Opinion op the Court by
Chief Justice O’Rear
Affirming.
Appellee sold to appellant’s employer a quantity of lubricating oil to be used on a stationary steam engine. Appellant was tbe engineer wbo operated the engine. A lubricator, wbicb had a glass tube attachment, was in use upon the engine. The oil was transmitted through it by means of steam' pressure to the inside of the cylinders of the engine. The glass tube exploded while in such use, and while appellant was using in it some of the oil which his employer had purchased of appellee. In the explosion a piece of the flying glass struck appellant in the eye, and destroyed its sight. He brought this suit against appellee to recover damages because of his injury. He charged in his petition that appellee was guilty [158]*158of gross negligence in representing and warranting to appellant’s employer (the owner of the plant where the engine was in nse) that the oil was fit and suitable for use as a lubricant on the engine, whereas it was unfit and dangerous, and by reason of its dangerous and unsuitable quality it caused the explosión which injured appellant. The petition also alleged that appellee knew, or, by the use of ordinary care, could have known of the dangerous and unsuitable quality of the oil, but that appellant did not know, and could not have known of it with ordinary care on his part. The trial court submitted the question of appellee’s negligence in the matter to the jury in an instruction which will be particularly noticed further along. The evidence was sharply conflicting as to the suitableness of the oil as a lubricant for such purposes to which it was put, and as to whether it probably caused the explosion. The jury’s verdict was for the defendant.
The first error assigned on this appeal is in the court’s refusal to submit to the jury the question of appellant’s right to recover upon the warranty. A warranty is always a matter of contract. For its breach, damages may be recovered by any party to the contract injured thereby, including any person for whose benefit the contract was made. But strangers to the .contract have no right of action upon it. There is lacking privity, mutuality, consideration, iind every other element essential to constitute the contractual relation between the claimant and the person sued. 2 Benjamin on Sales, section 1004: King v. Creekmore, 77 S. W. 689, 117 Ky. 172, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1292; Simons v. Gregory, etc., 85 S. W. 751, 27 Ky. Law Rep 509; Bank v. Ward, 100 U. S. 195, 25 L. Ed. 621.
[159]*159When á manufacturer or a furnisher of an article is negligent in its composition, construction, or sale, so that injury results not to the vendee, but to a stranger, the general rule is that the seller is not liable unless either the article is an imminently dangerous one, or the seller has knowledge of its defects, and that they are such as to endanger life or property without notice or warning of the defects. Cooley on Torts (3d Ed.) 1486-1489. The liability in this case, if one existed at all, was under the second exception just stated. It is founded on deceit, and is a tort. The scienter must be laid as to the deceit to support it. Heindirk v. Louisville Elevator Co. 122 Ky. 675, 92 S. W. 608, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1103, 29 Ky. Law Rep. 193. We are of opinion that the circuit court properly classified the action by the instruction given, and in resting.the plaintiff’s right to recover on the fact of knowledge of the defective and dangerous quality of the oil, or notice of such facts as that it ought to have known of them. The instruction is as follows: “If you believe from the evidence that the oil in the evidence referred to was dangerous and unsuitable for use as a lubricant, and if you further believe from the evidence that the. defendant, by its agent, represented to plaintiff that said oil was safe and suitable for use as a lubricant, and if you further believe from the evidence that the dangerous quality of the oil, if it was dangerous, was known to defendant or to its agents, or ■ could have been known to the defendant or its agents by the exercise of ordinary care, and was not known to the plaintiff (and could not have been known to him by the exercise of ordinary care), and if you further believe from the evidence that the plaintiff relied upon the representations as to the character of the oil so made to him, if they were made, and in [160]*160reliance thereon, used the oil on, his engine, and if yon further believe from t,he evidence that the said oil, because of its dangerous quality, if it had such, caused the oil gauge to explode, and that plaintiff was thereby injured, then the law is for the plaintiff and you should so find.” Appellant complains of this -instruction upon the ground that it prevents a recovery by him if he could have discovered the faulty condition of the oil by the exercise of ordinary care before the injury. He relies on the cases of Wilson v. Chess & Wymond Co., 117 Ky. 567, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1655, 78 S. W. 453, and Pfisterer v. J. H. Peter & Co., 117 Ky. 501, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1605, 78, W. 450, in which the doctrine of the Bogenschutz Case, 84 Ky. 330, 8 Ky. Law Rep. 376, 1 S. W. 578, has been materially modified in this particular, But the principle announced in the Bogenschutz Case has not been repudiated, except as it applies to master and servant. As the master is under a duty to supply the servant with reasonably safe appliances, tools and place of work, the latter may rely on the assumption that the master has taken care to acquaint himself with the conditions, and, in the absence of warning or of obvious defects, or of such facts as naturally and reasonably come under the servant’s observation in the course of his work, to notify him of the defects, he need not look out for them. But as between strangers the rule is different. There is no duty from one to the other. At least, neither has any reason to assume that the other has taken precaution for the former’s safety. While on© ought not to knowingly put on the market a dangerously defective product, the user of it uses it at his own risk if he knows of its defects-; or, if he by the exercise of ordinary care could have learned of them so as to prevent Ms. injury from its [161]*161use, he ought to have done so. A man ought to take some care to protect himself from injury. It should he such care as ordinarily prudent persons similarly situated usually exercise for their own safety. That does not mean he should first subject such an article as a lubricating oil to a chemical analysis oí any other unusual test. But if by mere observation, or such simple precaution as a man of average caution; only would have used under similar circumstances to acquaint himself with what he was about to use, if it is discoverable that the thing is dangerously defective, he is^^emed to have done so, and to have used it with full f^wledge. He cannot shut his eyes, and then claim that he was hurt by somebody else’s fault, when, if he had kept his eyes open, the other party’s fault would have been harmless to him.
There is a further distinction as to the duty of one who furnishes an appliance or product intrinsically dangerous to take care to protect the public from its dangers. Standard Oil Co. v. Tierney, 92 Ky. 367, 13 Ky. Law Rep. 626, 17 S. W. 1025, 14 L. R. A. 667, 36 Am. St. Rep. 595. But lubricating oil is not of that class of articles.
A new trial was asked because of .newly discovered evidence.
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Opinion op the Court by
Chief Justice O’Rear
Affirming.
Appellee sold to appellant’s employer a quantity of lubricating oil to be used on a stationary steam engine. Appellant was tbe engineer wbo operated the engine. A lubricator, wbicb had a glass tube attachment, was in use upon the engine. The oil was transmitted through it by means of steam' pressure to the inside of the cylinders of the engine. The glass tube exploded while in such use, and while appellant was using in it some of the oil which his employer had purchased of appellee. In the explosion a piece of the flying glass struck appellant in the eye, and destroyed its sight. He brought this suit against appellee to recover damages because of his injury. He charged in his petition that appellee was guilty [158]*158of gross negligence in representing and warranting to appellant’s employer (the owner of the plant where the engine was in nse) that the oil was fit and suitable for use as a lubricant on the engine, whereas it was unfit and dangerous, and by reason of its dangerous and unsuitable quality it caused the explosión which injured appellant. The petition also alleged that appellee knew, or, by the use of ordinary care, could have known of the dangerous and unsuitable quality of the oil, but that appellant did not know, and could not have known of it with ordinary care on his part. The trial court submitted the question of appellee’s negligence in the matter to the jury in an instruction which will be particularly noticed further along. The evidence was sharply conflicting as to the suitableness of the oil as a lubricant for such purposes to which it was put, and as to whether it probably caused the explosion. The jury’s verdict was for the defendant.
The first error assigned on this appeal is in the court’s refusal to submit to the jury the question of appellant’s right to recover upon the warranty. A warranty is always a matter of contract. For its breach, damages may be recovered by any party to the contract injured thereby, including any person for whose benefit the contract was made. But strangers to the .contract have no right of action upon it. There is lacking privity, mutuality, consideration, iind every other element essential to constitute the contractual relation between the claimant and the person sued. 2 Benjamin on Sales, section 1004: King v. Creekmore, 77 S. W. 689, 117 Ky. 172, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1292; Simons v. Gregory, etc., 85 S. W. 751, 27 Ky. Law Rep 509; Bank v. Ward, 100 U. S. 195, 25 L. Ed. 621.
[159]*159When á manufacturer or a furnisher of an article is negligent in its composition, construction, or sale, so that injury results not to the vendee, but to a stranger, the general rule is that the seller is not liable unless either the article is an imminently dangerous one, or the seller has knowledge of its defects, and that they are such as to endanger life or property without notice or warning of the defects. Cooley on Torts (3d Ed.) 1486-1489. The liability in this case, if one existed at all, was under the second exception just stated. It is founded on deceit, and is a tort. The scienter must be laid as to the deceit to support it. Heindirk v. Louisville Elevator Co. 122 Ky. 675, 92 S. W. 608, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1103, 29 Ky. Law Rep. 193. We are of opinion that the circuit court properly classified the action by the instruction given, and in resting.the plaintiff’s right to recover on the fact of knowledge of the defective and dangerous quality of the oil, or notice of such facts as that it ought to have known of them. The instruction is as follows: “If you believe from the evidence that the oil in the evidence referred to was dangerous and unsuitable for use as a lubricant, and if you further believe from the evidence that the. defendant, by its agent, represented to plaintiff that said oil was safe and suitable for use as a lubricant, and if you further believe from the evidence that the dangerous quality of the oil, if it was dangerous, was known to defendant or to its agents, or ■ could have been known to the defendant or its agents by the exercise of ordinary care, and was not known to the plaintiff (and could not have been known to him by the exercise of ordinary care), and if you further believe from the evidence that the plaintiff relied upon the representations as to the character of the oil so made to him, if they were made, and in [160]*160reliance thereon, used the oil on, his engine, and if yon further believe from t,he evidence that the said oil, because of its dangerous quality, if it had such, caused the oil gauge to explode, and that plaintiff was thereby injured, then the law is for the plaintiff and you should so find.” Appellant complains of this -instruction upon the ground that it prevents a recovery by him if he could have discovered the faulty condition of the oil by the exercise of ordinary care before the injury. He relies on the cases of Wilson v. Chess & Wymond Co., 117 Ky. 567, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1655, 78 S. W. 453, and Pfisterer v. J. H. Peter & Co., 117 Ky. 501, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1605, 78, W. 450, in which the doctrine of the Bogenschutz Case, 84 Ky. 330, 8 Ky. Law Rep. 376, 1 S. W. 578, has been materially modified in this particular, But the principle announced in the Bogenschutz Case has not been repudiated, except as it applies to master and servant. As the master is under a duty to supply the servant with reasonably safe appliances, tools and place of work, the latter may rely on the assumption that the master has taken care to acquaint himself with the conditions, and, in the absence of warning or of obvious defects, or of such facts as naturally and reasonably come under the servant’s observation in the course of his work, to notify him of the defects, he need not look out for them. But as between strangers the rule is different. There is no duty from one to the other. At least, neither has any reason to assume that the other has taken precaution for the former’s safety. While on© ought not to knowingly put on the market a dangerously defective product, the user of it uses it at his own risk if he knows of its defects-; or, if he by the exercise of ordinary care could have learned of them so as to prevent Ms. injury from its [161]*161use, he ought to have done so. A man ought to take some care to protect himself from injury. It should he such care as ordinarily prudent persons similarly situated usually exercise for their own safety. That does not mean he should first subject such an article as a lubricating oil to a chemical analysis oí any other unusual test. But if by mere observation, or such simple precaution as a man of average caution; only would have used under similar circumstances to acquaint himself with what he was about to use, if it is discoverable that the thing is dangerously defective, he is^^emed to have done so, and to have used it with full f^wledge. He cannot shut his eyes, and then claim that he was hurt by somebody else’s fault, when, if he had kept his eyes open, the other party’s fault would have been harmless to him.
There is a further distinction as to the duty of one who furnishes an appliance or product intrinsically dangerous to take care to protect the public from its dangers. Standard Oil Co. v. Tierney, 92 Ky. 367, 13 Ky. Law Rep. 626, 17 S. W. 1025, 14 L. R. A. 667, 36 Am. St. Rep. 595. But lubricating oil is not of that class of articles.
A new trial was asked because of .newly discovered evidence. This evidence was of a character that it was necessarily germane to the only issue in the case, and was such that its existence must have occurred to the plaintiff in its preparation. That the witness who would testify as indicated in the affidavits was not earlier discovered is not a ground for a new trial, when it appears that he, or others to prove the same fact, might with ordinary diligence have been discovered before the trial. The evidence is that of an engineer as to the explosive quality of certain low-grade oils. It is expert testimony, and would likely [162]*162have been furnished by any skilled mechanical engineer if applied to, and if the science admitted of it. To give new trials on-the discovery of such evidence would encourage almost endless protraction of such trials.
A final objection is that the trial court erred in ruling on the argument of appellant’s counsel to the jury. This is the occurrence as shown in the bill of exceptions: “In his closing argument for plaintiff to the jury, M. O’Doherty, of counsel, commented upon the fact that the defendant, the Standard Oil Company, had failed to have the oil or any part of the oil, or oil similar to that sold to the plaintiff, and complained of in his petition, analyzed by any chemist, and had further failed to bring before the jury any one who had ever used oil similar to that sold to the plaintiff’s employer, and complained of in the petition, and proceeded to argue that the failure of the defendant company to have the oil analyzed by a competent chemist could not have been the result of mere oversight, and in this connection stated to the jury that when the plaintiff, Berger, first called upon him, M. O’Doherty, as counsel, and complained of the oil, the very first thing counsel did or thought of doing was'to have a chemist analyze the oil.” The court’s ruling excluded the remarks as to what appellant said to his attorney, and as to what his attorney did. We think the ruling correct. While it was relevant to prove that appellee did not have the oil analyzed, or tested, and it was legitimate argument that its failure to produce witnesses or evidence that the. oil had ever been used for the purposes for which it was sold to appellant’s employer was a circumstance to show that it was not fit for such use, still what appellant said to his attorney, and what his attorney [163]*163thought and did, were wholly immaterial on the issuei being tried by the jury.
. There appears to us no error in the record, and the judgment is affirmed.