OBERLY, Associate Judge:
The Compensation Review Board of the District of Columbia Department of Employment Services held that Lavern Bentt suffered an injury arising out of and in the course of her employment for which the exclusive remedy is provided by the District of Columbia Workers’ Compensation Act, D.C.Code § 32-1504 (2001). We reverse.
I. Factual Background and Procedural History
This case is before us for a second time. In our earlier opinion, Georgetown University v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 830 A.2d 865 (D.C.2003) (“Bentt I ”), we described the facts as follows:
In 1994, claimant Lavern Bentt, M.D., was employed as a fellow [in pain management in the Department of Anesthesiology] at the Georgetown University Hospital.... On October 2, 1994, Dr. Bentt experienced some “difficulty” in her left lower ankle when she attended on her own time a banquet while wearing tight shoes. At the beginning of the following work week she “noticed [she] was having a new discomfort in her left ankle....”
During the ensuing work days, Dr. Bentt’s colleagues and her supervisor, Charles A. Buzzanell, M.D., noticed that she was limping throughout the day and he offered to treat her condition. She declined but, on or about October 6, 1994, when Dr. Buzzanell offered again to administer a nerve block to Dr. Bentt’s left ankle area, she accepted. They went to a treatment room at a time they had agreed upon and, in the presence of the senior resident, Dr. Buz-zanell administered the injection. The ankle then, “felt a lot better.” She “thanked him very much, and ... continued on with [her] day.” Although the injection provided temporary relief, the next day the pain returned. At Dr. Bentt’s request, Dr. Buzzanell administered a second nerve block on October 7, 1994, which contained a lower level of steroids. The second nerve block did not reduce the level of pain for long, and after several days Dr. Bentt sought other medical attention. Over a period of time, Dr. Bentt’s pain lessened. However, the skin in the area in which the nerve block injections were administered became ulcerous. Dr. Bentt had to have surgery to cover the ulcerated region.
Id. at 868-69.
Bentt initially filed a medical malpractice lawsuit against the Hospital in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 869. Before the matter went to trial, the Hospital moved for summary judgment on jurisdictional grounds, arguing that Bentt suffered a workplace injury for which the sole remedy was workers’ compensation. Id. “Mindful of the holding of this court in Harrington v. Moss, 407 A.2d 658, 661-62 (D.C. 1979), the Superior Court stayed the civil matter in order to permit the Department of Employment Services to determine whether it has jurisdiction over the matter pursuant to the Workers’ Compensation Act.” Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 869.
Bentt then filed a claim with DOES, seeking a denial of benefits in order to be able to pursue her tort action. Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 869. A DOES Hearing Examiner initially issued a Compensation Order finding that Bentt did not sustain an injury “arising out of and in the course of her employment.” Id. The Hearing Examiner reasoned that because “the conditions of [1230] [Bentt’s] employment did not play a role in her original left foot and ankle conditions,” evidence pertaining to the injections that Buzzanell administered in order to treat those conditions was “irrelevant.” Id. at 871-72. The Hospital appealed that decision to the Director of DOES, who affirmed the Order of the Hearing Examiner. The Hospital then sought this court’s review.
Rejecting as “not sustainable” the Hearing Examiner’s assessment of the relevance of the injections, we reversed and remanded the agency’s decision. Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 872. We observed that to determine whether an injury “arises out of’ employment, this court has adopted the positional-risk test. “Under the positional-risk test, an injury arises out of employment so long as it would not have happened but for the fact that conditions and obligations of the employment placed claimant in the position where she was injured.” Id. at 872. Although we observed that “the existing record could itself serve as an adequate basis” for holding that Bentt’s injury arose out of and in the course of her employment, we did not conclusively determine that question. Instead, noting that the record before us at the time did not include “the depositions of Dr. Bentt and Dr. Buzzanell (other than an excerpt),” we “return[ed] the case to the agency” to allow a “hearing examiner [to] address the causal significance of the injections — something he did not do originally — and make appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of law.” Id.1
On remand, an Administrative Law Judge issued a Compensation Order on Remand in which, per Bentt I, he examined the “causal significance of the injections.” Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 872. The ALJ, however, found a result that Bentt I did not anticipate: the injections did not arise out of Bentt’s employment. As the ALJ explained, “there was no work-related event, activity, or requirement in the regular performance of [Bentt’s] employment that would have exposed her to receiving nerve block injections.” The ALJ found “nothing in the record that allows for the conclusion that by walking rounds [Bentt] was exposed to the potential of receiving nerve block injections or the resulting complications she had from those injections.”
The Hospital appealed to the Compensation Review Board, and the Board reversed. The Board acknowledged that its review was “limited to making a determination as to whether the [ALJ’s] factual findings ... [were] based upon substantial evidence in the record, and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts [were] in accordance with applicable law.” But the Board appears to have felt constrained by the statement in Bentt I that the record before us “could” have been deemed sufficient to hold that Bentt’s injuries were compensable under the Act. Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 872. Accordingly, the Board concluded that “had the ALJ properly applied the positional risk standard ... as ordered by the Court of Appeals in the instant matter, the result would be that the injection administered by Dr. Buz-zanelli [sic ] ... would be classified as [a compensable] injury.” The Board did not [1231] point to any facts in support of this conclusion, and aside from noting this court’s ruling in Bentt I, the Board did not explain why it believed that the ALJ erred in applying that test.
So the case went back to the ALJ once more, and, complaining that the “Board in effect [had] decreed this result,” the ALJ issued a Second Compensation Order on Remand, in which he reluctantly held that Bentt’s injuries arose out of and in the course of her employment. The ALJ observed that Bentt I refused to rule on this question definitively and remanded instead for further findings. Yet, apparently feeling that his hands were tied by the Board, the ALJ abandoned his earlier finding that nothing in the record suggested that Bentt’s employment exposed Bentt to receiving injections. Instead, the ALJ concluded that Bentt’s claim was compensable because (1) Bentt “was within the boundaries of time and space created by her employment at [the] time she received the injections”; and (2) “the injections arose directly from her limping and obvious discomfort as she performed her work.” Per the Board’s instruction in its reversal of the first Compensation Order on Remand, the ALJ also supplemented the record to include a complete copy of Buzzanell’s deposition.
Then Bentt appealed to the Board, and this time, the Board affirmed. The Board reasoned that but for Bentt’s employment with the Hospital, “she would not have obtained the injurious injections.” The Board also stated, without citing any evidence in the record, that the injections “were presumably given at least in part to enhance [Bentt’s] ability to continue to perform [her work] duties.” Bentt then petitioned this court to review the Board’s decision.
II. Standard of Review
“This court reviews DOES decisions to determine whether they are arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law. We affirm an administrative agency decision when (1) the agency made findings of fact on each contested material factual issue, (2) substantial evidence supports each finding, and (3) the agency’s conclusions of law flow rationally from its findings of fact. We do not affirm an administrative determination which reflects a misconception of the relevant law or a faulty application of the law.” Georgetown Univ. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 971 A.2d 909, 915 (D.C.2009) (“Ford ”) (internal citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted). “[Although we accord weight to the agency’s construction of the statutes which it administers, the ultimate responsibility for deciding questions of law is assigned to this court.” Kuri Bros., Inc. v. District of Columbia Bd. of Zoning Adjustment, 891 A.2d 241, 245 (D.C.2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“[0]ur standard of review mirrors that which [the Board] is bound to apply.” Marriott Int’l v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 834 A.2d 882, 885 (D.C.2003). Thus, the Board “may not consider the evidence de novo and make factual findings different from those of the [ALJ].” Id. Instead, the Board “is bound by the [ALJ’s] findings of fact even though the [Board] may have reached a contrary result based on an independent review of the record. If substantial evidence exists to support the [ALJ’s] findings, the existence of substantial evidence to the contrary does not permit the [Board] to substitute [its] judgment for that of the [ALJ]. Rather, the [Board] may reverse a[n] [ALJ’s] order only when it is unsupported by substantial evidence, or is [1232] otherwise legally incorrect.” Id. at 885-86 (internal citations omitted).
III. Legal Discussion
Bentt argues that the Board erred in finding that she sustained an injury that arose out of and in the course of her employment because (1) the injections did not constitute a separate and distinct com-pensable injury; (2) the injections did not arise out of her employment; and (3) the injections did not occur in the course of employment.
A. Whether the injections constituted a separate injury
Bentt’s argument that the injections were treatment for a non-work-related injury, not a separate injury, is foreclosed by Bentt I, where we deemed “not sustainable” the hearing examiner’s conclusion that evidence regarding the injections was “irrelevant.” Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 872. Our conclusion that the injections could be a separate injury (provided that the injections arose out of and in the course of Bentt’s employment) was the linchpin of our decision to reverse in Bentt I. Had we concluded that the injections were “treatment” rather than an “injury,” we would have had no occasion to remand. Thus, our holding that the injections could be considered a separate injury is the law of the case, and we shall not revisit that holding here. See, e.g., Lenkin Co. Mgmt., Inc. v. District of Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 677 A.2d 46, 48 (D.C.1996).
B. Whether the injections arose out of and in the course of Bentt’s employment
“In order to receive workers’ compensation, an injury must both arise out of and occur within the course of the employment.” Kolson v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 699 A.2d 357, 359 (D.C.1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). We agree with Bentt, and hold that neither element was satisfied in this case.
1. “Arise out of employment”
The requirement that an injury arise out of employment “refer[s] to the origin or cause of the injury.” Kolson, 699 A.2d at 361 (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A]ll risks causing injury to a claimant can be brought within three categories: risks distinctly associated with the employment, risks personal to the claimant, and ‘neutral’ risks-ie., risks having no particular employment or personal character. Harms from the first are universally compensable. Those from the second are universally noncompensable.” Ford, 971 A.2d at 920 n. 10. To determine whether harm from an injury caused by a neutral risk arises out of one’s employment, this court has adopted the positional-risk test. Id. at 916. Under the positional-risk test, “an injury arises out of employment so long as it would not have happened but for the fact that conditions and obligations of the employment placed claimant in a position where he was injured.” Clark v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 743 A.2d 722, 727 (D.C.2000).
As described above, Bentt I remanded the case to the agency to allow it to determine in the first instance whether the injections that allegedly harmed Bentt arose out of and in the course of Bentt’s employment. Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 872. The ALJ carried out this directive and found that “there was no work-related event, activity, or requirement in the regular performance of [Bentt’s] employment that would have exposed her to receiving nerve block injections.” The ALJ found “nothing in the record that allows for the conclusion that by walking rounds [Bentt] was exposed to the potential of receiving [1233] nerve block injections or the resulting complications she had from those injections.” Put differently, it was not the “conditions and obligations of the employment,” Clark, 743 A.2d at 727, but rather circumstances personal to Bentt that placed Bentt in the position where she was hurt.
Under established principles of review, the Board was required to uphold that determination unless it was not supported by substantial evidence or was in conflict with applicable law. Marriott Int’l, 834 A.2d at 885-86. The ALJ’s factual assessment was indisputably correct, and the Board did not attempt to undermine it.
The ALJ’s legal analysis, in turn, was consistent with our case law discussing the “arising out of’ element, beginning with Grayson v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 516 A.2d 909 (D.C. 1986). In that case, Grayson, a busdriver with the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, sought workers’ compensation “for an injury she received while pulling out of a parking space during her lunch break.” Id. at 910. The Director of DOES denied Grayson’s request because “in no sense” could it “be said that the conditions of [Grayson’s] employment as a busdriver exposed her to the dangers attendant the personal use of her automobile during her lunch break.” Id. at 912-13. This court affirmed. Id. at 913. Similarly, although in some crude sense the injections had a but-for relationship with Bentt’s employment, the injections did not arise out of Bentt’s employment for purposes of the Act because, as the ALJ found, the conditions of Bentt’s employment did not expose Bentt to the dangers of a maladministered injection. See id.; cf. Washington Hosp. Ctr. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 821 A.2d 898, 900 (D.C.2003) (affirming disability award to employee who was injured “resulting from a pre-employment inoculation obtained as a condition of employment ”) (emphasis added).
Because the ALJ’s first Compensation Order on Remand was supported by substantial’ evidence and consistent with applicable law, the Board “exceeded [its] permissible scope of review” by reversing that Order. Marriott Int’l, 834 A.2d at 887. It is true that in Bentt I, we stated that the record before us at the time “could” have supported a finding that Bentt’s injury arose out of and in the course of her employment. Bentt I, 830 A.2d at 872. We appreciate that the Board might have felt that this statement left the agency no discretion to reach a contrary conclusion, but that reading of Bentt I is wrong. If our intent in Bentt I was to conclusively determine the question, we would have reversed, not remanded.
Further proceedings after the Board’s erroneous reversal of the ALJ’s first Compensation Order on Remand do not alter our analysis. In the Second Compensation Order on Remand, feeling his hands tied by the Board, the ALJ ruled that “the offer of Dr. Buzzanell to give [Bentt] the injections arose directly from her limping and obvious discomfort as she performed her work.” We do not dispute this finding, but hold that legally it is insufficient to satisfy the “arising out of’ element because, as the ALJ wrote in the first Compensation Order on Remand, the “conditions and obligations” of Bentt’s employment had nothing to do with Bentt’s receiving the injections. See Grayson, 516 A.2d at 912-13.
Attempting somehow to tie the injections to Bentt’s job, the Board opined after Bentt appealed the Second Compensation Order on Remand that the injections “were presumably given at least in part” to help Bentt perform her duties. (Emphasis added.) But the Board cited noth[1234] ing in support of this supposition, with respect to either the first or the second injection, and indeed, there was no such evidence in the record before the ALJ. Although Buzzanell testified that he had seen Bentt “having difficulty walking on rounds,” there is no evidence that when he administered the first injection, Bentt, Buzzanell, or anyone else thought that Bentt’s limp was impairing her performance of her job, whether by causing her to take extra breaks, increasing the time it took for her to achieve her tasks, or otherwise. We are not saying that the record precluded the ALJ from finding that Buz-zanell intended to help Bentt perform her job, but that is not the finding that the ALJ made. And because the ALJ’s initial finding on remand was supported by substantial evidence and not foreclosed by Bentt I, the Board was not permitted to “substitute [its] judgment for that of the [ALJ].” Marriott Int’l, 834 A.2d at 885. We also note that Buzzanell’s testimony played no role in the Board’s analysis either, as made clear by the fact that the Board ordered the ALJ to find that the injections arose out of Bentt’s employment before the Board had seen Buzzanell’s deposition. That the Board did not cite Buz-zanell’s testimony in the Order that is now on review further demonstrates that the Board’s decision was the product of legal error — ie., overreading Bentt I — rather than a factual analysis to which we must defer. What is more, the tie between the second injection and Bentt’s work was even more tenuous than the link between Bentt’s job and the first injection. Buzza-nell testified that he gave Bentt the second injection to make her more comfortable at a wedding she planned to attend on her own time. To be sure, Bentt denied that the second injection was for that purpose, but neither did she say that she asked for the injection to help her perform her job.
In sum, we hold that the Board’s latest conclusion that the injections arose out of Bentt’s employment must be reversed because it rests on a misunderstanding of the law (the erroneous belief that the remand in Bentt I had the effect of reversal) and is not supported by substantial evidence (but instead by' the unsupported speculation that the injections were given with the goal of helping Bentt perform her job). Our review persuades us that, as the ALJ found in the first Compensation Order on Remand, “the conditions and obligations,” Grayson, 516 A.2d at 911, of Bentt’s employment did not place Bentt in the position where she was harmed; Bentt’s injury arose out of a personal, and therefore non-compensable, risk. See Ford, 971 A.2d at 920 n. 10.2
2. “Arise in the course of employment”
Even if Bentt’s injuries arose out of her employment, we hold that they are not compensable under the Act because the injections did not arise in the course of Bentt’s employment. The determination whether an injury took place in the course of employment is made on the basis of “the time, place and circumstances under which the injury occurred. [A]n accident occurs ‘in the course of employ[1235] ment’ when it takes place within the period of employment, at a place where the employee may reasonably be expected to be, and while he or she is reasonably fulfilling duties of his or her employment or doing something reasonably incidental thereto.” Kolson, 699 A.2d at 361 (most internal quotation marks omitted).
In this case, there is little dispute that the injections took place at Bentt’s workplace during work hours. The question, therefore, is whether Bentt was doing something “reasonably incidental” to her employment when she received her injections. Kolson, 699 A.2d at 361. To that, the answer plainly is no. There simply is no evidence that when Bentt was lying face down receiving injections from Buzza-nell, she was “engaging in a reasonable and foreseeable activity that [was] reasonably related to or incidental to ... her employment.” Id.
The Hospital concedes that Bentt’s “injections were not directly related to her employment.” It nonetheless attempts to fit this case into the workers’ compensation paradigm by claiming that the injections “constitute[d] a personal activity [that], as noted by the Compensation Review Board, [was] ultimately of mutual benefit to both” Bentt and the Hospital. We have explained previously that the factual underpinnings of this argument are lacking. There is no evidence that Buzza-nell’s injections of Bentt were motivated by, or had the effect of, benefitting the Hospital.
More importantly, as a legal matter, the Hospital misreads our statement in Kolson that the “in the course of’ requirement may be satisfied where an injury occurs “in the performance of an activity related to employment, which may include ... an activity of mutual benefit to employer and employee.” Kolson, 699 A.2d at 360 (internal quotation marks omitted). Under Kolson, what counts for the purposes of the “in the course of’ analysis is whether the activity at issue “relate[s] to [one’s] employment.” That an activity is beneficial to both the employer and the employee may, but does not necessarily, illustrate that relation. The Hospital’s error lies in treating an example of how the rule may be satisfied as though the example itself were the rule. Tellingly, Kolson did not rest on the rationale that the employee’s activity benefitted the employee and the employer alike. Rather, Kolson held that the “in the course of’ requirement had been satisfied because the employee was engaged in an activity that was “reasonable,” “foreseeable,” and “reasonably related or incidental” to the employee’s employment. Id. at 361.
And in any event, Kolson is readily distinguishable. Kolson concerned employees “whose work entails travel away from the employer’s premises” and who, therefore, are faced with the “necessity of sleeping in hotels or eating in restaurants away from home.” Kolson, 699 A.2d at 360. For such employees, “travel is deemed a work-related risk” because, unlike “ordinary commuters,” traveling employees “are exposed, by virtue of their employment, to risks greater than those encountered by the traveling public.” Id. As a result of the unique features of jobs that require travel, “the traditional meaning of ‘arising in the course of the employment’ generally is not followed in traveling employee cases.” Id. at 361.
In this case, by contrast, nothing in the record suggests that for the Hospital’s employees, receiving injections was a “work-related” risk similar to the risks attendant to travel faced by traveling employees. As we have emphasized, there is no evidence that either the Hospital or its employees believed that getting injections in the manner in which Bentt got her ill-fated injec[1236] tions was a “necessity” that for all intents and purposes was incidental to the job. Nor is there evidence that the Hospital’s employees face “risks greater than those encountered by the [general] public,” Kolson, 699 A.2d at 360, insofar as medical malpractice is concerned. Thus, there is no reason, as there was in Kolson, to relax the “in the course of’ element. Accordingly, we hold that the “in the course of’ employment requirement has not been met in this case. Therefore, Bentt did not suffer an injury within the meaning of the Act.
IV. Conclusion
The Board erred as a matter of law in holding that Bentt suffered an injury that arose out of and in the course of Bentt’s employment. Because the Board’s error was a legal one, and because the facts relevant to our disposition of this case are not in dispute, further factfinding is unnecessary. See, e.g., Adjei v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 817 A.2d 179, 181-82 (D.C.2003) (concluding that “no remand [was] necessary” where “statute [would] not admit of the construction that [petitioner] advanee[d]”); Kieffer v. Kieffer, 348 A.2d 887, 891 (D.C.1975) (no remand required “where the factual matters dispositive of the action appealed are no longer in dispute”). Therefore, we reverse the Board’s decision and remand the case to the Board with instructions to remand the case to the ALJ with further instructions to deny Bentt’s claim.
So ordered.