BaRdeeh, J.
The village of Prairie du Sac was incorporated undea* the general law of the state in 1885. It had the powers and assumed the obligations granted and imposed by eh. 40 of the General Statutes. In 1900 the county board of Sauk county voted to raise a sum of money by taxation to aid certain towns in the building of bridges, as provided for in sec. 1319, Stats. 1898. This section requires the sum so raised to be levied upon the taxable property of the county, and then says:
“Provided, that nothing herein contained shall authorize the levy of any tax upon the property of any city or incorporated village, that maintains its own bridges, and as to any such city or village this section shall not apply.”
Under the resolution of the county board a tax amounting to $155 was levied upon the taxable property of the village of Prairie du Sac upon the theory that it did not have any bridges to maintain.
By stipulation of the parties two questions are presented for consideration and decision: Eirst. Did the county board have authority,- under sec. 1319, to- levy the bridge tax in question upon the taxable property of the village ? Second. Has the defendant Boll, as village treasurer, the right to withhold the tax he has collected, from the county treasurer ?
[360]*360Tbe first question involves tbe proper construction to be given to tbat portion of sec. 1319 wbicb says that nothing therein contained shall authorize a levy of the tax upon the property of any incorporated village “that maintains its own bridges.” The validity of sec. 1319 came up for consideration and was first questioned in State ex rel. Baraboo v. Sauk Co. 70 Wis. 485, on the ground that it violated the provisions of sec. 1, art. VIII, of the constitution, that “the rule of taxation shall be uniform.” After most careful consideration, this court upheld the act, and the position there taken has been reaffirmed in several subsequent cases. State ex rel. Woodland v. Sauk Co. 70 Wis. 491; State ex rel. Rochester v. Racine Co. 70 Wis. 543; State ex rel. Spring Lake v. Pierce Co. 71 Wis. 321. The ground upon which these decisions are based is that it has. been the policy of the state since its organization to impose upon towns, cities, and incorporated villages the burden of building and keeping in repair the bridges and highways within their ret-spective limits. This policy operates with more or less hardship. Towns sparsely settled, whose territory is traversed by many streams or a large xúvefi, are sometimes overburdened. The law in question was intended to meet such cases, and equalize, to some extent, the public burden. Cities and villages, which ordinarily have to maintain a great number and more expensive bridges than towns, were exempted from contributing to county aid, in consideration of the fact that they had to maintain their own bridges, and that it would be unjust to require them to do so and also require them to aid in erecting those outside their limits. For these reasons it was held that the constitutional provision referred to should not be so considered as to prevent a proper equalization of exceptional tax burdens by distributing them over a larger taxing district, or to prevent the exemption of cities and villages, charged by law with the duty of maintaining their own buildings, from the burdens thus imposed. The [361]*361■exemption thus made becomes more significant wben we consider that tbe right to apply to the county for aid under sec. 1319 only applies to towns which are compelled to build "bridges the cost of which shall exceed the limit mentioned, and does not apply to cities or incorporated villages. This exemption has «a just and equitable basis to- rest upon, and will be sustained, unless the class of cities and villages to which it is made to' apply is such as cannot be justified under ••a proper construction ,of the constitution. From the very nature' of things, any classification made must, to a greater or less extent, be arbitrary. The grounds upon which such classification must rest were stated in Johnson v. Milwaukee, 88 Wis. 383; and reaffirmed in Boyd v. Milwaukee, 92 Wis. 456; and Adams v. Beloit, 105 Wis. 363. We need not repeat what was said in those cases. The general doctrine is that the classification must be appropriate, and not artificial. It must rest upon substantial distinctions, be germane to' .the purpose of the law, must not preclude additions to the class, and must apply equally to each member thereof. It is not to be denied that the legislature was unfortunate in the wording of the statute under consideration. The plaintiff ■seeks to justify the imposition of the tgx in question on the .ground that the exemption only applies to such villages as in fact have bridges within their limits, which they maintain. We see at once that sueh'a classification is adventitious and ■artificial, depending upon the circumstance of whether it has a stream or gully within its limits which requires a bridge. It is based entirely upon existing circumstances, and nothing short of an earthquake will permit additions to it. It singles out a few villages, which, by the mere circumstance of location or absence of streams within their limits, are carried outside of the general class, and are made to assume burdens because of that fact. By the construction contended for, the law, instead of operating upon a class generally, would be made to apply only to some members of a class. It [362]*362would be refining the rule to a shadow to say that the mere circumstance of a village having or not having a stream or gully within its limits is a sufficient basis for a classification. We cannot believe that this was the legislative intent. A more reasonable construction, and one not out of harmony with constitutional requirements, is that the exemption applies to such cities and villages as are required by law to-maintain their own bridges. Under such a construction the law can be sustained within the rule of the cases hereinbefore-mentioned. If the village of Prairie du Sac comes within the class last mentioned, the tax in question was unlawfully imposed, and it makes no difference whether it had bridges to-maintain or not. Its exemption from the tax simply depends upon the fact of whether, if it had bridges, it would, under the law, be required to maintain them. The statutes do not,, in express terms, say that a village shall build and maintain its bridges, but a reading of ch. 40 in connection with sec. 1339 leaves little doubt where the obligation lies. By see. 893, subd. 11, power is given the village board to lay out, open, change, widen, or extend roads and streets, and to build and repair any bridges thereon. By sec. 895 it is given the power of condemnation. Sec. 905 authorizes the village authorities to pave or improve streets. Sec. 911 imposes a poll tax, and sec. 912 requires such tax to be expended on the streets and sidewalks. Sec. 914a directs the raising of an annual highway tax, to be expended under the direction of the village board “in the improvement of the streets, highways, and bridges in said village.” Finally, sec. 1339 says that if any damage shall happen to any person, etc., by reason of the insufficiency or want of repair of any bridge or road in “any town, city, or village,” the person so injured shall have-a right of action for such injury. These several provisions seem quite clearly to thrust the obligation of building and of keeping up the bridges within their limits upon villages generally, although there may be those acting under special char[363]
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BaRdeeh, J.
The village of Prairie du Sac was incorporated undea* the general law of the state in 1885. It had the powers and assumed the obligations granted and imposed by eh. 40 of the General Statutes. In 1900 the county board of Sauk county voted to raise a sum of money by taxation to aid certain towns in the building of bridges, as provided for in sec. 1319, Stats. 1898. This section requires the sum so raised to be levied upon the taxable property of the county, and then says:
“Provided, that nothing herein contained shall authorize the levy of any tax upon the property of any city or incorporated village, that maintains its own bridges, and as to any such city or village this section shall not apply.”
Under the resolution of the county board a tax amounting to $155 was levied upon the taxable property of the village of Prairie du Sac upon the theory that it did not have any bridges to maintain.
By stipulation of the parties two questions are presented for consideration and decision: Eirst. Did the county board have authority,- under sec. 1319, to- levy the bridge tax in question upon the taxable property of the village ? Second. Has the defendant Boll, as village treasurer, the right to withhold the tax he has collected, from the county treasurer ?
[360]*360Tbe first question involves tbe proper construction to be given to tbat portion of sec. 1319 wbicb says that nothing therein contained shall authorize a levy of the tax upon the property of any incorporated village “that maintains its own bridges.” The validity of sec. 1319 came up for consideration and was first questioned in State ex rel. Baraboo v. Sauk Co. 70 Wis. 485, on the ground that it violated the provisions of sec. 1, art. VIII, of the constitution, that “the rule of taxation shall be uniform.” After most careful consideration, this court upheld the act, and the position there taken has been reaffirmed in several subsequent cases. State ex rel. Woodland v. Sauk Co. 70 Wis. 491; State ex rel. Rochester v. Racine Co. 70 Wis. 543; State ex rel. Spring Lake v. Pierce Co. 71 Wis. 321. The ground upon which these decisions are based is that it has. been the policy of the state since its organization to impose upon towns, cities, and incorporated villages the burden of building and keeping in repair the bridges and highways within their ret-spective limits. This policy operates with more or less hardship. Towns sparsely settled, whose territory is traversed by many streams or a large xúvefi, are sometimes overburdened. The law in question was intended to meet such cases, and equalize, to some extent, the public burden. Cities and villages, which ordinarily have to maintain a great number and more expensive bridges than towns, were exempted from contributing to county aid, in consideration of the fact that they had to maintain their own bridges, and that it would be unjust to require them to do so and also require them to aid in erecting those outside their limits. For these reasons it was held that the constitutional provision referred to should not be so considered as to prevent a proper equalization of exceptional tax burdens by distributing them over a larger taxing district, or to prevent the exemption of cities and villages, charged by law with the duty of maintaining their own buildings, from the burdens thus imposed. The [361]*361■exemption thus made becomes more significant wben we consider that tbe right to apply to the county for aid under sec. 1319 only applies to towns which are compelled to build "bridges the cost of which shall exceed the limit mentioned, and does not apply to cities or incorporated villages. This exemption has «a just and equitable basis to- rest upon, and will be sustained, unless the class of cities and villages to which it is made to' apply is such as cannot be justified under ••a proper construction ,of the constitution. From the very nature' of things, any classification made must, to a greater or less extent, be arbitrary. The grounds upon which such classification must rest were stated in Johnson v. Milwaukee, 88 Wis. 383; and reaffirmed in Boyd v. Milwaukee, 92 Wis. 456; and Adams v. Beloit, 105 Wis. 363. We need not repeat what was said in those cases. The general doctrine is that the classification must be appropriate, and not artificial. It must rest upon substantial distinctions, be germane to' .the purpose of the law, must not preclude additions to the class, and must apply equally to each member thereof. It is not to be denied that the legislature was unfortunate in the wording of the statute under consideration. The plaintiff ■seeks to justify the imposition of the tgx in question on the .ground that the exemption only applies to such villages as in fact have bridges within their limits, which they maintain. We see at once that sueh'a classification is adventitious and ■artificial, depending upon the circumstance of whether it has a stream or gully within its limits which requires a bridge. It is based entirely upon existing circumstances, and nothing short of an earthquake will permit additions to it. It singles out a few villages, which, by the mere circumstance of location or absence of streams within their limits, are carried outside of the general class, and are made to assume burdens because of that fact. By the construction contended for, the law, instead of operating upon a class generally, would be made to apply only to some members of a class. It [362]*362would be refining the rule to a shadow to say that the mere circumstance of a village having or not having a stream or gully within its limits is a sufficient basis for a classification. We cannot believe that this was the legislative intent. A more reasonable construction, and one not out of harmony with constitutional requirements, is that the exemption applies to such cities and villages as are required by law to-maintain their own bridges. Under such a construction the law can be sustained within the rule of the cases hereinbefore-mentioned. If the village of Prairie du Sac comes within the class last mentioned, the tax in question was unlawfully imposed, and it makes no difference whether it had bridges to-maintain or not. Its exemption from the tax simply depends upon the fact of whether, if it had bridges, it would, under the law, be required to maintain them. The statutes do not,, in express terms, say that a village shall build and maintain its bridges, but a reading of ch. 40 in connection with sec. 1339 leaves little doubt where the obligation lies. By see. 893, subd. 11, power is given the village board to lay out, open, change, widen, or extend roads and streets, and to build and repair any bridges thereon. By sec. 895 it is given the power of condemnation. Sec. 905 authorizes the village authorities to pave or improve streets. Sec. 911 imposes a poll tax, and sec. 912 requires such tax to be expended on the streets and sidewalks. Sec. 914a directs the raising of an annual highway tax, to be expended under the direction of the village board “in the improvement of the streets, highways, and bridges in said village.” Finally, sec. 1339 says that if any damage shall happen to any person, etc., by reason of the insufficiency or want of repair of any bridge or road in “any town, city, or village,” the person so injured shall have-a right of action for such injury. These several provisions seem quite clearly to thrust the obligation of building and of keeping up the bridges within their limits upon villages generally, although there may be those acting under special char[363]*363ters wbo do not have to carry tbe burden. We therefore reach the conclusion that the village of Prairie du Sac is not liable to taxation in aid of building bridges, under sec. 1319.
The second question requires but little attention. In obedience to his warrant, the defendant Doll has collected the tax in question from the inhabitants of the village. That same warrant required him to pay the same over to the county treasurer. His plain duty was to obey its commands. It was ample protection for him and his sureties. The village board had no power or authority to divert the sums collected by him to purposes or channels other than as designated in the tax warrant. The language of the opinion in Stahl v. O’Malley, 39 Wis. 328, is directly applicable to defendants’ situation, and denies the right of the treasurer to withhold payment of the money collected from the county treasurer. We confirm the rule there stated as being wise and salutary. To permit the collecting officer to sit in judgment upon the legality of the tax collected by him would result in intolerable evil. As a ministerial officer, it was his duty to yield absolute submission to the mandate of his warrant, and allow the tribunals appointed by law to decide as to the validity of the tax he was called upon to collect. This view would naturally result in an affirmance of the judgment, but under the stipulation of the parties that, if the second question be answered in the negative, the plaintiff should only be entitled to a judgment for costs, the judgment as to damages is reversed, and as to costs is affirmed. Costs in this court will be taxed for appellants.
By the Court. — So ordered.