COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00375-CV
BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY APPELLANT
V.
RONALD NICHOLS APPELLEE
----------
FROM THE 17TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
OPINION ----------
This is an appeal from a jury verdict in favor of Ronald Nichols in his
Federal Employer’s Liability Act (FELA) suit against BNSF Railway Company.1
In three issues, BNSF contends that there is no evidence that Nichols’s
degenerative disc disease was caused by getting on and off moving railcars, that
1 During the period relevant to this suit, Nichols worked for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway (the Santa Fe), which in 1995 became BNSF through merger. Thus, all references to Nichols’s employer are to BNSF unless stated otherwise. the trial court erroneously denied BNSF’s requested jury instructions on general
and specific causation, and that the jury’s negligence finding is not supported by
the evidence because a cumulative trauma injury was not foreseeable. We
affirm.
Background
Nichols worked as a switchman between 1979 and 1995.2 A switchman
separates railcars from a train coming into the yard and moves them to different
tracks based on their ultimate destination. While Nichols was employed as a
switchman, he was required to mount and dismount moving railcars about twenty
times per day on a slow day, or thirty to thirty-five times on a busy day.3 He was
trained in doing so safely and was provided a rule book describing how to do so.
Nichols became an engineer in 1995 and from that time until 2007 no longer
mounted and dismounted moving rail cars.
In 2004, Nichols began having knee pain; in conjunction with his treatment,
the doctor took a lumbar x-ray of Nichols’s spine, which showed no
abnormalities. Nichols began having neck and shoulder pain in 2005 and went to
see a different doctor in 2006. Because an MRI of his neck showed some disc
herniation and degeneration, that doctor prescribed Advil.
2 During 1983–85, Nichols was furloughed and intermittently worked for the company’s bridges department instead; he also attended engineer’s school, so he was not continuously working as a switchman during the entire period. 3 Sometimes, Nichols also worked as a brakeman, which involved getting on and off moving railcars, but to a much lesser extent.
2 In 2007, Nichols began seeing Dr. Dan Eidman for his neck and back pain,
and he eventually had surgery to repair the discs in his neck. Nichols stopped
working for BNSF that same year; Dr. Eidman had already “pulled [him] out” of
work before the surgery.
Nichols sued BNSF under FELA, alleging that he had suffered “cumulative
trauma injuries” because of BNSF’s negligence in allowing him to “mount and
dismount moving equipment.” A jury awarded Nichols $1,560,740, including an
award of $399,000 for past medical expenses; the trial court granted a motion to
exclude the past medical expenses and rendered judgment for Nichols for
$1,163,960.4
Causation
In its first issue, BNSF contends that there is no evidence that getting on
and off moving equipment (GOOME) caused Nichols’s injuries. Included in
BNSF’s discussion of its first issue is the argument that the testimony of Nichols’s
expert, Dr. Eidman, was unreliable.
Applicable Law
Under FELA, every railroad engaging in interstate commerce is liable in
damages to any employee injured during his employment when such injury
results in whole or in part from the railroad’s negligence or by reason of any
defect or insufficiency due to its negligence. See 45 U.S.C.A. § 51 (West 1988);
4 The final judgment award includes $2,220 in court costs.
3 Union Pac. R.R. v. Williams, 85 S.W.3d 162, 165 (Tex. 2002); Neloms v. BNSF
Ry., No. 02-09-00281-CV, 2011 WL 944434, at *1 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth Mar.
17, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.). To prevail on a FELA claim, a plaintiff must show
that the railroad did not use reasonable care when it could have reasonably
foreseen harm. Union Pac., 85 S.W.3d at 165–66; Neloms, 2011 WL 944434, at
*2. The defendant’s duty is “measured by what a reasonably prudent person
would anticipate as resulting from a particular condition.” Union Pac., 85 S.W.3d
at 166 (quoting Gallick v. Balt. & Ohio R.R., 372 U.S. 108, 118, 83 S. Ct. 659,
665–66 (1963)).
The test for causation under FELA is more relaxed than the common law
standard. CSX Transp., Inc. v. McBride, 131 S. Ct. 2630, 2636 (2011); see
Union Pac., 85 S.W.3d at 168. The test of causation under FELA is whether the
railroad’s negligence “played any part, even the slightest, in producing the injury
or death for which damages are sought.” CSX Transp., Inc., 131 S. Ct. at 2636,
2644 (citing Rogers v. Mo. Pac. R.R., 352 U.S. 500, 506, 77 S. Ct. 443, 448
(1957)); Union Pac., 85 S.W.3d at 168; Neloms, 2011 WL 944434, at *2. Despite
the lower burden under FELA, a plaintiff still bears the burden of presenting
evidence from which a jury could conclude the existence of a probable or likely
causal relationship as opposed to merely a possible one. Abraham v. Union Pac.
R.R., 233 S.W.3d 13, 17 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied)
(citing Edmonds v. Ill. Cent. Gulf R.R., 910 F.2d 1284, 1288 (5th Cir. 1990)), cert.
denied, 522 U.S. 1312 (2008). The causal link between an event sued upon and
4 the plaintiffs’ injuries must be shown by competent evidence. Abraham, 233
S.W.3d at 17.
Although Nichols’s claim is pursuant to a federal statute, the trial court
must follow state procedure in determining the reliability of expert testimony.
Id. at 18; see Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406 (Tex.), cert.
denied, 525 U.S. 1017 (1998). To be admissible into evidence, an expert
witness’s testimony must, among other things, be reliable. E.I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 565 (Tex. 1995). The expert must
be qualified, and the testimony must be relevant and be based on a reliable
foundation. Id. at 556. Expert testimony is unreliable if (1) it is not grounded in
the methods and procedures of science and is thus no more than subjective
belief or unsupported speculation, or (2) there is too great an analytical gap
between the data upon which the expert relies and the opinion he offers. Cooper
Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mendez, 204 S.W.3d 797, 800 (Tex. 2006). The purpose of
the reliability determination is not to decide whether the expert’s conclusions are
correct, but only whether the analysis used to reach them is reliable. Exxon
Pipeline Co. v. Zwahr, 88 S.W.3d 623, 629 (Tex. 2002).
Evidence
Nichols
During Nichols’s testimony, his attorney played a video that showed
railroad workers engaged in GOOME that was filmed for Burlington Northern
(also a predecessor of BNSF) in 1992. Nichols testified that he did the same
5 thing that the person in the video did. According to Nichols, the step down from
the cars to the ballast (the gravel on which the track sits) was “a good” two feet
off the ground. Nichols stated that stepping onto ballast was not like stepping
onto flat ground and that “[y]ou could twist one way or another like stepping off
on a golf ball.” Nichols said that he had never been hurt doing so, however.
Nichols said that after stepping down, he had to take a few steps, depending on
how fast the cars had been moving.
Nichols also testified from a 1992 report admitted into evidence; the report
is from an ergonomics manager at Burlington Northern, Bill Barbre. For the
report, Barbre analyzed video recordings of workers engaged in GOOME and
attempted to estimate the total body forces that would occur during GOOME at
different speeds. Nichols testified that he had stepped off moving cars at as
much as ten miles per hour, which is higher than the eight miles per hour
maximum that Barbre used for his calculations.5 Nichols testified from a chart
attached to the report that total forces on a body from getting off a moving car at
four miles per hour were 8.8 times a person’s body weight, at six miles per hour
were 11.2 times a person’s body weight, and at eight miles per hour were fifteen
times a person’s body weight.6 Barbre characterized the total body forces of
5 The maximum speed at the Temple yard where Nichols worked was ten miles per hour, so Nichols did not GOOME at speeds higher than ten miles per hour. 6 The chart also shows that total body forces from getting off stopped equipment was 5.2 times a person’s body weight.
6 fifteen times a person’s body weight at eight miles per hour as “extreme.” For a
two hundred pound man, this would amount to three thousand pounds of total
body force.
Although the Santa Fe stopped GOOME in 1993, Nichols testified that the
practice did not cease in the Temple yard where he worked until 1995.
According to Nichols, production slowed when the practice was stopped in 1995;
he did not believe the practice was allowed so long for the convenience of the
workers but to speed up production. Nichols testified that although the Santa Fe
Middle Division issued a safety circular in 1988 stating that “[g]etting on or off
moving equipment should be avoided whenever possible,” the Temple yard was
not included in that division, and the Temple yard did not prohibit or discourage
GOOME until 1995.7
Lawrence Fleischer
Lawrence Fleischer, the BNSF corporate representative and an
ergonomist, testified that the only company document he could find regarding
why GOOME was stopped was a notice to employees from the Chairman,
President, and CEO Jerry Grinstein and the Executive Vice President of
Operations Jack Chain that the company (Burlington Northern at the time) was
7 BNSF admitted into evidence a 1993 rules pamphlet from the Santa Fe indicating that GOOME was prohibited except as allowed by Operating Circular or in cases of emergency. According to Nichols, an Operating Circular either was or may have been issued for the Temple yard extending the practice of GOOME there until 1995.
7 ceasing the practice of GOOME for safety reasons. The notice says that
Burlington Northern is ceasing the practice of GOOME because it is an inherently
dangerous work practice. But Fleischer testified that GOOME is not inherently
dangerous. Fleischer was familiar with an Association of American Railroads8
study showing that during 1979–86, getting on and off equipment was the main
cause of lost-time injuries to railway workers. However, Fleischer clarified that
the report does not specify whether the injuries were acute or cumulative trauma
injuries. Moreover, Fleischer said that it is hard to tell whether a chart in the
report showing injuries occurring from mounting and dismounting equipment
applies to moving or stopped equipment, or both.
According to Fleischer, the Barbre study was initiated to convince the
railyard workers of the wisdom of discontinuing GOOME. Fleischer said that his
problem with the Barbre study was that Barbre did not take into account that the
men getting on and off moving railcars were still hanging onto the cars by their
arms so that the total body force would not be distributed solely on the lower
body.9 Fleischer testified that he spoke with Barbre, and all of the injuries that
were discussed in the report were acute, not cumulative trauma, injuries. The
report states that Burlington Northern had a fifty to sixty percent reduction in
8 Fleischer agreed that Burlington Northern and the Santa Fe were both members of the AAR, and BNSF is still a member. 9 Later, however, Fleischer testified that he was not sure whether the study took this fact into account.
8 accidents from getting on or off equipment within a year after stopping GOOME,
which Fleischer says also supports his discussion with Barbre that the events
referred to in the report are acute trauma events. Fleischer also agreed that the
report showed that forty-three accidents still occurred from GOOME even after
equipment was required to be stopped.
Fleischer testified that as a trained ergonomist, when looking for
cumulative trauma risk, he would look for an action that would happen repetitively
every thirty seconds or so, like the actions performed by a machinist or factory
worker. According to Fleischer, GOOME is not the type of high force activity that
would cause cumulative trauma. However, he admitted that the cut-off level for
just how much force or repetition can cause injury is not known. Fleischer also
admitted that as an ergonomist, not a doctor, he could not opine as to what
caused Nichols’s injuries.
Fleischer testified that he had never seen a study concluding that GOOME
causes degenerative disc disease and that the Barbre report is the only study
that has tried to calculate the forces involved in GOOME.
Dr. Dan Eidman
Dr. Dan Eidman, an orthopedic surgeon who treated Nichols, testified by
video deposition. Dr. Eidman performed a cervical fusion on Nichols’s neck in
November 2007, a lumbar fusion on his low back in June 2008, and surgery to
repair Nichols’s left rotator cuff in June 2009. In Dr. Eidman’s opinion, the
injuries necessitating the surgeries were due to repetitive usage. Nichols’s
9 counsel read a definition of cumulative trauma injuries from a 1989 article,
Cumulative Trauma Disorders, which Dr. Eidman agreed with: “a collective term
for syndromes characterized by discomfort and impairment, disability or
persistent pain in joints, muscles, tendons and other soft tissues, with or without
physical manifestations.” According to Dr. Eidman, this definition means that a
patient could have symptoms in more than one joint or area of the spine without
any “obvious physical findings” on examination. He also stated that a person
with the syndrome may have an injury due to repetitive trauma that has yet to
manifest itself. Dr. Eidman testified that cumulative trauma disorders have been
recognized “for many, many years” and that he had treated them since the
beginning of his practice.10 Dr. Eidman said that cumulative trauma injuries are
recognized by the United States government, specifically NIOSH,11 the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Nichols’s attorney questioned Dr. Eidman about a NIOSH article that
describes how to diagnose repetitive trauma injury. Dr. Eidman answered that
[t]he article indicates that part of the diagnosis would involve evaluating the patient for objective findings on physical examination, subjective symptoms, as well, would be important, and then it goes on to say examples of positive physical findings, include positive
10 At the time of his deposition, Dr. Eidman had been an orthopedic surgeon for thirty years. 11 NIOSH is the federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness and is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kuiper v. Givaudan, Inc., 602 F. Supp. 2d 1036, 1047 n.4 (N.D. Iowa 2009).
10 maneuvers that are used quite often in our exams in orthopedic examination surgery, as well as any localized physical findings, such as redness or joint deformity or loss of motion.
Nichols’s counsel also questioned Dr. Eidman about a 1997 article from the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, entitled Musculoskeletal Disorders
and Workplace Factors, a Critical Review of Evidence for Work-Related
Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity and Lower Back.12
Dr. Eidman agreed with the following statement from the article:
“Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors found that there is evidence
for a causal . . . relationship between highly-repetitive work and . . . neck and
shoulder musculoskeletal disorders.” He also agreed with a second statement
from the article: “There is strong evidence that low-back disorders are
associated with work-related lifting and forceful movements.”
Dr. Eidman testified to treating football players with cumulative trauma
injuries. He said he makes his diagnosis in these cases when the person has a
history of playing high school or college football, shows up five or ten years later
with complaints of neck, back, or shoulder pain, and an MRI shows a tear in the
cartilage, meniscus, or ligament. According to Dr. Eidman, “most of those
patients do fairly well for several years after their initial injuries, until such time
that they’ve had enough activity to increase the symptoms and aggravate those
12 Although the trial court pre-admitted this article as an exhibit, it is not included in the reporter’s record. A note in the index states, “Defendant’s Exhibit 33-D was not tendered to the Court Reporter at the time of trial, therefore, was not considered during jury deliberation . . . .”
11 areas.” He believed the cause of their injuries was the direct contact and the
“running and cutting” they do when playing. Dr. Eidman said such injuries are
common in his practice.
Dr. Eidman testified that he had also treated joggers with knee problems
that he attributed to constant vibration from running. He had also treated people
with tennis elbow due to repetitive use of the elbow combined with wrong
technique. Dr. Eidman testified that it is common for people who do heavy lifting
and manual labor to sustain back or neck injuries due to the repetitive nature of
their work and that he treats quite a few people like that. Dr. Eidman agreed that
these people’s injuries do not manifest right away but may take quite a while.
Dr. Eidman testified that in his practice, he had treated about one hundred
railroad workers with cumulative trauma injuries to their neck or back or shoulder,
which he believed were a result of GOOME. Dr. Eidman relied on the 1992
Barbre report in formulating his opinion on causation. According to Dr. Eidman,
GOOME at the speeds shown in the video would cause force to a person’s
lumbar and cervical spine region. Dr. Eidman believed that if a person performed
GOOME as shown in the video twenty times a day, over time he would suffer an
injury in his lumbar and cervical spine. Dr. Eidman testified that getting on
equipment could also cause a rotator cuff injury because the person would have
to pull his whole body weight to get on the train. According to Barbre’s report,
GOOME at eight miles per hour could put more force on a person’s body than
gymnastic vaulting. In Dr. Eidman’s opinion, Nichols’s specific activity as a
12 switchman for BNSF––including engaging in GOOME twenty to thirty-five times
per day over an approximately fourteen-year period––“would contribute to his
symptoms and conditions in the neck and back and shoulder.” Dr. Eidman
agreed that his opinion would be consistent with the articles referenced in the
deposition, which he said he relied on in forming his opinion.
On cross-examination, Dr. Eidman admitted that he had not done any
research or studies on cumulative trauma injuries or on GOOME. Dr. Eidman
had not read any of Barbre’s testimony on the 1992 study, nor had he heard or
read anything Lonn Hutcheson––the contractor who actually performed the
study––has said about the study. Dr. Eidman did not know whether the Barbre
study had been peer reviewed, and he did not know of any peer-reviewed study
concluding that GOOME causes cumulative trauma injury. But Dr. Eidman said
that it was his understanding that GOOME is generally accepted as causing
cumulative trauma because the railroads changed their policies allowing their
employees to do it. Dr. Eidman had no opinion or basis for saying how much a
person must GOOME before doing so will cause cumulative injury to the neck or
shoulders. Dr. Eidman did not know the extent to which the theory that GOOME
can cause cumulative trauma injury had been tested, and he agreed that other
factors play a part in degenerative disc disease, such as genetics, age, weight,
and general physical condition. Dr. Eidman agreed that no studies show
degenerative disc disease can result from running and that, in fact, it is generally
recognized that exercise such a jogging has a preventative component for
13 diseases such as degenerative disc disease. Dr. Eidman also agreed that he
would have expected Nichols’s symptoms to manifest themselves before thirteen
years had passed.13
Dr. Eidman agreed that Nichols had a Type 2 curvature of his acromion, 14
which could have predisposed him to the shoulder problem. He also testified that
at least eighty-five percent of people thirty-five or forty and older have
degenerative disc disease. He also agreed that there are a lot of unknowns
surrounding degenerative disc disease and that the relationship between
physical force and degenerative disc disease is unknown. He agreed that there
is “zero literature” connecting GOOME to musculoskeletal disorders in general,
and degenerative disc disease specifically. Dr. Eidman made no effort to
quantify the force to which Nichols was exposed and did not know just how much
force would be required to cause his injuries.
Dr. Eidman testified on redirect that he saw probably a couple hundred
people who had worked at the railroad and who he thought had problems due to
GOOME. When asked whether he knew of evidence that Nichols had any
genetic history of degenerative disc disease, he answered, “I don’t believe so.”
13 Contrary to these calculations, Nichols testified that he ceased work as a switchman in 1995, and he first experienced neck pain in 2005. 14 The acromion is “[t]he lateral extension of the spine of the scapula [shoulder blade] that projects as a broad flattened process overhanging the glenoid fossa [cavity in the scapula].” Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 19, 764, 1725 (28th ed. 2006).
14 According to Dr. Eidman, he would not expect a fifty-year old man to have the
type of advanced changes he saw in Nichols’s back; Dr. Eidman thinks GOOME
accelerated the changes. Dr. Eidman did not think Nichols’s weight was a factor
in his injury, nor did he have any evidence that Nichols was a runner and could
have injured himself that way.
Dr. Eidman testified that Nichols told him his symptoms were worse at
work. Nichols had gone to work for the railroad as a young man and never had
another job. In Dr. Eidman’s opinion, based on his experience as an orthopedic
surgeon and on the articles mentioned above, the forces to which Nichols was
subjected during GOOME are the cause of his injuries to his back, neck, and
shoulders. He explained that the cause of cumulative trauma injury is the
amount of force plus the time the force is exerted. Taking those two factors into
account with Nichols’s testimony, he was likely exposed to about thirty seconds
of GOOME per day.
After Nichols’s counsel rested, BNSF moved for a directed verdict on no-
evidence of causation. The gist of BNSF’s argument is that no study supported
Dr. Eidman’s testimony, Dr. Eidman did not rule out other causes of Nichols’s
injuries, and Dr. Eidman’s opinion is merely based on his ipse dixit testimony.
The trial court denied the motion.
Analysis
To uphold the jury’s verdict on causation, there must be some probative
evidence that work such as Nichols performed would play at least a small part in
15 bringing about his injuries. See Huffman v. Union Pac. R.R., 675 F.3d 412, 425
(5th Cir. 2012). Thus, we look for probative evidence that Nichols’s degenerative
disc disease is the kind of injury than can occur from the railroad’s negligently
allowing him to GOOME in the course of his work as a switchman. Id.
In Huffman, the plaintiff contended that his osteoarthritis in the knees was
caused by his work as a trainman, which included GOOME. Id. The Fifth Circuit
panel stated that “[a]t best, there was evidence that the kind of work trainmen
did, if not performed properly, could increase the chances of musculoskeletal
disorders.” Id. The fatal flaw in that case was that there was no evidence listing
osteoarthritis in the knees as a musculoskeletal disorder that could occur from
performing the type of work he did as a trainman.15 Id.
Here, as in Huffman, there was probative evidence of the type of work
Nichols did and the type of injuries he has. According to BNSF, Nichols was
required to also provide evidence of (1) epidemiological studies showing that
mounting and dismounting moving railway cars can cause degenerative disc
disease and (2) the amount of force Nichols himself experienced when getting on
and off moving railcars.
“Cumulative trauma disorder refers not to one specific injury, but to
numerous disorders caused by the performance of repetitive work over a long
15 Judge Dennis dissented from the majority opinion, concluding that the doctors’ testimony including broad definitions of musculoskeletal disorders was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict on causation grounds. Huffman, 675 F.3d at 431 (Dennis, J., dissenting).
16 period of time.” Myers v. Ill. Cent. R.R., 629 F.3d 639, 643 (7th Cir. 2010);
Gutierrez v. Excel Corp., 106 F.3d 683, 686 (5th Cir. 1997). These types of
disorders result from wear and tear on the body, and they can be the product of
many factors. Myers, 629 F.3d at 643; Gutierrez, 106 F.3d at 686.
In determining causation of an injury through differential etiology,16 the
doctor rules in all the potential causes of a patient’s ailment and then by
systematically ruling out causes that would not apply to the patient, the physician
arrives at what is the likely cause of the ailment. Myers, 629 F.3d at 644. There
is nothing controversial about that methodology. Id.; Tamraz v. Lincoln Elec. Co.,
620 F.3d 665, 673–74 (6th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 2454 (2011). The
question of whether it is reliable under Daubert is made on a case-by-case basis,
focused on which potential causes should be “ruled in” and which should be
“ruled out.” Myers, 629 F.3d at 644. Calling something a “differential diagnosis”
or “differential etiology” does not by itself answer the reliability question but
prompts three more: (1) Did the expert make an accurate diagnosis of the nature
of the disease? (2) Did the expert reliably rule in the possible causes of it? and
(3) Did the expert reliably rule out the rejected causes? If the court answers “no”
to any of these questions, the court must exclude the ultimate conclusion
reached. Tamraz, 620 F.3d at 674.
16 This term is often also referred to as differential diagnosis. Myers, 629 F.3d at 644.
17 In a FELA case involving lateral epicondylitis (an elbow injury), the First
Circuit held that the testimony of an orthopedic surgeon specializing in repetitive
stress injuries was reliable when the surgeon had treated the plaintiff, used
differential diagnosis to determine causation, had regularly diagnosed repetitive
stress injuries, and had treated about 100–150 cases of lateral epicondylitis per
year. Granfield v. CSX Transp., Inc., 597 F.3d 474, 485–87 (1st Cir. 2010). The
court also held that the expert’s causation testimony was sufficient to support the
jury’s verdict for the plaintiff. Id. at 487. Similar to this case, the expert had
testified that it is well known that repetitive motion causes lateral epicondylitis
and that the amount of force and repetition required before injury occurs is
unknown. Id. at 485. In addition, the expert in that case did not rely on peer-
reviewed studies, which the court concluded was not conclusive under Daubert.
Id. at 486 (“The mere fact of publication, or lack thereof, in a peer-reviewed
journal is not a determinative factor in assessing the scientific validity of a
technique or methodology on which an opinion is premised.”); see also Daubert
v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 593, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 2797 (1993)
(“Publication (which is but one element of peer review) is not a sine qua non of
admissibility. . . .”).
We believe this case is more similar to Granfield than Huffman.
Dr. Eidman testified that as a thirty-year orthopedic surgeon, he treated many
patients with degenerative disc disease, which is caused by repetitious and
forceful movements. He ruled out weight, genetics, other activity, and Nichols’s
18 general condition; he also testified that age itself was not a factor in that he would
not have expected to see the kind of injury he saw with Nichols from a fifty-year-
old man. Thus, we conclude that Dr. Eidman’s experience in his practice and the
methodology he used to determine causation were sufficient to render his expert
opinion testimony reliable and also sufficient to sustain Nichols’s burden of
proving causation under the standard applicable to FELA cases.17 See
Granfield, 597 F.3d at 485–87; Hardyman v. Norfolk & W. Ry., 243 F.3d 255,
261–67 (6th Cir. 2001); see also Synar v. Union Pac. R.R., No. 12-99-00428-CV,
2001 WL 1263573, at *11 (Tex. App.––Tyler 2001, pet. denied) (not designated
for publication) (determining that doctors’ testimony that ulnar neuropathy was
caused by repetitive use of hands and arms in operating hand brakes and switch
equipment was sufficient to prove causation). We therefore overrule BNSF’s first
issue.
Jury Charge
BNSF contends in its second issue that the trial court erred by refusing to
include the following instructions on general and specific causation in the jury
charge:
17 In contrast to the doctors in Myers, Dr. Eidman was well aware of Nichols’s history and had reviewed materials, such as the Barbre report and the video showing GOOME, specifically related to the type of work Nichols performed. 629 F.3d at 645. Additionally, Dr. Eidman’s testimony is the type of testimony that was missing in Lewis v. CSX Transp. Inc., 778 F. Supp. 2d 821 (S.D. Ohio 2011), in which the district court granted summary judgment because of a lack of scientific evidence, including studies, linking the plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome and his work on a ballast regulator.
19 In order to establish that exposure to getting on and off moving equipment caused [Nichols’s] back, neck and/or shoulder conditions, Plaintiff must prove by reliable scientific evidence that such cumulative exposure generally causes these conditions and that his exposure specifically caused such conditions. . . .
In order to prove specific causation to getting on and off moving equipment, Plaintiff must exclude, with reasonable certainty, other plausible causes of his conditions such as age, genetics, other activities, or no known cause. . . .
Plaintiff must establish [Nichols’s] level of exposure using techniques subject to objective, independent validation in the scientific community. He must also prove that such exposure/dose was sufficient to cause his conditions. . . .
The charge here was substantially similar to the charge recently reapproved by
the United States Supreme Court, as BNSF acknowledges in its reply brief. See
CSX Transp., 131 S. Ct. at 2640–41. Thus, we overrule its second issue.
Foreseeability
In its third issue, BNSF argues that there was no or insufficient evidence
that GOOME was a defective work practice or that it had a reasonable
opportunity to correct it before it caused injury to Nichols. According to BNSF,
Because there is no evidence to this day that GOOME can cause degenerative changes to the cervical or lumbar discs (or could cause a rotator cuff tear over a decade later), [the Santa Fe] could not have known of the possibility when Nichols worked as a switchman from 1979-1995.
Nichols’s testimony that he was required to engage in GOOME is evidence that
the railroad was aware of the practice; thus, the disputed question is whether the
railroad knew or should have known that GOOME created a likelihood that an
employee could suffer injuries to the neck, back, and shoulder.
20 Reasonable foreseeability of harm is an essential ingredient of a
negligence action under FELA. CSX Transp., 131 S. Ct. at 2643. The jury in
such a case must be asked whether the carrier failed to observe “that degree of
care which people of ordinary prudence and sagacity would use under the same
or similar circumstances.” Id. Reasonable foreseeability, then, depends on
whether the carrier had a reasonable ground to anticipate that a particular
condition would or might result in a mishap and injury. Id.; Union Pac., 85
S.W.3d at 166. The test is whether the railroad was or should have been aware
of conditions which created a likelihood that the employee would suffer the type
of injury he did. Rogers, 352 U.S. at 503, 77 S. Ct. at 447; Union Pac., 85
S.W.3d at 166, 169. However, once negligence is proven, the carrier is liable for
damages, regardless of whether the full extent of the injury or the manner in
which it occurred was probable or foreseeable. Rogers, 352 U.S. at 503, 77 S.
Ct. at 447; Union Pac., 85 S.W.3d at 166, 169. In other words, “[t]he test of
foreseeability does not require that the negligent person should have been able
to foresee the injury in the precise form in which it in fact occurred.” E.g.,
Green v. River Terminal Ry., 763 F.2d 805, 808 (6th Cir. 1985). Under FELA, “a
tortfeasor must compensate his victim for even the improbable or unexpectedly
severe consequences of his wrongful act.” Gallick, 372 U.S. at 120–21, 83 S. Ct.
at 667.
In evidence was a December 1987 AAR Research Report, which shows
that AAR was researching how to reduce injuries in railroad workers. The report
21 states that trainmen and yardmen suffered the most injuries and that one of the
major causes was “getting on an[d] off cars and locomotives.” The report further
indicates that AAR was involved that year in providing ergonomic and safety
programs for railroads. Specifically, one of the programs assisted in redesigning
jobs to minimize the chance for overexertion injuries. This program was primarily
aimed at lifting activities, but was “not restricted to lifting” and also applied to
“lowering, pushing, and pulling tasks.” The report also states about railroad jobs
in general that “[t]he chances for injuries from over[]exertion are high in such
jobs.” The report also addresses force and compression in the lower back as
concerns.
Another AAR study was also in evidence, An Ergonomic Investigation of
Railroad Yard Worker Tasks; it is undated, but it relies on 1986 and 1987 data. A
chart attached to the report lists lower extremity injuries, upper extremity strains,
and back sprains as typical injury types for mounting and dismounting cars. A
contributing factor to such injuries was listed as “[s]peed of train.” That study
followed a small group of workers in one railyard, who experienced less injuries
from mounting and dismounting cars than had been reported nationwide. Even
so, those workers reported “that they slipped and fell while mounting or
dismounting, suffering strains and sprains of the torso and lower extremities as a
result.”
Although BNSF’s ergonomist testified that GOOME did not involve the kind
of rapid repetitive activity that he looked for in considering the cause of
cumulative trauma, the jury had evidence to rely on in determining that the
railroad should have known that GOOME caused a significant risk of injury to
railyard workers, specifically overexertion-type injuries. That there are no studies
22 specifically linking GOOME and degenerative disc disease does not diminish the
evidence that the railroad industry was aware of the types of risks involved in
railyard work (and GOOME), that it was working on changing work methods to
minimize the occurrence of such injuries, and that those injuries were not limited
to acute injuries but included injuries from overexertion. Cf. Allenbaugh v. BNSF
Ry., No. CV-09-3086-LRS, 2011 WL 2182430, at *4 (E.D. Wash. June 6, 2011)
(denying summary judgment motion because plaintiff produced evidence of
foreseeability sufficient to create a fact issue); Cook v. CSX Transp., Inc., 557 F.
Supp. 2d 1367, 1373–74 (M.D. Fl. 2008) (same). We overrule BNSF’s third
Conclusion
Having overruled all three of BNSF’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
TERRIE LIVINGSTON CHIEF JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and WALKER, JJ.
DELIVERED: June 21, 2012