OPINION
SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Jatinder Chawla (“Jatinder”)
appeals the District Court’s order granting a preliminary injunction to Berish Berger, Kil-bride Investments Limited, Busystore Limited in Liquidation, Towerstates Limited, Bergfeld Co. Limited, and Ardenlink Limited (“Judgment Creditors”), enjoining Philadelphia Chancellor, LP (“Philadelphia Chancellor”) from making any payments to her and directing that the payments be placed in escrow. Jatinder claims that the District Court lacked jurisdiction over her
and abused its discretion by granting the preliminary injunction. We disagree and will affirm.
I
Five years ago, a federal jury in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania awarded Judgment Creditors and others a $33 million judgment against Jatinder’s husband, Ravinder Chawla (“Ravinder”), and others for fraud related to two real estate projects.
Collection has been unsuccessful because, on paper, Ravinder appears to have few assets,
even though he plays a leadership role in his family’s real estate development business. Although he is not directly compensated for his services, the family business pays for his luxury cars, private school education for his children, home repairs, meals, insurance, attorneys’ fees, and some daily expenses.
Jatinder has an ownership interest in a number of companies that make up the family’s real estate business, including Gol-dencents, Inc., from which she receives a $20,000 monthly stipend. Jatinder also has an ownership interest in an entity called Philadelphia Chancellor, which made a $200,000 distribution to her in 2014. Philadelphia Chancellor has a contract to sell a property (the “Chancellor Street Property”) for $25 million, which could result in the Chawla family receiving between $8 million and $10 million.
In light of the impending sale of the Chancellor Street Property, Judgment Creditors filed a motion seeking a declaration that all of Jatinder’s interests are the assets of Ravinder. They also sought an injunction prohibiting Ravinder and Jatin-der from disguising, concealing, transferring, assigning, and/or otherwise disposing of Ravinder’s assets held in Jatinder’s name. In the alternative, Judgment Creditors asked that all distributions be placed in escrow. Following an evidentiary hearing, the District Court entered an order preliminarily enjoining Philadelphia Chancellor from making any payments to Jatin-der, and directing that any payments be placed in escrow until there is a decision regarding whether Ravinder has a partnership interest in Jatinder’s assets. Jatin-der appeals.
II
Jatinder argues that the District Court: (1) lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enter the preliminary injunction; (2) lacked jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 69 to issue an injunction against a nonparty; and (3) abused its discretion by issuing the preliminary injunction. We will address each argument in turn.
A
A district court that enters a judgment has subject matter jurisdiction over actions related to its enforcement.
IFC
Interconsult, AG v. Safeguard Int’l Partners, LLC., 438 F.3d 298, 309-10 (3d Cir. 2006) (“[A] federal court may exercise ancillary jurisdiction (1) to permit disposition by a single court of claims that are, in varying respects and degrees, factually interdependent; and (2) to enable a court to ... vindicate its authority, and effectuate its decrees.” (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 379-80, 114 5.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994))).
The injunction sought here—to prevent Jatin-der from receiving, transferring, or disposing of assets in a manner that would prevent Judgment Creditors from collecting on their judgment—is precisely the type of post-judgment action that falls within a district court’s supplemental jurisdiction. Thus, the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction over this motion.
B
Having determined that the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction, we next examine whether it had the power to issue an. order resolving the motion against a nonparty. Judgment Creditors’ post-judgment motion is governed by Rule 69, which sets forth the following guidelines for proceedings in aid of executing a judgment:
A money judgment is enforced by a writ of execution, unless the court directs otherwise. The procedure on execution— and in proceedings supplementary to and in aid of judgment or execution— must accord with the procedure of the state where the court is located, but a federal statute governs to the extent it applies.
Accordingly, under Rule 69, the District Court was bound to follow the procedures set forth by Pennsylvania state law and any applicable federal statute in deciding whether it had the authority to enter an injunction impacting Jatinder. The operative statutes in this case were PaR.C.P. No. 3118 and 28 U.S.C. § 1651 (the “All Writs Act”).
Rule 3118 permits summary proceedings in aid of executing a judgment
to maintain the status quo as to property that is owned by the judgment debtor or in which he has an interest. Greater Valley Terminal Corp. v. Goodman, 415 Pa. 1, 202 A.2d 89, 92, 94 (1964). The All Writs Act has been interpreted to empower a federal court “to issue such commands ... as may be necessary or appropriate to effectuate and prevent the frustration of orders it has previously issued in its exercise of jurisdiction otherwise obtained.” United States v. N.Y. Tel. Co., 434 U.S. 159, 172, 98 S.Ct. 364, 54 L.Ed.2d 376 (1977). This power “extends, under appropriate circumstances, to persons who, though not parties to the original action or engaged in wrongdoing, are in a position to frustrate the implementation of a court order or the proper administration of justice, and encompasses even those who have not taken any affirmative action to hinder justice.” Id. at 174, 98 S.Ct. 364; see also Catalytic, Inc. v. Monmouth & Ocean Cty. Bldg. Trades Council, 829 F.2d 430, 434 (3d Cir. 1987) (holding that the All Writs Act empowers federal courts to enjoin nonparties to enforce orders in civil cases).
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OPINION
SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Jatinder Chawla (“Jatinder”)
appeals the District Court’s order granting a preliminary injunction to Berish Berger, Kil-bride Investments Limited, Busystore Limited in Liquidation, Towerstates Limited, Bergfeld Co. Limited, and Ardenlink Limited (“Judgment Creditors”), enjoining Philadelphia Chancellor, LP (“Philadelphia Chancellor”) from making any payments to her and directing that the payments be placed in escrow. Jatinder claims that the District Court lacked jurisdiction over her
and abused its discretion by granting the preliminary injunction. We disagree and will affirm.
I
Five years ago, a federal jury in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania awarded Judgment Creditors and others a $33 million judgment against Jatinder’s husband, Ravinder Chawla (“Ravinder”), and others for fraud related to two real estate projects.
Collection has been unsuccessful because, on paper, Ravinder appears to have few assets,
even though he plays a leadership role in his family’s real estate development business. Although he is not directly compensated for his services, the family business pays for his luxury cars, private school education for his children, home repairs, meals, insurance, attorneys’ fees, and some daily expenses.
Jatinder has an ownership interest in a number of companies that make up the family’s real estate business, including Gol-dencents, Inc., from which she receives a $20,000 monthly stipend. Jatinder also has an ownership interest in an entity called Philadelphia Chancellor, which made a $200,000 distribution to her in 2014. Philadelphia Chancellor has a contract to sell a property (the “Chancellor Street Property”) for $25 million, which could result in the Chawla family receiving between $8 million and $10 million.
In light of the impending sale of the Chancellor Street Property, Judgment Creditors filed a motion seeking a declaration that all of Jatinder’s interests are the assets of Ravinder. They also sought an injunction prohibiting Ravinder and Jatin-der from disguising, concealing, transferring, assigning, and/or otherwise disposing of Ravinder’s assets held in Jatinder’s name. In the alternative, Judgment Creditors asked that all distributions be placed in escrow. Following an evidentiary hearing, the District Court entered an order preliminarily enjoining Philadelphia Chancellor from making any payments to Jatin-der, and directing that any payments be placed in escrow until there is a decision regarding whether Ravinder has a partnership interest in Jatinder’s assets. Jatin-der appeals.
II
Jatinder argues that the District Court: (1) lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enter the preliminary injunction; (2) lacked jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 69 to issue an injunction against a nonparty; and (3) abused its discretion by issuing the preliminary injunction. We will address each argument in turn.
A
A district court that enters a judgment has subject matter jurisdiction over actions related to its enforcement.
IFC
Interconsult, AG v. Safeguard Int’l Partners, LLC., 438 F.3d 298, 309-10 (3d Cir. 2006) (“[A] federal court may exercise ancillary jurisdiction (1) to permit disposition by a single court of claims that are, in varying respects and degrees, factually interdependent; and (2) to enable a court to ... vindicate its authority, and effectuate its decrees.” (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 379-80, 114 5.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994))).
The injunction sought here—to prevent Jatin-der from receiving, transferring, or disposing of assets in a manner that would prevent Judgment Creditors from collecting on their judgment—is precisely the type of post-judgment action that falls within a district court’s supplemental jurisdiction. Thus, the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction over this motion.
B
Having determined that the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction, we next examine whether it had the power to issue an. order resolving the motion against a nonparty. Judgment Creditors’ post-judgment motion is governed by Rule 69, which sets forth the following guidelines for proceedings in aid of executing a judgment:
A money judgment is enforced by a writ of execution, unless the court directs otherwise. The procedure on execution— and in proceedings supplementary to and in aid of judgment or execution— must accord with the procedure of the state where the court is located, but a federal statute governs to the extent it applies.
Accordingly, under Rule 69, the District Court was bound to follow the procedures set forth by Pennsylvania state law and any applicable federal statute in deciding whether it had the authority to enter an injunction impacting Jatinder. The operative statutes in this case were PaR.C.P. No. 3118 and 28 U.S.C. § 1651 (the “All Writs Act”).
Rule 3118 permits summary proceedings in aid of executing a judgment
to maintain the status quo as to property that is owned by the judgment debtor or in which he has an interest. Greater Valley Terminal Corp. v. Goodman, 415 Pa. 1, 202 A.2d 89, 92, 94 (1964). The All Writs Act has been interpreted to empower a federal court “to issue such commands ... as may be necessary or appropriate to effectuate and prevent the frustration of orders it has previously issued in its exercise of jurisdiction otherwise obtained.” United States v. N.Y. Tel. Co., 434 U.S. 159, 172, 98 S.Ct. 364, 54 L.Ed.2d 376 (1977). This power “extends, under appropriate circumstances, to persons who, though not parties to the original action or engaged in wrongdoing, are in a position to frustrate the implementation of a court order or the proper administration of justice, and encompasses even those who have not taken any affirmative action to hinder justice.” Id. at 174, 98 S.Ct. 364; see also Catalytic, Inc. v. Monmouth & Ocean Cty. Bldg. Trades Council, 829 F.2d 430, 434 (3d Cir. 1987) (holding that the All Writs Act empowers federal courts to enjoin nonparties to enforce orders in civil cases).
These two statutes collectively empower the District Court to' grant a preliminary injunction against a nonparty to maintain the status quo as to property that might have been placed beyond the reach of a judgment creditor to avoid satisfying a judgment.
Here, the District Court properly recognized a need to maintain the status quo as to Jatinder’s assets until such time as it adjudicates whether a partnership exists in which Ravinder has an interest. The All Writs Act authorized the District Court to enjoin Jatinder, a nonparty, because, as demonstrated at the preliminary injunction hearing, she is in a position to frustrate Judgment Creditors’ attempts to collect on their judgment by receiving income from Chawla family businesses in which Ravin-der may have an interest. Thus, by acting within the scope of Rule 3118 and the All Writs Act, the District Court had the authority under Rule 69 to entertain a motion enjoining the distribution of assets to Jatinder.
C
We next examine whether the District Court acted within its discretion in granting the preliminary injunction. “To determine whether to grant a preliminary injunction, ‘a district court must consider whether: “(1) ... the movant has shown a reasonable probability of success on the merits; (2) ... the movant will be irreparably injured by denial of the relief; (3) ... granting preliminary relief will result in even greater harm to the nonmoving party; and (4) ... granting the preliminary relief will be in the public interest.” ’ ” Iles v. de Jongh, 638 F.3d 169, 172 (3d Cir. 2011). Here, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by granting injunctive relief.
First, Judgment Creditors demonstrated a reasonable probability that a business partnership exists in which Ra-vinder has an interest.
The record demonstrates that: (1) Jatinder has an interest in numerous real estate holding entities that are connected to Chawla family real estate
development ventures and that she receives income from those entities; (2) Ja-tinder has no knowledge of her interest in these real estate entities and plays' little or no role in them; (3) Ravinder plays a leadership role in these entities; and (4) although Ravinder receives no formal compensation for his work on his family’s real estate development ventures, the ventures subsidize many of Ravinder’s expenses and provide him with cash for daily expenses, and give Jatinder a $20,000 monthly “stipend.” These facts demonstrate a reasonable probability that a Chawla partnership exists, Ravinder has an interest in that partnership, and Judgment Creditors can execute upon the proceeds of that partnership.
Second, Judgment .Creditors demonstrated that they would be irreparably harmed by the denial of relief and that a balance of the equities favors an injunction because Ravinder has made no effort to pay the judgment against him and, absent judicial action, will likely continue to evade his creditors and the judgment itself by structuring his finances to appear insolvent. Third, nothing in the record suggests that Jatinder will be injured by an order preliminarily enjoining her from receiving payments from the Chancellor Street Property sale because it appears she has many other assets to sustain her. Finally, granting the injunction is in the public interest because it promotes respect for judgments.'
For these reasons, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by finding that Judgment Creditors met the' factors necessary to grant preliminary injunctive relief.
m
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order.