Blackbird Tech LLC v. Health in Motion LLC

944 F.3d 910

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: December 16, 2019
• Docket: 18-2393
• Status: Published

Opinion

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

BLACKBIRD TECH LLC, DBA BLACKBIRD TECHNOLOGIES, Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

HEALTH IN MOTION LLC, DBA INSPIRE FITNESS, LEISURE FITNESS EQUIPMENT LLC, Defendants-Appellees ______________________

2018-2393 ______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California in No. 2:17-cv-03488-R-GJS, Senior Judge Manuel L. Real. ______________________

Decided: December 16, 2019 ______________________

JEFFREY AHDOOT, Blackbird Tech LLC, Boston, MA, ar- gued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by WENDY VERLANDER; STAMATIOS STAMOULIS, Stamoulis & Weinblatt LLC, Wilmington, DE.

WILLMORE F. HOLBROW, III, Buchalter, A Professional Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, argued for all defendants- appellees. Defendant-Appellee Health In Motion LLC also represented by CHRISTINA LE TRINH, Irvine, CA. ______________________ 2 BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC

Before PROST, Chief Judge, WALLACH and HUGHES, Circuit Judges. WALLACH, Circuit Judge. Appellant Blackbird Tech LLC (“Blackbird”) sued Ap- pellees Health In Motion LLC (“HIM”) and Leisure Fitness Equipment LLC (“Leisure”) (together, “Appellees”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, and later transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Central Dis- trict of California, for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,705,976 (“the ’976 patent”) owned by Blackbird. Af- ter more than nineteen months of litigation, Blackbird vol- untarily dismissed its suit with prejudice and executed a covenant not to sue, after which Appellees were granted attorney fees and expenses in the amount of $363,243.80. Blackbird Tech LLC v. Health In Motion LLC, No. 2:17-cv- 03488-R-GJS (C.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2018) (Order) (J.A. 17– 20). Blackbird appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1) (2012). We affirm. BACKGROUND In October 2016, Blackbird sued Appellees in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (“Delaware Dis- trict Court”) for infringement of the ’976 patent. J.A. 418– 28 (Original Complaint). 1 The ’976 patent relates to “exer- cise equipment,” ’976 patent col. 1 l. 11, and more

1 Blackbird is an entity owned and controlled en- tirely by attorneys, see Oral Arg. at 3:53–4:25, http://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl= 2018-2393.mp3, whose business model consists of purchas- ing patents and monetizing them “through litigation,” J.A. 1258–59 (Declaration of Blackbird’s Vice President and Head of Litigation). BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC 3

particularly to “[e]xercise equipment including a housing having a structural surface defining an arcuate path” and “multiple pairs of pulleys positioned along the arcuate path, each pair of pulleys having passed between them a cable the proximal end of which is located outside the curved path, the distal end of the cable being coupled to a source of resistance within the housing,” id., Abstract. In March 2017, Appellees filed a motion to transfer to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California (“District Court”). J.A. 28. The Delaware District Court granted Appellees’ motion to transfer in April 2017. Black- bird Tech LLC v. TuffStuff Fitness, Int’l, Inc., No. 1:16-cv- 00733–GMS, 2017 WL 1536394, at *1 (D. Del. Apr. 27, 2017) (J.A. 536, 547); see id. at *1 n.2 (explaining that “HIM has incorporated by reference TuffStuff’s arguments in its motion to transfer . . . , therefore the court’s memo- randum and order will apply to both cases”). In June 2017, Blackbird offered to settle its case against Appellees for $80,000. J.A. 2069. Appellees de- clined Blackbird’s offer, explaining that Blackbird’s “in- fringement allegations lack[ed] merit” “[i]n view of the substantial differences between what is claimed in the [’]976 [p]atent and the accused device,” viz., HIM’s M1 Multi-Gym. J.A. 2070; see J.A. 1176, 1185–86 (User Man- ual for the M1 Multi-Gym). 2 Appellees also explained that they “believe[d] there [was] a strong likelihood” that Black- bird would be ordered to pay Appellees’ attorney fees, and countered with a settlement offer that included, inter alia, Blackbird “mak[ing] a payment of $120,000” to Appellees.

2 HIM “designs, markets[,] and sells fitness equip- ment,” including the M1 Multi-Gym, “throughout the United States.” J.A. 561. Leisure “operates numerous re- tail outlets, throughout the [United States], where it sells various types of physical fitness equipment, including the M1 [Multi-Gym].” J.A. 561. 4 BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC

J.A. 2070. In October 2017, Blackbird made another set- tlement offer, this time for $50,000. J.A. 2241; see J.A. 1440 (“Blackbird’s counsel . . . made an oral offer to settle the case if [Appellees] paid Blackbird $50,000.”). Again, Appellees declined. J.A. 1140, 2241. In April 2018, Blackbird offered to settle yet again, this time for $15,000. J.A. 1440. Appellees once again declined, “maintain[ing] their request that Blackbird pay a portion of [Appellees’] expenses[.]” J.A. 1440. Later that same month, and again the following month (May 2018), Blackbird offered “a ‘walk-away’ settlement whereby [Appellees] would receive a license to the [’976] patent for zero dollars, and the case would be dismissed.” J.A. 2239 (describing the April 2018 offer), 2539 (describing the May 2018 offer). Once again, Appellees declined. J.A. 2239; see J.A. 2239–40 (Black- bird’s Vice President and Head of Litigation stating that “[Appellees], through counsel, have rejected all settlement offers by Blackbird . . . , including the zero-dollar ‘walk- away’ offer. . . . I understand the reasoning for this to be that [Appellees] have a belief that they will ultimate[ly] be awarded their legal fees after judgment in this matter”). In May 2018, shortly before discovery was scheduled to end, Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment. J.A. 555–75 (Motion for Summary Judgement). Blackbird opposed, J.A. 1215–45, but, after Appellees’ motion was fully briefed, and without notifying Appellees in advance, Blackbird filed a notice of voluntary dismissal with preju- dice, J.A. 1338–39 (Notice of Voluntary Dismissal), exe- cuted a covenant not to sue, J.A. 1334–35 (Covenant Not to Sue), and filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject mat- ter jurisdiction, J.A. 1323–28 (Motion to Dismiss). 3 See

3 In its Motion to Dismiss, Blackbird argued that be- cause it issued Appellees a “covenant not to sue on all claims of [the ’976 patent],” “no case or controversy exists BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC 5

J.A. 1441 (Appellees’ lead counsel explaining that “Black- bird’s counsel never mentioned that he intended to file a covenant not to sue. . . . Blackbird surprisingly filed a No- tice of Dismissal, Covenant Not to Sue[,] and Motion to Dis- miss”); Oral Arg. at 20:19–20:38 (Appellees’ counsel stating that Appellees “didn’t even get a call from Blackbird, [Ap- pellees] just saw . . . on the [CM/]ECF [system] that [Black- bird] had filed these documents dismissing the case”). In June 2018, the District Court dismissed Blackbird’s claims with prejudice and denied Blackbird’s Motion to Dismiss, while authorizing Appellees to “seek to recover their costs, expenses, and/or attorney[] fees.” J.A. 1383– 85. That same month, Appellees filed a motion for attorney fees and expenses, J.A. 1386–87 (Motion for Attorney Fees and Expenses), 1390–1417 (Memorandum in Support of Motion for Attorney Fees and Expenses), requesting $357,768.50 in attorney fees and $5,475.30 in expenses, J.A. 1417. In September 2018, the District Court issued its Order granting Appellees’ Motion for Attorney Fees and Expenses for the total requested amount of $363,243.80. J.A. 17–20. DISCUSSION I. Standard of Review and Legal Standard By statute, a “court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.” 35 U.S.C. § 285 (2012). “[A]n ‘exceptional’ case is simply one that stands out from others with respect to the substantive strength of a party’s litigating position (considering both the governing law and the facts of the case) or the unrea- sonable manner in which the case was litigated.” Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545, 554 (2014). “[T]here is no precise rule or formula for

between the parties,” and thus “the case has been mooted, and should be dismissed.” J.A. 1324; see J.A. 1325–27. 6 BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC

making these determinations”; instead, district courts “may determine whether a case is ‘exceptional’ in the case- by-case exercise of their discretion, considering the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). On appeal, we “review all aspects of a district court’s § 285 determination for abuse of discretion.” Highmark Inc. v. Allcare Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 572 U.S. 559, 561 (2014). A district court abuses its discretion when it “‘base[s] its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.’” Rothschild Connected Devices Innovations, LLC v. Guardian Prot. Servs., Inc., 858 F.3d 1383, 1387 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting Highmark, 572 U.S. at 563 n.2). “A factual finding is clearly erroneous if, despite some supporting evidence, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We apply Federal Circuit case[]law to the § 285 analysis, as it is unique to patent law.” Digeo, Inc. v. Au- dible, Inc., 505 F.3d 1362, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). II. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Concluding that This Case Is “Exceptional” Under 35 U.S.C. § 285 Considering the “totality of the circumstances,” the District Court found that Blackbird’s case against Appel- lees is “exceptional within the meaning of [§] 285 and Oc- tane Fitness.” J.A. 18. Specifically, the District Court determined that Blackbird’s case against Appellees is “ex- ceptional” because it “stand[s] out from . . . others with re- spect to” both “the substantive strength of [Blackbird’s] litigation position” and “the unreasonable manner in which the case [was] litigated” by Blackbird. J.A. 17–18. The District Court also found that “granting a fee award [was] warranted” in this case “to deter future abusive litigation.” J.A. 19. Finally, the District Court concluded that BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC 7

Appellees’ requested award of $363,243.80 was reasonable considering each attorney’s “comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” J.A. 19 (citing Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)). We review each of the District Court’s determinations in turn. A. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Determining that This Case “Stands Out” with Respect to the Lack of Substantive Strength in Blackbird’s Litigation Position The District Court found that Blackbird’s litigation po- sition was “meritless” and “frivolous.” J.A. 18–19. Specifi- cally, the District Court determined that “[w]hen challenged on the merits, [Blackbird] raised flawed claim construction and infringement contentions,” and ulti- mately “did not prevail on the merits . . . because [Black- bird] dismissed its claims with prejudice, and submitted a covenant not to sue on the eve of trial.” J.A. 18. Blackbird argues, however, that its “claim construction and infringe- ment positions were eminently reasonable, and likely cor- rect.” Appellant’s Br. 19; see id. at 19–29. We disagree with Blackbird. Independent claim 1 of the ’976 patent requires a “housing” that includes a “structural surface defining a prescribed concave arcuate contour” that: (1) delimits an inside, i.e., “within the housing,” and an “outside” of the “housing,” ’976 patent col. 16 ll. 45–52; and (2) includes “at least three cable exit points . . . each . . . having [a cable] passed therethrough,” i.e., from “within the housing” to “outside” the “housing,” id. col. 16 ll. 43–45. 4 Additionally, independent claim 1 requires that a “common source of

4 Blackbird alleged, in its Original and Amended Complaints, that HIM infringed “at least [independent] claim 1 of the ’976 patent.” J.A. 425, 520; see J.A. 426–27, 521–23, 534. 8 BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC

resistance” be provided “within the housing.” Id. col. 16 ll. 50–51. Before the District Court, Blackbird proposed to construe the term “housing” as a “part designed to shelter, cover, contain, or support a component.” J.A. 1231. Even accepting Blackbird’s proposed construction, the accused device does not include a “housing” that meets the require- ments of independent claim 1. For example, to the extent the alleged “housing” of the M1 Multi-Gym includes a “con- cave[,] arcuate” “structural surface,” the cables of the ac- cused device are not “passed therethrough,” i.e., from “within the housing” to “outside” the “housing,” at even a single “exit point.” Compare ’976 patent col. 16 ll. 41–52, with J.A. 422, 517, 1176, 1185–86. 5 Rather, the cables of the M1 Multi-Gym are arranged outside of the alleged “housing,” passing through a series of pulleys and flanges provided on the outside surfaces of the M1’s tubular frame members. See J.A. 422–25, 517–20, 1176, 1185–86. More- over, a “common source of resistance” is not provided “within” the alleged “housing” as required by independent claim 1. Instead, the weights of the M1 Multi-Gym are housed within a separate structural component. See J.A. 422, 517, 1176. 6

5 Before the District Court, Blackbird argued that the “housing” of the M1 Multi-Gym “consists of a ‘heavy- duty round tubular steel’ frame,” that includes: (1) “up- right supports”; (2) a “center upright brace”; and (3) a “main upright.” J.A. 1240; see J.A. 1176–86 (depicting the M1 Multi-Gym). 6 Blackbird contends that the District Court’s deci- sion should be vacated, because the “District Court never construed any claim element of the asserted patent.” Ap- pellant’s Br. 15. In light of the material differences be- tween the claims of the ’976 patent and the accused device, even accepting Blackbird’s proposed constructions, “[c]laim construction was unnecessary before finding BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC 9

Blackbird’s counterarguments are unpersuasive. First, Blackbird argues that “the record compels a reversal as a matter of law because . . . the District Court did not find Blackbird’s arguments objectively baseless (merely ‘flawed’), and that is insufficient to support an award of fees[.]” Appellant’s Br. 9. However, the District Court’s finding that Blackbird’s “claim construction and infringe- ment contentions” were “flawed,” is only a single consider- ation among the totality of circumstances considered by the court in concluding that Blackbird’s litigation position lacked substantive strength. J.A. 18; see J.A. 18–19; see also Octane Fitness, 572 U.S. at 554–55 (explaining that “there is no precise rule or formula” for determining whether a case “stands out from others with respect to the substantive strength of a party’s litigating position”; in- stead, district courts may make this determination “in the case-by-case exercise of their discretion, considering the to- tality of the circumstances” (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)). Second, Blackbird argues that “[t]here is simply no ba- sis for finding that Blackbird should have known its litiga- tion position was purportedly weak,” Appellant’s Br. 19, as “neither [Appellees] nor the District Court put Blackbird on adequate notice of the purported weakness of its posi- tion to support an award of fees,” id. at 9. The District Court was not obliged to advise Blackbird of the weak- nesses in its litigation position, and further, while a “lack of . . . early notice . . . can support a denial of attorney[] fees,” “we have not held that such notice is rigidly re- quired.” Thermolife Int’l LLC v. GNC Corp., 922 F.3d 1347, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2019). Moreover, the exercise of even a modicum of due diligence by Blackbird, as part of a pre-suit

noninfringement in this case[.]” Lumen View Tech. LLC v. Findthebest.com, Inc., 811 F.3d 479, 483 (Fed. Cir. 2016); see J.A. 18 (finding that the “[’976] patent isn’t infringed”). 10 BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC

investigation, would have revealed the weaknesses in its litigation position. See Bayer CropScience AG v. Dow Agro- Sciences LLC, 851 F.3d 1302, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (“We cannot say that the district court erred in reasoning that had [the plaintiff] conducted a more searching pre-suit in- vestigation . . . it would have not filed suit. Nor did the dis- trict court err in treating pre-suit diligence as a factor in the totality-of-the-circumstance approach[.]”). It is also un- clear what effect, if any, notice would have had on Black- bird’s conduct, as Blackbird waited until the “eve of trial” to dismiss its suit, J.A. 18; see J.A. 33, 35–36, despite being aware of Appellees’ non-infringement contentions months before, see Appellant’s Br. 5. At a minimum, Blackbird was aware of Appellees’ in- tention to seek attorney fees and expenses as early as De- cember 2016, when, in answering Blackbird’s Original Complaint, Appellees requested attorney fees and ex- penses. J.A. 510. While this request may not have pro- vided the “focused” and “supported” notice that we have looked for in other cases, Stone Basket Innovations, LLC v. Cook Med. LLC, 892 F.3d 1175, 1181 (Fed. Cir. 2018), it undermines Blackbird’s attempt to blame others, including the District Court, for it being purportedly unaware of the weaknesses in its litigation position. Accordingly, the Dis- trict Court did not abuse its discretion in determining that this case “stands out” with respect to the lack of substan- tive strength in Blackbird’s litigation position. B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Determining that This Case “Stands Out” with Respect to the Manner in Which Blackbird Litigated The District Court did not limit its findings to the sub- stantive strength of Blackbird’s litigation position, and fur- ther determined that Blackbird’s case against Appellees was “exceptional” because Blackbird “litigated . . . in an unreasonable manner.” J.A. 18. The District Court made multiple findings to support this determination, J.A. 18, BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC 11

each of which is supported by the record. First, the District Court found that Blackbird “made multiple settlement de- mands that were far less than the anticipated cost of de- fense,” i.e., nuisance value settlement offers. J.A. 18; see, e.g., Eon-Net LP v. Flagstar Bancorp, 653 F.3d 1314, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (finding that the district court did not err in determining that the patentee had “acted in bad faith by exploiting the high cost to defend complex litigation to ex- tract a nuisance value settlement”). By its own admission, Blackbird made a series of decreasing settlement offers, see Appellant’s Br. 5–7; see also J.A. 1440, 2069, 2239–41, 2539, each of which was significantly less than the cost of litigation, see J.A. 1417 (Appellees’ litigation costs totaled at least $363,243.80). Second, the District Court found that Blackbird unrea- sonably “delayed in producing documents, withheld many documents until after [Appellees] took [Blackbird’s] depo- sition[,] and completely failed to produce other responsive documents.” J.A. 18. Again, the record supports the Dis- trict Court’s findings; indeed, the record shows numerous, unexcused delays by Blackbird in producing documents, see, e.g., J.A. 2084, as well as Blackbird’s attempts to with- hold responsive documents entirely, without notice or ex- cuse, until Appellees learned of the documents during depositions, see J.A. 1440–41; Oral Arg. at 3:54–6:03 (Blackbird admitting that it “had the documents in-house” yet failed to produce them), 24:13–24:50 (Blackbird admit- ting “[t]hat [it] is true” that “documents identified in th[e] deposition” have never been produced). 7 While Blackbird subsequently implied that some of these documents might be privileged, see J.A. 2230, Blackbird has failed to identify

7 As Appellees aptly point out, “Blackbird is an all- in-one affair, in which employee-attorneys possessed the documents, which were not . . . produced prior to the depo- sitions[.]” Appellees’ Br. 35; see Oral Arg. at 3:53–4:25. 12 BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC

in the record any such assertion of privilege prior to the depositions. Finally, the District Court determined that Blackbird had unreasonably “filed a notice of dismissal, covenant not to sue, and motion to dismiss without first notifying [Ap- pellees’] counsel, on the same day pretrial submissions were due and shortly before [Appellees’] motion for sum- mary judgment was to be decided.” J.A. 18. The record supports these findings. See J.A. 33, 35–36, 1323–28, 1334–35, 1338–39, 1441. Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in determining that this case stands out with respect to the manner in which Blackbird litigated. C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Considering the Need to Deter Future Abusive Litigation In addition to its findings as to the substantive strength of Blackbird’s litigation position and conduct dur- ing litigation, the District Court found that “granting a fee award [was] warranted” in this case “to deter future abu- sive litigation.” J.A. 19; see J.A. 19 (explaining that Black- bird “has filed over one hundred patent infringement lawsuits, and none have been decided, on the merits, in fa- vor of [Blackbird]”). 8 Doing so was “within the scope of [the

8 As of August 2018, Blackbird had filed “over 110” lawsuits since its inception in 2014. J.A. 1439 (citing J.A. 1961–64); see J.A. 2238 (Blackbird acknowledging that as of July 16, 2018, “Blackbird . . . ha[d] filed over 100 in- dividual lawsuits since its inception, asserting over 20 dif- ferent patents”). Blackbird admits that the vast majority of these lawsuits were settled before a determination on the merits could be made, see Appellant’s Reply Br. 5, and acknowledges that not a single of its lawsuits “ha[s] reached a full, final decision on the merits,” Oral Arg. at 3:26–3:53. BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC 13

District Court’s] discretion in finding this case to be excep- tional based on the weakness of [Blackbird’s infringement contentions] and the need to deter similarly weak argu- ments in the future.” Inventor Holdings, LLC v. Bed Bath & Beyond, Inc., 876 F.3d 1372, 1377–78 (Fed. Cir. 2017). The District Court therefore did not abuse its discretion by considering the need to deter future abusive litigation. Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Blackbird’s case against Ap- pellees is “exceptional” within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. § 285. 9 III. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Determining that Appellees Are Entitled to $363,243.80 in Attorney Fees and Expenses The District Court concluded that Appellees’ requested award of $363,243.80 was reasonable considering each at- torney’s “comparable skill, experience, and reputation.” J.A. 19 (citing Blum, 465 U.S. at 888). Blackbird contends, however, that “[e]ven if some award of fees [is] permissi- ble,” Appellant’s Br. 9, “the District Court erred in award- ing fees for the full amount of the litigation, in two respects,” id. at 38: (1) “by failing to consider the reasona- bleness of the hours worked,” id. at 39; and (2) “by award- ing fees for the entirety of the litigation rather than

9 Blackbird challenges the sufficiency of the District Court’s findings and reasoning underlying its determina- tion that this case is “exceptional,” see Appellant’s Br. 14– 19, arguing that remand is necessary because “the District Court did not supply the facts and reasoning it relied upon,” id. at 16. As our review of the District Court’s deci- sion makes clear, the District Court “provide[d] a basis for meaningful appellate review,” by setting forth factual find- ings and “the reasoning underlying its decision.” Superior Fireplace Co. v. Majestic Prods. Co., 270 F.3d 1358, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2001). 14 BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC

relating it to the purported misconduct,” id. at 40. We dis- agree with Blackbird. The District Court’s Order demonstrates its considera- tion of the record, including Appellees’ “detailed break- down of the tasks performed by each lawyer, the [billing] rate of each lawyer, and the time spent by each lawyer” working on this case. J.A. 19 (emphasis added); see J.A. 19–20; see also Lumen View, 811 F.3d at 483 (“In cal- culating an attorney fee award, a district court usually ap- plies the lodestar method, which provides a presumptively reasonable fee amount, by multiplying a reasonable hourly rate by the reasonable number of hours required to litigate a comparable case.” (internal citations omitted)). Appellees requested, in total, fees corresponding to just over 650 hours of work, J.A. 1413, an amount that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in awarding, especially consid- ering, as the record shows, that this case was the subject of extensive motions practice and trial preparation, includ- ing, inter alia: a motion to transfer that was fully briefed and granted in Appellees’ favor, J.A. 28–29, 536, 547; a mo- tion for summary judgment that was fully briefed, J.A. 34– 35, 555–75; a motion to dismiss that was filed, J.A. 35, 1321–28; pre-trial submissions that were prepared for fil- ing, J.A. 36; and considerable discovery that was com- pleted, including bi-coastal depositions, J.A. 1966, 1976, 1985, 1987, 2003–07, 2489, 2499–2509. 10

10 Blackbird argues also that the District Court erred in awarding Appellees attorney fees corresponding to forty hours that “were an estimate of future services to be ren- dered briefing a reply in the motion for fees and prepara- tion for and attendance at a hearing the [District] Court never held.” Appellant’s Br. 39 (emphasis omitted). Appel- lees’ counsel clarified during oral argument, however, that they “actually . . . exceeded the forty hours.” Oral Arg. at 17:05–17:27. BLACKBIRD TECH LLC v. HEALTH IN MOTION LLC 15

Blackbird’s contention that “[g]iven the amount at stake, the District Court should have determined whether it was reasonable to expend so many hours on such a small claim” is misplaced. Appellant’s Br. 39. Indeed, 650 hours, for this litigation, is a far cry from the “countless hours” we have cautioned against. Bywaters v. United States, 670 F.3d 1221, 1231 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“Where only a small amount is at stake, it certainly would not be reasonable to expend countless hours on such a small claim[.]”). To hold otherwise would, in effect, cause Appellees to make the un- tenable choice between: (1) submitting to Blackbird’s set- tlement demands—small as they may be; or (2) risking non-reimbursement of attorney fees accrued in defending themselves against Blackbird’s unmeritorious claims. Moreover, the record supports the conclusion that Black- bird’s misconduct “so severely affected every stage of the litigation that a full award of attorney fees was proper here.” Monolithic Power Sys., Inc. v. O2 Micro Int’l Ltd., 726 F.3d 1359, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2013). As the District Court found, “from the very early stages of this case until the at- torney[] fees stage, there has been exceptional conduct by [Blackbird].” J.A. 18–19. Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Appellees the full requested amount of $363,243.80. CONCLUSION We have considered Blackbird’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. Accordingly, the Order of the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California is AFFIRMED