945, 949 (Alaska 1986) (“Absent special circumstances, a new rule of law will apply in the case before the court and in all subsequent cases.”); Citicorp N. Am., Inc. v. Franchise Tax Bd., 83 Cal.App.4th 1403, 100 Cal. Rptr.2d 509, 525 (2000) (“[T]he general rule as to judicial opinions is that they are fully retroactive.”); Findley v. Findley, 280 Ga. 454, 629 S.E.2d 222, 228 (2006) (“[W]e shall continue to apply the general rule that a judicial decision announcing a new rule is retroactive[.]”); Aleckson v. Village of Round Lake Park, 176 Ill.2d 82, 223 Ill.Dec. 451, 679 N.E.2d 1224, 1226 (1997) (“Generally, when a court issues an opinion, the decision is presumed to apply ... retroactively [.]”); Dempsey v. Allstate Ins. Co., 325 Mont. 207, 104 P.3d 483, 489 (2004) (“Therefore today we reaffirm our general rule that [w]e give retroactive effect to judicial decisions.” (internal quotations and citation omitted)); In re Commitment of Thiel, 241 Wis.2d 439, 625 N.W.2d 321, 326 (Ct.App.2001) (‘Wisconsin generally adheres to the ‘Blackstonian Doctrine,’ which provides that a decision that clarifies, overrules, creates or changes a rule of law is to be applied retroactively.”).

Particularly relevant in the civil context, courts have consistently held that common law provides that appellate decisions are presumed to apply retroactively. Ireland v. Worcester Ins. Co., 149 N.H. 656, 826 A.2d 577, 580-81 (2003); see also Beavers v. Johnson Controls World Servs., Inc., 118 N.M. 391, 881 P.2d 1376, 1383 (1994) (“[W]e believe there should be a presumption that a new rule adopted by a judicial decision in a civil case will operate retroactively.”); Christy v. Cranberry Volunteer Ambulance Corps, Inc., 579 Pa. 404, 856 A.2d 43, 51 (2004) (“Our general principle is that we apply decisions involving changes of law in civil cases retroactively[.]”); State v. Styles, 166 Vt. 615, 693 A.2d 734, 735 (1997) (“We have previously adopted the common law rule that a change in law will be given effect while a case is on direct review, except in extraordinary eases. This rule applies whether the proceedings are civil or criminal.”).

In the United States Supreme Court’s decision in James B. Beam Distilling Co. v. Georgia, 501 U.S. 529, 111 S.Ct. 2439, 115 L.Ed.2d 481 (1991), a majority of the justices agreed that a rule of federal- law, announced and applied to the parties in the ease, must be' given full retroactive effect by all courts adjudicating federal law. Id. at 540, 111 S.Ct. 2439. The Court recognized the potential inequity of selective prospectivity, defined as a situation in which a court applies a new rule “in th'e case in which it is pronounced, then return[s] to the old one with respect to all others arising on facts predating the pronouncement.” Id. at 537, 111 S.Ct. 2439. The Court reasoned that selective prospectivity ignores the principle that “litigants in similar situations should be treated the same, a fundamental component of stare decisis and the rale of law generally.” Id. Retroactivity was recognized as “overwhelmingly the norm, and is in keeping with the traditional function of the courts to decide cases before them based upon their best current understanding of the law” Id. at 535, 111 S.Ct. 2439 (citations omitted).

These principles of retroactivity were expanded by the United States Supreme Court in Harper v. Virginia Department of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86, 113 S.Ct. 2510, 125 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993), and the Court explained that a controlling interpretation' of federal law “must be given full retroactive effect in all cases still open on direct review and as to all events, regardless of whether such events predate or postdate our announcement of the rule.” Id. at 97, 113 S.Ct. 2510. The Court noted that such rale extends the ban against selective application of new rules. Id. “[W]e can scarcely permit the substantive law to shift and spring according to the particular equities of individual parties’ claims of actual reliance on an old rule and of harm from a retroactive application of the new rale.” Id. at 97,113 S.Ct. 2510 (quotations and brackets omitted). The Court in Harper concluded that in the absence of an announcement that a decision is to have prospective effect only, “it is fairly assumed that the decision will apply prospectively and retroactively.” Id. at 98,113 S.Ct. 2510 (additional citation omitted). 4

Justice Harlan provided an illuminating allegory in his separate opinion in Williams v. United States, 401 U.S. 667, 91 S.Ct. 1171, 28 L.Ed.2d 404 (1971) (Harlan, J., concurring and dissenting), regarding the injustice of selective prospectivity. He explained that “[sjimply fishing one case from the stream of appellate review, using it as a vehicle for pronouncing new constitutional standards, and then permitting a stream of similar cases subsequently to flow by unaffected by that new rale” was inconsistent with proper judicial standards. Id. at 679, 91 S.Ct. 1171. Courts have consistently applied the settled principle of treating similarly-situated defendants in the same manner and attempting to refrain from leaving one to be a “chance beneficiary.” United States v. Johnson, 457 U.S. 537, 555-56 n. 16, 102 S.Ct. 2579, 73 L.Ed.2d 202 (1982). The United States Supreme Court emphasized that failure to apply new rales to pending eases creates an “actual inequity” through the court’s selection of “which of many similarly situated defendants should be the chance beneficiary of a new rale.” Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 323, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987) (citations omitted).

The concept of applying new rales to pending cases was also addressed in Forster v. North Dakota Workers Compensation Bureau, 447 N.W.2d 501 (N.D.1989), where the North Dakota court providing the following sound reasoning:

Thus a court upon considering the circumstances of the particular case may determine that an overruling decision should be given limited retroactive effect, so that the new rule, besides governing the rights of the parties to the overruling case, will govern the rights of parties to other cases which were pending when the overruling ease was decided, but that the old rale will still govern the rights of the parties which had been terminated prior to the time the overruling case was decided.

Id. at 505 n. 4.

This Court has also recognized the evolution of concepts of retroactivity and has noted that despite the common law rale of retro-activity of appellate judicial decisions, “[t]he courts of this country long have recognized exceptions to the rule of retroaetivity[.]” Ashland Oil, Inc., 177 W.Va. at 23, 350 S.E.2d at 534. This Court’s seminal ease regarding exceptions to retroactivity is Bradley v. Appalachian Power Co., 163 W.Va. 332, 256 S.E.2d 879 (1979). In Bradley, this Court altered the principles of contributory negligence and held that “[a] party is not barred from recovering damages in a tort action so long as his negligence or fault does not equal or exceed the combined negligence or fault of the other parties involved in the accident.” Id. at 332, 256 S.E.2d at 880, syl. pt. 3. The Court in Bradley overruled prior contributory negligence cases' to the extent that they were inconsistent with the newly announced principles. Id. at 343, 256 S.E.2d at 885. Within the Bradley opinion, this Court also addressed the matter of retroactivity of its decision and held as follows in syllabus point four: “Retroactivity of an overruling decision is designed to provide equality of application to the overruling decision because its new rule has been consciously designed to correct a flawed area of the law.” Id. at 332, 256 S.E.2d at 880, syl. pt. 4.

In syllabus point five’of Bradley, this Court enumerated several considerations in a determination of retroactivity, with the weight given to each factor to vary with the facts of a particular case.

In determining whether to extend full retroactivity, the following factors are to be considered: First, the nature of the substantive issue overruled must be determined.' If the issue involves a traditionally settled area of law, such as contracts or property as distinguished from torts, and the new rule was not clearly foreshadowed, then retroactivity is less justified. Second, where the overruled decision deals with procedural law rather than substantive, retroactivity ordinarily will be more readily accorded. Third, common law decisions, when overruled, may result in the overruling decision being given retroactive effect, since the substantive' issue usually has a narrower impact and is likely to involve fewer parties. Fourth, where, on the other hand, substantial public issues are in- . volved, arising from statutory or constitutional interpretations that represent a clear departure from prior precedent, prospective application will ordinarily be favored. Fifth, the more radically the new decision departs from previous substantive law, the greater then need for limiting retroactivity. . Finally, this Court will also look to the precedent of other courts which have determined the retroactive/prospective question in the same area of the law in their overruling decisions.

163 W.Va. at 332, 256 S.E.2d at 880, syl. pt. 5. Despite the adoption of these factors, this Court noted in Bradley that “while general guidelines can be evolved to determine whether retroactive or prospective application should be given to an overruling decision, it is difficult to etch them with precision so that they will fit all eases.” Id. at 348, 256 S.E.2d at 888. The Court ultimately found in favor of retroactivity of the new comparative negligence approach of Bradley. Id. at 351, 256 S.E.2d at 890.

Critically, the factors courts have adopted, such as those utilized by this Court in Bradley, “are premised on the presumption that normally, our decisions will be given retroactive effect. We employ the factors to determine whether equity requires a departure from the norm.” Baatz v. Arrow Bar, 426 N.W.2d 298, 300 (S.D.1988) (quoting Am. Jur.2d Courts § 233 (1965) (“the general rule in civil cases seems to be that unless the overruling decision declares that it shall have only prospective effect, [] the judicial overruling of a precedent has both prospective and retroactive effect.”)). 5

In applying the Bradley factors, this Court has “utilized principles of retroactivity in certain eases when we have created new principles of law which have marked a clear departure from our prior law.” City of Fairmont v. Pitrolo Pontiac-Cadillac Co., 172 W.Va. 505, 511, 308 S.E.2d 527, 533 (1983); see also Sitzes v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 169 W.Va. 698, 704, 289 S.E.2d 679, 683 (1982) (finding reversal to be “clearly foreshadowed ■by our decisions ... overruling other common law immunities, particularly family- immunities.”); Bond v. City of Huntington, 166 W.Va. 581, 276 S.E.2d 539 (1981).

In reviewing the Bradley factors, as applicable to the present case, this Court first examines the nature of the substantive issue overruled. Although the Cherrington decision overruled prior eases to the extent they were inconsistent with the holding in Cherrington, the definition of “occurrence,” particularly within the context of subcontractor work performance, was not an entirely settled area of the law. For example, the Corder decision held that “[p]oor workmanship, standing alone, cannot constitute an ‘occurrence.’ ” 210 W.Va. at 116, 556 S.E.2d at 83. This Court did not explain the meaning of “standing alone” in Corder and did not address issues regarding defective work performed by a subcontractor, as in Cherrington. 6 Thus, as BPI argues, the prior holdings did not settle the particular area of law addressed by this Court in Cherrington and presented in the current ease.

The second Bradley factor is easily resolved in this case; this is a. substantive matter, rather than a procedural one which is generally more likely to be applied retroactively. The third Bradley factor analyzes the impact of the decision, and we address the issue of whether Cherrington has a relatively narrow impact 'and is likely to affect only a few parties. As observed by-this Court in Richmond v. Levin, 219 W.Va. 512, 637 S.E.2d 610 (2006), a concern that “retroactively would revive all eases decided before the decision was reached” is not relevant. Id. at 518, 637 S.E.2d at 616.. This contention was rejected in Richmond, and. this Court explained that “[t]he issue of retroactivity .... is narrowly confined to cases pending ... when Louk [v. Cormier, 218 W.Va. 81, 622 S.E.2d 788 (2005)] 7 was decided.” 219 W.Va. at 518, 637 S.E.2d at 616. The Court in Richmond clarified that “we are not aware of any prior ‘civil’ decision of this Court that was made retroactive to cases in which the appeal period had expired.” Id. at 518-19, 637 S.E.2d at 616-17. 8

In the present case, retroactive application of Cherrington would affect a narrow portion of the law dealing specifically with insurance contracts where this type of provision becomes pivotal, and Cherrington is a common law decision, overruling and clarifying prior common law decisions that the Court believed to be flawed or incomplete. As in Sitzes, applying the judicial decision retroactively would “affect only a limited number of cases.” 169 W.Va. at 704, 289 S.E.2d at 683.

The fourth Bradley consideration is not particularly relevant to our inquiry in this case because Cherrington did not represent a change in statutory or constitutional law. Additionally, as addressed above, the Cherrington decision, while overruling prior cases to the extent they were inconsistent, did not involve substantial public issues. It merely addressed the narrow issue of whether faulty or defective workmanship, could constitute an “occurrence” under a CGL policy.

Similarly, the fifth Bradley factor requires this Court to address how radically the new decision departs from previous substantive law. As noted above and argued by BPI, the Cherrington decision concerned faulty workmanship performed by a subcontractor. The holding does not represent a radical departure from previous law in West Virginia or throughout the country. This Court’s decisions prior to Cherrington did not directly address the issue decided by Cherrington. The sixth Bradley faetor is closely connected to that inquiry, based upon the national recognition of evolving legal principles concerning whether faulty workmanship of a subcontractor constitutes ■ an occurrence. See Cherrington, 231 W.Va. at 479, 745 S.E.2d at 517 (“However, a majority of other states have reached the opposite conclusion [that ■faulty workmanship may constitute an occurrence]).” 9 In other jurisdictions applying recent changes regarding whether faulty workmanship constitutes an “occurrence,” courts have .applied the new principles to pending cases immediately. See, e.g., Trinity Homes LLC v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 864 F.Supp.2d 744, 748 (S.D.Ind.2012) (observing that precedential landscape had been altered by Indiana Supreme Court’s new judicial decision while case was pending and acknowledging that new principles regarding faulty workmanship characterized as accident would be applied).

In the present case, we also consider the insurer’s reliance interests and find'they do not mandate a finding of prospectivity of the Cherrington decision. Although this Court recognizes that retroactive application of Cherrington presents a degree of unfairness to insurers who have presumably set then-rates based upon a definition of “occurrence” which differs from that announced in Cherrington, this “is a problem which is always encountered when there is a change in the law brought about by judicial decision.” Suh v. Pingo Corp., 736 P.2d 342, 348 (Alaska 1987) (Matthews, J., dissenting).

Professor Keeton also addressed the effects ón liability insurers and the process of examining the competing interests involved in a retroactivity decision. His rationale for retroactive overruling is persuasive:

It is sometimes suggested that retrospectiye overruling in tort cases is unfair not only to the uninsured institutions but also to the liability’insurers whose rates have been set in reliance on precedent and to the group of policyholders who will pay higher than the compensatory, premiums in order to make,up for the losses the insurers suffered by collecting inadequate premiums over the period to which the overruled decision retrospectively applies. But’ the implications of this view make it wholly unacceptable.' First, its general acceptance would in effect disable courts from creative decisions in accident law. Second, the need for protection of the reliance interest is much less significant in this context than in the context of uninsured institutions, since the risk of disastrous impact upon a particular insurer is so much less serious. Some guarantee of this appraisal appears in the fact that ordinarily it is impossible to trace the impact of particular legal doctrines upon liability insurance rates. Also, even where the doctrinal change is one that might promptly affect rates, as in the case of overruling an immunity, a contrast between the reliance of an insurer and the reliance of an institution in not insuring remains. A single heavy judgment against an uninsured hospital would be more likely to spell catastrophe than the number of such judgments that would fall on a single insurer. .Moreover, there is a good prospect of the insurer’s spreading the loss among a group that comes fairly close to corresponding to the group of policyholders who might appropriately have been required to pay higher premiums if the overruling decision had been forecast.

Keeton, Creative Continuity in the Law of Torts, 75 Harv.L.Rev. 463, 492-93 (1962) (emphasis added, footnote omitted),

In the ease sub judice, an exception to the general rule of retroactivity is not warranted. This Court finds no reason to deviate from the conventional retroactivity precepts in the present case, and this action was pending at the time Cherrington was decided. We consequently hold that the determination regarding defective workmanship causing bodily injury or property damage contained in Cherrington v. Erie Insurance Property & Casualty Co., 231 W.Va. 470, 745 S.E.2d 508 (2013), should be applied retroactively to any pending claim. Thus, any ease that was not final at the time the Cherrington decision was rendered should have the benefit of our holding in Cherrington. Based upon our holding that Cherrington is retroactive to pending cases, the second certified question need not be addressed. 10

IV. Conclusion

The certified question having been answered, this case is remanded to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Kentucky for further proceedings.

Certified question answered.

1 . The parties' motions for summary judgment were denied without prejudice, pending the decision of this Court on the certification order.

2 . The policies in the overruled cases and the policy in the present case defined "occurrence” in nearly identical terms. See, e.g., Corder, 210 W.Va. at 116, 556 S.E.2d at 83; Pioneer Home Improvement, 206 W.Va. at 509, 526 S.E.2d at 31.

3 . Similarly, this Court acknowledged in Kincaid v. Mangum, 189 W.Va. 404, 432 S.E.2d 74 (1993), that "we continue to recognize that there is no one rule which will answer questions regarding the issue of retroactivity in every case....” Id at 416, 432 S.E.2d at 86.

4 . In a purely prospective ruling, “even the party who successfully litigates the issue does not benefit from the new rule." Ashland Oil, Inc. v. Rose, 177 W.Va. 20, 25 n. 10, 350 S.E.2d 531, 537 n. 10 (1986). Thus, all cases in which new rulings are applied to the litigants in that case must be characterized as at least partially retroactive. "Prospective application of a judicial decision is a departure from the general rule and is only appropriate in exigent circumstances." Paul v. Wayne Co. Dep’t of Pub. Serv., 271 Mich. App. 617, 722 N.W.2d 922, 924 (2006).

The various approaches to the issue of retroactivity were aptly summarized in Thompson v. Hagan, 96 Idaho 19, 523 P.2d 1365 (1974):

Three different approaches to retroactivity can be identified. The first approach is the traditional rule which is derived from the concept that courts do not pronounce new law, but only discover the true law. Under this approach there are no new decisions, but only clarifications of the true law which makes a decision applicable to both past and future cases. The second approach is the prospective rule. Under this rule a decision is effective only in future actions, and does not affect the rule of law in the case in which the new rule is announced. The third approach is the modified prospective rule which is a combination of the traditional and prospective rules. Under the modified prospective rule, the new decision applies prospectively and to the parties bringing the action resulting in the new decision; or, to the parties bringing the action and all similar pending actions.

Id. at 1371.

5 . Similarly, in Plumley v. Hale, 594 P.2d 497 (Alaska 1979), the Alaska court aptly explained:

Absent special circumstances, a new decision of this court will be given effect in the case immediately before the court, and will be binding in all subsequent cases in which the point in question is properly raised, regardless of the fact that the events to which the law is applied occurred prior to the actual decision of the Court. In a number of our cases however, we have recognized that on occasion, the interests of justice may demand that a new rule of law only be applied prospectively.

Id. at 502 (footnote omitted).

6 . In Chenington, this Court held that defective workmanship may qualify as an occurrence allowing damages resulting from the defective workmanship. This Court also held that although the “your work” exclusion in the CGL policy excludes coverage for the insured contractor’s work, such exclusion did not apply where the work at issue was performed by the insured’s subcontractor. See 231 W.Va. at 482, 745 S.E.2d at 520 (explaining that policy exclusion "specifically provides coverage for work performed by subcontractors by excepting it from ‘your work’ exclusion[.]”).

7 . In Louk, this Court held that the Medical Professional Liability Act's non-unanimous jury verdiet provision was unconstitutional. 218 W.Va. at 94, 622 S.E.2d at 801.

8 .It is somewhat intriguing to note that a parly in Richmond suggested the approach of allowing a court to simply decide each question anew, presumably in the same manner as previously decided, rather than choosing to characterize a prior judicial decision as retroactive. 219 W.Va. at 516 n. 5, 637 S.E.2d at 614 n. 5. The assertion was made that "this Court need not determine whether Louk applies retroactively, and could simply decide anew whether or not the statute is constitutional.” Id. This Court responded: "We decline to reinvent the wheel and will confine our analysis to the issue of retroactivity.” Id:

9 . The split in authority on this issue was readily apparent as early as 2003, as indicated by United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Continental Casualty Co., 353 Ark. 834, 120 S.W.3d 556 (2003). In that case, the court noted: .

[T]here is a split in the jurisdictions over whether'defective workmanship is an accident and therefore an “occurrence” which is covered under the terms of an insurance policy. See Heile v. Herrmann, 136 Ohio App.3d 351, 736 N.E.2d 566 (1999); Pursell Construction, Inc. v. Hawkeye-Security Ins. Co., 596 N.W.2d 67 (1999); Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Chester-O’Donley & Associates, Inc., 972 S.W.2d 1 (1998), R.N. Thompson & Associates, Inc. v. Monroe Guaranty Ins. Co., 686 N.E.2d 160 (1997); United States Fidelity & Guaranty Corp. v. Advance Roofing & Supply Co., Inc., 163 Ariz. 476, 788 P.2d 1227 (Ct.App.1989) (all holding that faulty or defective, workmanship is not an accident and therefore not an "occurrence” under the terms of an insurance policy). But see Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Maryland v. Hartford Casualty Ins. Co., 189 F.Supp.2d 1212 (D.Kan.2002); Colard v. American Family Mutual Ins. Co., 709 P.2d 11 (Colo.App. 1985) United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Bonitz Insulation Co. of Alabama, 424 So.2d 569 (1982) (all holding that faulty or defective workmanship is an accident and therefore an "occurrence” under the terms of an insurance policy).

120 S.W.3d at 563 n. 4; see also Am. Empire Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Hathaway Dev. Co., 288 Ga. 749, 707 S.E.2d 369, 371 (2011) (acknowledging "trend in a growing number of jurisdictions" to cover damage resulting from poor workmanship).

10 . " 'In a certified case, this Court will not consider certified questions not necessary to a decision of the case.' " “Syllabus Point 6, West Virginia Water Serv. Co. v. Cunningham, 143 W.Va. 1, 98 S.E.2d 891 (1957).” Syl. Pt. 7, Shell v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 181 W.Va. 16, 380 S.E.2d 183 (1989).