OPINION OF THE COURT
Pigott, J.
In this action brought by an insured against an insurer for breach of a commercial property insurance contract, the principal issue presented is whether the insured can assert a claim for consequential damages. Under the circumstances of this case, we hold that it can.
I.
Bi-Economy Market, a family-owned wholesale and retail meat market located in Rochester, New York, suffered a major [191]*191fire in October 2002, resulting in the complete loss of food inventory and heavy structural damage to the building and business-related equipment. At the time of the fire, Bi-Economy was insured by defendant Harleysville Insurance Company under a “Deluxe Business Owners” policy that provided replacement cost coverage on the building as well as business property or “contents” loss coverage.
The policy also provided coverage for lost business income, what is commonly referred to as “business interruption insurance,” for up to one year from the date of the fire. Specifically, the contract stated that Harleysville would “pay for the actual loss of Business Income . . . sustained] due to . . . the necessary suspension of [Bi-Economy’s] ‘operations’ during the ‘period of restoration.’ ” Business income is defined as the “(1) Net Income (Net Profit or Loss before income taxes) that would have been earned or incurred; and (2) Continuing normal operating expenses incurred, including payroll.” “Period of restoration” is defined as the period of time that “[b]egins with the date of direct physical loss or damage” and “[e]nds on the date when the property . . . should be repaired, rebuilt or replaced with reasonable speed and similar quality.”
Following the fire, Bi-Economy submitted a claim to Harleysville pursuant to the terms of the contract. Harleysville disputed Bi-Economy’s claim for actual damages, and advanced only the sum of $163,161.92. More than a year later, following submission of their dispute to alternative dispute resolution, Bi-Economy was awarded the additional sum of $244,019.88. During all this time, Harleysville offered to pay only seven months of Bi-Economy’s claim for lost business income, despite the fact that the policy provided for a full 12 months. Bi-Economy never resumed business operations.
In October 2004, Bi-Economy commenced this action against Harleysville, asserting causes of action for bad faith claims handling, tortious interference with business relations and breach of contract, seeking consequential damages for “the complete demise of its business operation in an amount to be proved at trial.” Bi-Economy alleged that Harleysville improperly delayed payment for its building and contents damage and failed to timely pay the full amount of its lost business income claim. Bi-Economy further alleged that, as a result of Harleysville’s breach of contract, its business collapsed, and that liability for such consequential damages was reasonably foreseeable and contemplated by the parties at the time of contracting.
[192]*192Harleysville answered, and subsequently moved for leave to amend its answer to raise the defense that the contract excluded consequential damages and for partial summary judgment dismissing Bi-Economy’s breach of contract cause of action. In support of its motion, Harleysville cited several contractual provisions excluding coverage for “consequential loss.”
Supreme Court granted the motion and the Appellate Division affirmed, holding that “the insurance policy expressly exclude[d] coverage for consequential losses, and thus it cannot be said that [consequential] damages were contemplated by the parties when the contract was formed” (37 AD3d 1184, 1185 [2007] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]). The Appellate Division granted Bi-Economy leave to appeal and certified the following question: “Was the order of this Court, entered February 2, 2007, properly made?” We conclude that it was not.
II.
Bi-Economy contends that the courts below erred in dismissing its breach of contract claim seeking consequential damages for the collapse of its business resulting from Harleysville’s failure to fulfill its obligations under the contract of insurance. We agree and therefore reverse the order of the Appellate Division and reinstate that cause of action.
It is well settled that in breach of contract actions “the non-breaching party may recover general damages which are the natural and probable consequence of the breach” (Kenford Co. v County of Erie, 73 NY2d 312, 319 [1989]). Special, or consequential damages, which “do not so directly flow from the breach,” are also recoverable in limited circumstances (American List Corp. v U.S. News & World Report, 75 NY2d 38, 43 [1989]). In Kenford, we stated that
“[i]n order to impose on the defaulting party a further liability than for damages [which] naturally and directly [flow from the breach], i.e., in the ordinary course of things, arising from a breach of contract, such unusual or extraordinary damages must have been brought within the contemplation of the parties as the probable result of a breach at the time of or prior to contracting” (73 NY2d at 319 [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]).
We later explained that “[t]he party breaching the contract is li[193]*193able for those risks foreseen or which should have been foreseen at the time the contract was made” (Ashland Mgt. v Janien, 82 NY2d 395, 403 [1993]). It is not necessary for the breaching party to have foreseen the breach itself or the particular way the loss occurred, rather, “[i]t is only necessary that loss from a breach is foreseeable and probable” (id., citing Restatement [Second] of Contracts § 351; 3 Farnsworth, Contracts § 12.14 [2d ed 1990]).
To determine whether consequential damages were reasonably contemplated by the parties, courts must look to “the nature, purpose and particular circumstances of the contract known by the parties ... as well as ‘what liability the defendant fairly may be supposed to have assumed consciously, or to have warranted the plaintiff reasonably to suppose that it assumed, when the contract was made’ ” (Kenford, 73 NY2d at 319, quoting Globe Refining Co. v Landa Cotton Oil Co., 190 US 540, 544 [1903]). Of course, proof of consequential damages cannot be speculative or conjectural (see Ashland Mgt., 82 NY2d at 403 [damages for the loss of future profits must be proven with reasonable certainty and “be capable of measurement based upon known reliable factors without undue speculation”]; see also Kenford Co. v County of Erie, 67 NY2d 257, 261 [1986]).
The dissent seeks to distinguish this case from the Kenford line of reasoning by grouping it with that separate class of contract actions involving pure “agreements to pay”—contracts for money only—where the only recoverable damage for breach is interest. This distinction is without basis. With agreements to pay money—for example, an agreement to pay sales commissions or a contract to pay a lender $12 tomorrow for $10 given today, the sole purpose of the contract is to pay for something given in exchange. In such cases, what the payee plans to do with the money is external and irrelevant to the contract itself.
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OPINION OF THE COURT
Pigott, J.
In this action brought by an insured against an insurer for breach of a commercial property insurance contract, the principal issue presented is whether the insured can assert a claim for consequential damages. Under the circumstances of this case, we hold that it can.
I.
Bi-Economy Market, a family-owned wholesale and retail meat market located in Rochester, New York, suffered a major [191]*191fire in October 2002, resulting in the complete loss of food inventory and heavy structural damage to the building and business-related equipment. At the time of the fire, Bi-Economy was insured by defendant Harleysville Insurance Company under a “Deluxe Business Owners” policy that provided replacement cost coverage on the building as well as business property or “contents” loss coverage.
The policy also provided coverage for lost business income, what is commonly referred to as “business interruption insurance,” for up to one year from the date of the fire. Specifically, the contract stated that Harleysville would “pay for the actual loss of Business Income . . . sustained] due to . . . the necessary suspension of [Bi-Economy’s] ‘operations’ during the ‘period of restoration.’ ” Business income is defined as the “(1) Net Income (Net Profit or Loss before income taxes) that would have been earned or incurred; and (2) Continuing normal operating expenses incurred, including payroll.” “Period of restoration” is defined as the period of time that “[b]egins with the date of direct physical loss or damage” and “[e]nds on the date when the property . . . should be repaired, rebuilt or replaced with reasonable speed and similar quality.”
Following the fire, Bi-Economy submitted a claim to Harleysville pursuant to the terms of the contract. Harleysville disputed Bi-Economy’s claim for actual damages, and advanced only the sum of $163,161.92. More than a year later, following submission of their dispute to alternative dispute resolution, Bi-Economy was awarded the additional sum of $244,019.88. During all this time, Harleysville offered to pay only seven months of Bi-Economy’s claim for lost business income, despite the fact that the policy provided for a full 12 months. Bi-Economy never resumed business operations.
In October 2004, Bi-Economy commenced this action against Harleysville, asserting causes of action for bad faith claims handling, tortious interference with business relations and breach of contract, seeking consequential damages for “the complete demise of its business operation in an amount to be proved at trial.” Bi-Economy alleged that Harleysville improperly delayed payment for its building and contents damage and failed to timely pay the full amount of its lost business income claim. Bi-Economy further alleged that, as a result of Harleysville’s breach of contract, its business collapsed, and that liability for such consequential damages was reasonably foreseeable and contemplated by the parties at the time of contracting.
[192]*192Harleysville answered, and subsequently moved for leave to amend its answer to raise the defense that the contract excluded consequential damages and for partial summary judgment dismissing Bi-Economy’s breach of contract cause of action. In support of its motion, Harleysville cited several contractual provisions excluding coverage for “consequential loss.”
Supreme Court granted the motion and the Appellate Division affirmed, holding that “the insurance policy expressly exclude[d] coverage for consequential losses, and thus it cannot be said that [consequential] damages were contemplated by the parties when the contract was formed” (37 AD3d 1184, 1185 [2007] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]). The Appellate Division granted Bi-Economy leave to appeal and certified the following question: “Was the order of this Court, entered February 2, 2007, properly made?” We conclude that it was not.
II.
Bi-Economy contends that the courts below erred in dismissing its breach of contract claim seeking consequential damages for the collapse of its business resulting from Harleysville’s failure to fulfill its obligations under the contract of insurance. We agree and therefore reverse the order of the Appellate Division and reinstate that cause of action.
It is well settled that in breach of contract actions “the non-breaching party may recover general damages which are the natural and probable consequence of the breach” (Kenford Co. v County of Erie, 73 NY2d 312, 319 [1989]). Special, or consequential damages, which “do not so directly flow from the breach,” are also recoverable in limited circumstances (American List Corp. v U.S. News & World Report, 75 NY2d 38, 43 [1989]). In Kenford, we stated that
“[i]n order to impose on the defaulting party a further liability than for damages [which] naturally and directly [flow from the breach], i.e., in the ordinary course of things, arising from a breach of contract, such unusual or extraordinary damages must have been brought within the contemplation of the parties as the probable result of a breach at the time of or prior to contracting” (73 NY2d at 319 [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]).
We later explained that “[t]he party breaching the contract is li[193]*193able for those risks foreseen or which should have been foreseen at the time the contract was made” (Ashland Mgt. v Janien, 82 NY2d 395, 403 [1993]). It is not necessary for the breaching party to have foreseen the breach itself or the particular way the loss occurred, rather, “[i]t is only necessary that loss from a breach is foreseeable and probable” (id., citing Restatement [Second] of Contracts § 351; 3 Farnsworth, Contracts § 12.14 [2d ed 1990]).
To determine whether consequential damages were reasonably contemplated by the parties, courts must look to “the nature, purpose and particular circumstances of the contract known by the parties ... as well as ‘what liability the defendant fairly may be supposed to have assumed consciously, or to have warranted the plaintiff reasonably to suppose that it assumed, when the contract was made’ ” (Kenford, 73 NY2d at 319, quoting Globe Refining Co. v Landa Cotton Oil Co., 190 US 540, 544 [1903]). Of course, proof of consequential damages cannot be speculative or conjectural (see Ashland Mgt., 82 NY2d at 403 [damages for the loss of future profits must be proven with reasonable certainty and “be capable of measurement based upon known reliable factors without undue speculation”]; see also Kenford Co. v County of Erie, 67 NY2d 257, 261 [1986]).
The dissent seeks to distinguish this case from the Kenford line of reasoning by grouping it with that separate class of contract actions involving pure “agreements to pay”—contracts for money only—where the only recoverable damage for breach is interest. This distinction is without basis. With agreements to pay money—for example, an agreement to pay sales commissions or a contract to pay a lender $12 tomorrow for $10 given today, the sole purpose of the contract is to pay for something given in exchange. In such cases, what the payee plans to do with the money is external and irrelevant to the contract itself. In the present case, however, the purpose of the agreement— what the insured planned to do with its payment—was at the very core of the contract itself.
The dissent also blurs the significant distinction between consequential and punitive damages. The two types of damages serve different purposes and are evidenced by different facts. Consequential damages, designed to compensate a party for reasonably foreseeable damages, “must be proximately caused by the breach” and must be proven by the party seeking them (24 Lord, Williston on Contracts § 64:12, at 125 [4th ed]). Punitive damages, by contrast, “are not measured by the pecuniary loss [194]*194or injury of the plaintiff as a compensation” but are “assessed by way of punishment to the wrongdoer and example to others” (11 Perillo, Corbin on Contracts § 59.2, at 550 [rev ed]). Unlike consequential damages, which are quantifiable, “[t]here is no rigid formula by which the amount of punitive damages is fixed, although they should bear some reasonable relation to the harm done and the flagrancy of the conduct causing it” (I. H. P. Corp. v 210 Cent. Park S. Corp., 16 AD2d 461, 467 [1st Dept 1962], affd 12 NY2d 329 [1963]).
As in all contracts, implicit in contracts of insurance is a covenant of good faith and fair dealing, such that “a reasonable insured would understand that the insurer promises to investigate in good faith and pay covered claims” (New York Univ. v Continental Ins. Co., 87 NY2d 308, 318 [1995]). An insured may also bargain for the peace of mind, or comfort, of knowing that it will be protected in the event of a catastrophe (see e.g. Beck v Farmers Ins. Exch., 701 P2d 795, 802 [Utah 1985] [“(I)t is axiomatic that insurance frequently is purchased not only , to provide funds in case of loss, but to provide peace of mind for the insured or his beneficiaries”]; Best Place, Inc. v Penn Am. Ins. Co., 82 Haw 120, 128, 920 P2d 334, 342 [1996], quoting Noble v National Am. Life Ins. Co., 128 Ariz 188, 189, 624 P2d 866, 867 [1981] [“An insurance policy is not obtained for commercial advantage; it is obtained as protection against calamity”]; Andrew Jackson Life Ins. Co. v Williams, 566 So 2d 1172, 1179 n 9 [Miss 1990] [“(A)n insured bargains for more than mere eventual monetary proceeds of a policy; insureds bargain for such intangibles as risk aversion, peace of mind, and certain and prompt payment of the policy proceeds upon submission of a valid claim”]; Ainsworth v Combined Ins. Co. of Am., 104 Nev 587, 592, 763 P2d 673, 676 [1988] [“A consumer buys insurance for security, protection, and peace of mind”]).
III.
The purpose served by business interruption coverage cannot be clearer—to ensure that Bi-Economy had the financial support necessary to sustain its business operation in the event disaster occurred (see Howard Stores Corp. v Foremost Ins. Co., 82 AD2d 398, 400 [1st Dept 1981] [“The purpose of business interruption insurance is to indemnify the insured against losses arising from inability to continue normal business operation and functions due to the damage sustained as a result of the hazard insured against”], affd 56 NY2d 991 [1982]; 3-36 Bend[195]*195er’s New York Insurance Law § 36.06). Certainly, many business policyholders, such as Bi-Economy, lack the resources to continue business operations without insurance proceeds. Accordingly, limiting an insured’s damages to the amount of the policy, i.e., money which should have been paid by the insurer in the first place, plus interest, does not place the insured in the position it would have been in had the contract been performed (see generally Brushton-Moira Cent. School Dist. v Thomas Assoc., 91 NY2d 256, 261 [1998] [“Damages are intended to return the parties to the point at which the breach arose and to place the nonbreaching party in as good a position as it would have been had the contract been performed”]; Goodstein Constr. Corp. v City of New York, 80 NY2d 366, 373 [1992], citing Restatement [Second] of Contracts § 347, Comment o; § 344 [“Contract damages are ordinarily intended to give the injured party the benefit of the bargain by awarding a sum of money that will, to the extent possible, put that party in as good a position as it would have been in had the contract been performed”]).
Thus, the very purpose of business interruption coverage would have made Harleysville aware that if it breached its obligations under the contract to investigate in good faith and pay covered claims it would have to respond in damages to Bi-Economy for the loss of its business as a result of the breach (see Sabbeth Indus. v Pennsylvania Lumbermens Mut. Ins. Co., 238 AD2d 767, 769 [3d Dept 1997]).
Furthermore, contrary to the dissent’s view, the purpose of the contract was not just to receive money, but to receive it promptly so that in the aftermath of a calamitous event, as Bi-Economy experienced here, the business could avoid collapse and get back on its feet as soon as possible. Thus, this insurance contract included an additional performance-based component: the insurer agreed to evaluate a claim, and to do so honestly, adequately, and—most importantly—promptly. The insurer certainly knew that failure to perform would (a) undercut the very purpose of the agreement and (b) cause additional damages that the policy was purchased to protect against in the first place. Here, the claim is that Harleysville failed to promptly adjust and pay the loss, resulting in the collapse of the business. When an insured in such a situation suffers additional damages as a result of an insurer’s excessive delay or improper denial, the insurance company should stand liable for these damages. This is not to punish the insurer, but to give the insured its bargained-for benefit.
[196]*196Nor do we read the contractual exclusions for certain consequential “losses” as demonstrating that the parties contemplated, and rejected, the recoverability of consequential “damages” in the event of a contract breach. The consequential “losses” clearly refer to delay caused by third-party actors or by the “[suspension, lapse or cancellation of any license, lease or contract.” Consequential “damages,” on the other hand, are in addition to the losses caused by a calamitous event (i.e., fire or rain), and include those additional damages caused by a carrier’s injurious conduct—in this case, the insurer’s failure to timely investigate, adjust and pay the claim.
Therefore, in light of the nature and purpose of the insurance contract at issue, as well as Bi-Economy’s allegations that Harleysville breached its duty to act in good faith, we hold that Bi-Economy’s claim for consequential damages including the demise of its business, was reasonably foreseeable and contemplated by the parties, and thus cannot be dismissed on summary judgment.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division, insofar as appealed from, should be reversed, with costs, defendants’ motion for leave to amend their answer to raise the defense of contractual exclusion for consequential damages and partial summary judgment dismissing the plaintiffs second cause of action denied, and the certified question answered in the negative.
This being an appeal from the grant of partial summary judgment to the insurer, we view the facts in the light most favorable to the insured.