HARRISON, J.
This case involves but one question, viz.: Whether under the law th^ property owned and used by plaintiff in error, Bella Theta Pi Corporation, at the State University at Norman, is exempt from taxation.
There is no controversy as to the facts, further than that the facts do not bring the property within any of the constitutional exemptions. The fraternity is incorporated under the laws of the state and owns and uses, for the purpose for which it is incorporated, certain lots, buildings and appurtenances at the State University and in the city of Norman.
This property was assessed for taxation for the year 1923. The fraternity claimed it to be exempt from taxation, the county attorney claimed it to be subject to taxation, and the trial court sustained the contention of the county attorney, whereupon the fraternity appealed to this court for review of the errors assigned.
There is no serious contention that the property in question is not exempt under the statutes, section 9580, Comp. Stats. 1921. But the county alttorney, counsel for defendant in. error, contends that this class of property was not included within any of the classes exempted from taxation by section 6, art. 10, of the Constitution, which exempts certain classes of property, naming the classes, and then in section 50, art. 5, expressly inhibits the Legislature from exempting any property not exempted by the Constitution, and contends that said section 9580, Comp. Stat. 1921, -by exempting property not included in the Constitution, thereby exceeds the constitutional limitation upon -legislative power to exempt property froin taxation, and is void. The 'trial court sustained this contention and held the statute! void.
On the other hand, the fraternity contends that the class of property exempted by said section 95S0 of Ithe statutes is within the classes exempted by said section 6, art. 10, of 'the Constitution, and that such statute is valid.
The portion of said section 6, -art. 10, pertinent to Ithe question presented, is as follows :
“All property used for free public libra-
ríes, f-req museums, public cemeteries, property used exclusively for schools, colleges, and all property used exclusively for religious and charitable purposes, and all property of the United States, and of the states, and of counties and municipalities of this state; household goods of the heads of families, tools, implements, and live stock employed in the support of the family, not exceeding one hundred dollars in value, and
■all
growing crops, shall be exempt from taxation: Provided, that all property not herein specified now exempt from taxation under the laws of the .territory of Oklahoma, shall toe exempt from taxation until otherwise provided by law. * * *”
Section 50, art. 5, of the Constitution is as follows:
“The Legislature shall pass .no law exempting any property within this state from taxation except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.”
Section 9580, Coimp. Stat. 1921, is as follows:
“That all real Q'sfate belonging to fraternal orders or societies, on which is erected a building occupied wholly or in part by the fraternal order or society owning the same, shall be exempt from taxation, either directly or indirectly, and the renting of any portion of such building shall not subject such real estate to taxation; provided, fhe net proceeds derived therefrom shall be devoted exclusively to benevolent or charitable purposes.”
This section was section 1 of chapter 300, Sess. Laws 1919, and the whole controversy in the trial court was whether the property exempted by such section came within the classes of property exempted under that portion of section 6, art. 10, supra, preceding the concluding proviso in the above quotation, but the authority of the Legislature to exempt the} class of property mentioned in section 9580, supra, is not confined to the constitutional provision preceding the above proviso, for the reason that said section 6, art. 10. of the Constitution enumerates certain classes of property which are by such section expressly exempted from taxation, and then provides:
“That all property not herein specified, now exempt from taxation under -the law's of the territory of Oklahoma, shall be exempt from taxation until otherwise provided by law.”
Section 5914, Wilson’s Rev. -Statutes Okla. Ter. 1903, enumerates the classes ,of property qxempt from taxation under territorial law, subdivisions 5 and C of which are as follows:
Fifth. “The grounds and buildings of library, scientific, educational, benevolent and religious institutions, colleges or societies, devoted solely to the appropriate objects of th^se institutions, not exceeding ten acres- in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view to pecuniary pro-fit.”
Sixth. “The books, papers, furniture, scientific or other apparatus pertaining to the above institution and used 'solely ior the purpose above contemplated, and the like property of students in any such institutions used for the purpose of their education-.’’
The foregoing statute's of the territory of Oklahoma w.ere in force at the time said section 6, art 10, of the Constitution with the foregoing proviso was adopted. Under the provisions of the above territorial statult.es the class of property involved herein was exempt, or, at least, could have claimed exemption, from taxation, for certainly the purposes, for which -the facts in this case show the property in question to be dedicated and used, come within the accepted scope and meaning of the tqrms “educational,” “benevolent,” “institutions,” “colleges or societies,” used in said territorial statute.
Under the foregoing proviso in section 6, árt. 10, of th^ Constitution, all property exempt under ¡the 'territorial law remained exempt until the state Legislature provided otherwise by law, and the state Legislature has nejver seen fit to provide otherwise, but in 1909, the first -session of the Second Legislature enacted chapter 38, Sess Laws 1909, which .was a general revenue bill, the purpose of which was to supersede all previous laws on the subject of revenue and taxation, the 10th and 11th subdivisions of section 2 df -art. 1 of same being identical with the foregoing territorial 'statute. And •the proivisions of -said subdivisions 10 and 11 of the Act of
1909
were brought forward and made subdivisions 10 and 11 of section 7303, Rev. Laws 1910, and were still in force at -the time the statute under consideration was enacted in 1919, which is now section 9580 Comp. Stat. 1921.
We are unable to see wherein said section is any more specific or definitive in its exempting features Ithan were the provisions of the territorial statutes, which had remained in forcq from 1893 to 1919. It would seem from the fact that said Act of 1919 is not an amendatory act and from the absence of any repealing clause to said act, that the Legislature passed said act blissfully unaware of an existing statute v.hich alrea.dy covered the subject and had been in force for 20 years.
But, be this as it may, it is true that the
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HARRISON, J.
This case involves but one question, viz.: Whether under the law th^ property owned and used by plaintiff in error, Bella Theta Pi Corporation, at the State University at Norman, is exempt from taxation.
There is no controversy as to the facts, further than that the facts do not bring the property within any of the constitutional exemptions. The fraternity is incorporated under the laws of the state and owns and uses, for the purpose for which it is incorporated, certain lots, buildings and appurtenances at the State University and in the city of Norman.
This property was assessed for taxation for the year 1923. The fraternity claimed it to be exempt from taxation, the county attorney claimed it to be subject to taxation, and the trial court sustained the contention of the county attorney, whereupon the fraternity appealed to this court for review of the errors assigned.
There is no serious contention that the property in question is not exempt under the statutes, section 9580, Comp. Stats. 1921. But the county alttorney, counsel for defendant in. error, contends that this class of property was not included within any of the classes exempted from taxation by section 6, art. 10, of the Constitution, which exempts certain classes of property, naming the classes, and then in section 50, art. 5, expressly inhibits the Legislature from exempting any property not exempted by the Constitution, and contends that said section 9580, Comp. Stat. 1921, -by exempting property not included in the Constitution, thereby exceeds the constitutional limitation upon -legislative power to exempt property froin taxation, and is void. The 'trial court sustained this contention and held the statute! void.
On the other hand, the fraternity contends that the class of property exempted by said section 95S0 of Ithe statutes is within the classes exempted by said section 6, art. 10, of 'the Constitution, and that such statute is valid.
The portion of said section 6, -art. 10, pertinent to Ithe question presented, is as follows :
“All property used for free public libra-
ríes, f-req museums, public cemeteries, property used exclusively for schools, colleges, and all property used exclusively for religious and charitable purposes, and all property of the United States, and of the states, and of counties and municipalities of this state; household goods of the heads of families, tools, implements, and live stock employed in the support of the family, not exceeding one hundred dollars in value, and
■all
growing crops, shall be exempt from taxation: Provided, that all property not herein specified now exempt from taxation under the laws of the .territory of Oklahoma, shall toe exempt from taxation until otherwise provided by law. * * *”
Section 50, art. 5, of the Constitution is as follows:
“The Legislature shall pass .no law exempting any property within this state from taxation except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.”
Section 9580, Coimp. Stat. 1921, is as follows:
“That all real Q'sfate belonging to fraternal orders or societies, on which is erected a building occupied wholly or in part by the fraternal order or society owning the same, shall be exempt from taxation, either directly or indirectly, and the renting of any portion of such building shall not subject such real estate to taxation; provided, fhe net proceeds derived therefrom shall be devoted exclusively to benevolent or charitable purposes.”
This section was section 1 of chapter 300, Sess. Laws 1919, and the whole controversy in the trial court was whether the property exempted by such section came within the classes of property exempted under that portion of section 6, art. 10, supra, preceding the concluding proviso in the above quotation, but the authority of the Legislature to exempt the} class of property mentioned in section 9580, supra, is not confined to the constitutional provision preceding the above proviso, for the reason that said section 6, art. 10. of the Constitution enumerates certain classes of property which are by such section expressly exempted from taxation, and then provides:
“That all property not herein specified, now exempt from taxation under -the law's of the territory of Oklahoma, shall be exempt from taxation until otherwise provided by law.”
Section 5914, Wilson’s Rev. -Statutes Okla. Ter. 1903, enumerates the classes ,of property qxempt from taxation under territorial law, subdivisions 5 and C of which are as follows:
Fifth. “The grounds and buildings of library, scientific, educational, benevolent and religious institutions, colleges or societies, devoted solely to the appropriate objects of th^se institutions, not exceeding ten acres- in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view to pecuniary pro-fit.”
Sixth. “The books, papers, furniture, scientific or other apparatus pertaining to the above institution and used 'solely ior the purpose above contemplated, and the like property of students in any such institutions used for the purpose of their education-.’’
The foregoing statute's of the territory of Oklahoma w.ere in force at the time said section 6, art 10, of the Constitution with the foregoing proviso was adopted. Under the provisions of the above territorial statult.es the class of property involved herein was exempt, or, at least, could have claimed exemption, from taxation, for certainly the purposes, for which -the facts in this case show the property in question to be dedicated and used, come within the accepted scope and meaning of the tqrms “educational,” “benevolent,” “institutions,” “colleges or societies,” used in said territorial statute.
Under the foregoing proviso in section 6, árt. 10, of th^ Constitution, all property exempt under ¡the 'territorial law remained exempt until the state Legislature provided otherwise by law, and the state Legislature has nejver seen fit to provide otherwise, but in 1909, the first -session of the Second Legislature enacted chapter 38, Sess Laws 1909, which .was a general revenue bill, the purpose of which was to supersede all previous laws on the subject of revenue and taxation, the 10th and 11th subdivisions of section 2 df -art. 1 of same being identical with the foregoing territorial 'statute. And •the proivisions of -said subdivisions 10 and 11 of the Act of
1909
were brought forward and made subdivisions 10 and 11 of section 7303, Rev. Laws 1910, and were still in force at -the time the statute under consideration was enacted in 1919, which is now section 9580 Comp. Stat. 1921.
We are unable to see wherein said section is any more specific or definitive in its exempting features Ithan were the provisions of the territorial statutes, which had remained in forcq from 1893 to 1919. It would seem from the fact that said Act of 1919 is not an amendatory act and from the absence of any repealing clause to said act, that the Legislature passed said act blissfully unaware of an existing statute v.hich alrea.dy covered the subject and had been in force for 20 years.
But, be this as it may, it is true that the
class of property involved herein was exempt from taxation under the 'territorial statutes, or, at least, exemption could have been claimed, at the time the Constitution was adopted, and true that all property exempt from taxation 'by territorial laws remained exempt until otherwise provided by law, and true that the Legislature of the state has never otherwise provided by law. It will be observed from a reading of said section C, art. 10, of the Constitution that the constitutional test as to whether certain property comes within the classes exempted by the Constitution is the( “use’’ to which it is put. It is immaterial what name the institution, organization, or. society ¡may bear, or who may owin the property in question, but it is the use to which the property is dedicated and devoted which constitutes the test as to whether it is exempt. While it is clear that the “use” to which property is dedicated and devoted constitutes the test under the Constitution and needs no support from other decisions or authorities, yet such view is well supported by decisions of other states wherein the same subject, under similar constitutional provisions, has béein under consideration and passed upon. Kappa Kappa Gamma v. Pearcy, Co. Treats. (Kan.) 142 Pac. 294; Masonic Home v. Board Com. (Kan.) 106 Pac. 1082; State ex rel. Daggy v. Allen (Ind.) 127 N. E. 145; Yale University v. Town of New Haven (Conn.) 42 Atl. 87; State v. Carleton (Minn.) 191 N. W. 400; Chicago v. University (Ill.) 10 Ann. Cas. 669; Pres. Harvard College v. Assessors of Cambridge (Mass.) 55 N. E. 844; Pomeroy Jur. vol. 3, sec. 1023.
The question of use in all such cases is necessarily a question of fact |bo be established by the evidence. Th)E purpose and scope of authority of plaintiff in. error are set forth in section 2 of its articles of incorporation which is as follows:
“That the purposes for which this corporation is formed are to establish and maintain the Gamma Phi Chapter of Bqta Theta Pi at the University of Oklahoma, to promote 'the moral and social culture and benevolent welfare of the members of the fraternity, and to sell, convey or mortgage) and to purchase, hold and improve real estate and personal property for the purpose of (this incorporation, and to transact any and all business connected 'therewith.”
Thus it is seen that the purpose of the fraternity is to promote the Educational, (moral, and social culture and benevolent welfare of the members of the fraternity, and in order to do so it is authorized to acquire and hold property for such, purposes.
The testimony in the record is that plaintiff in error uses such property exclusively for educational and charitable purposes. That it maintains library rooms and a library, with senior instructors, free of cost with free board and lodging for freshmen, sophomore, and junior students of the University who arE members of the fraternity and unable to pay their expenses through the University; that it maintains a matron of high character and ability whose dully it is and who does maintain a strict supervision over the moral conduct ' of the members. ‘ That it is maintained and its expenses kept up by contributions from its members who are able to- contribute -and Iby contributions from graduates who were members of ithe fraternity during their eourse in the University. That no .profits are) derived from such coin|t|ri¡b¡ut3¡ons nor from .any other source, and no profits are permitted nor allowed to be derived; that if any balance remains from contributions at the close of one term, it is held in trust for the expenses of the succeeding term, and in no event is 'a profit derived or permitted to be derived. ,
The evidence as to the purposes for which it is used is- not disputed; no contention is made that th^ evidence tails to bring the property within ithe uses and purposes required by statute.
The sole question presented is a pure question of law, viz.: Whether Ithe statute under consideration, section 9580, Comp. Stat. 1921, exceeds the constitutional limitations upon iiegilslaifaive power. In view-of the territorial law which exempts such property and in view of the proviso in section 6, art. 10, of -the Constitution, which expressly exempts all property then .exempt under iterritoijial law/s ffntil otherwise changed by state laws, and in view of thel fact that the state Legislatures have never changed such territorial .statutes, we must conclude that under thE law and under the evidence in this case, the property in question is exempt from taxation, and being of the opinion It-bat ithe specific statute under consideration, section 9580, -supra, goes no further in the matter of exemption than the territorial statute which was put in force by said proviso of Ithej Constitution, that such statute is valid.
While we are not unmindful of the suggestions and argument that too much property is escaping taxation under this character of laws, thait many societies are being
organize/l and ar.e erecting costly buildings and claiming exemptions under this character of exemption laws, yet such suggestions, arguments, and individual views, should receive no consideration by a court when called upon to determine what the law is.
If the law be either oppressive or ineffective, it. is the function oifl the Legislature to remedy it, and where individuals oir the public consider the law wrong inj .policy, oppressive in its effects or ineffective in its provisions, they should make their suggestions ito th^ Legislature and not to the courts.
It is contended herein, id order, we presume, to forestall a strict construction, that constitutional provisions relating to exemption from taxation are more liberally construed wh^n applied to exemptions of property 'belonging to educational, religious, charitable, benevolent, and scientific institutions, designed for public welfare and devoted exclusively to such purpose, than, when applied to exemptions of propenty belonging to individuals or business enterprises, and while many authorities, among which are Commonwealth of Va. v. Y. M. C. A. (Va.) 50 L. R. A. (N, S.) 1197; Commonwealth v. Gray’s Trustee (Ky.) 74 S. W. 702; State v. Fisk University (Tenn.) 10 S. W. 284; Salt Lake Lodge, etc., v. Groesbeck (Utah) 120 Pac. 192: State v. Carleton College (Minn.) 191 N. W. 400; State v. Bishop Seaburg Mission (Minn.) 95 N. W. 882, are cited in support of the rule of liberal construction, and while the rule of liberal construction .seems to be supported toy the weight of authorities, yet our conclusion upon the question of law presented her4 is not dependent upon the rule of construction in such cases. ¡We feel that a fair, reasonable, and comprehensive construction of the territorial statutes, in force at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, could lead to no other conclusion than that the class of property involved herein, considering the purpose for which it is used; was exempt from taxation, and inasmuch as the territorial statute has never been changed, i!n this regard, until changed toy substitution by the aforesaid Act of 1919, and inasmuch as such act does not go further in the matter of exemption than did the territorial statutes, bearing in mind the universally recognized rule that every reasonable presumption will be indulged in favor of the constitutionality of statutes, it is onr opinion that saidAct of 1919, section 9589, Comp. Stat. 1921, is valid.
For these reasons, the judgment of the trial court is reversed, and remanded, with directions to render judgment in favor of plaintiff in error and for costs.
Reversed and remanded, with directions*
All .the Justices concur, except BRANSON, J., not participating.